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Semester 3: Mind and Movement > Anatomy Topic 3 Case 9 > Flashcards

Anatomy Topic 3 Case 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the fascia lata?

A
  • Outer layer of deep fascia in the lower limb
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2
Q

What is the iliotibial tract?

A
  • Thickened longitudinal band of the fascia lata
  • Descends along lateral margin of lower limb
  • From tuberculum of iliac crest to just below the knee
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3
Q

Where is the saphenous opening located? What passes through it?

A
  • Anterior aspect of thigh
  • Just inferior to inguinal ligament
  • Great saphenous vein
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4
Q

What is the femoral triangle?

A
  • Wedge shaped depression formed by muscles in the upper thigh
  • At the junction between the abdominal wall and the lower limb
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5
Q

What forms the base of the femoral triangle?

A
  • Inguinal ligament
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6
Q

What forms the medial border of the femoral triangle?

A
  • Medial margin of adductor longus muscle

- In medial compartment of the thigh

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7
Q

What forms the lateral border of the femoral triangle?

A
  • Medial margin of sartorius muscle

- In anterior compartment of the thigh

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8
Q

What forms the floor of the femoral triangle?

A
  • Medially by pectineus and adductor longus muscles

- Laterally by iliopsoas muscle

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9
Q

What forms the apex of the femoral triangle?

A
  • Adductor canal
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10
Q

Where is the gluteal region located?

A
  • Posterolateral to bony pelvis and proximal femur
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11
Q

How does the gluteal region communicate with the pelvic cavity and perineum?

A
  • Greater sciatic foramen (pelvic cavity)

- Lesser sciatic formane (perineum)

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12
Q

Outline five muscles in the deep group of the gluteal region

A
  • Piriformis
  • Obturator internus
  • Gemellus superior
  • Gemellus inferior
  • Quadratus femoris
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13
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of piriformis

A
  • Origin: Anterior surface of sacrum
  • Insertion: Superior border of greater trochanter of femur
  • Action: Lateral rotation of extended femur at hip joint
  • Innervation: S1 + S2
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14
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of obturator internus

A
  • Origin: Deep surface of obturator membrane
  • Insertion: Medial side of greater trochanter of femur
  • Action: Lateral rotation of extended femur at hip joint
  • Innervation: L5 + S1 (Nerve to Obturator Internus)
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15
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of gemellus superior

A
  • Origin: External surface of ischial spine
  • Insertion: Medial side of greater trochanter of femur
  • Action: Lateral rotation of extended femur at hip joint
  • Innervation: L5 + S1 (Nerve to Obturator internus)
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16
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of gemellus inferior

A
  • Origin: Upper aspect of ischial tuberosity
  • Insertion: Medial side of greater trochanter of femur
  • Action: L5 + S1 (Nerve to Quadratus femoris)
  • Innervation: Lateral rotation of extended femur at hip joint
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17
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of quadratus femoris

A
  • Origin: Lateral aspect of ischium
  • Insertion: Quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric crest
  • Action: L5 + S1 (Nerve to Quadratus femoris)
  • Innervation: Laterally rotates femur at hip joint
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18
Q

Identify four muscles in the superficial group of the gluteal region

A
  • Gluteus minimus
  • Gluteus medius
  • Gluteus maximus
  • Tensor fascia latae
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19
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of gluteus minimus

A
  • Origin: Between anterior and inferior gluteal lines
  • Insertion: Facet on anterolateral surface of greater trochanter
  • Action: Abducts femur at hip joint, medial rotation of thigh, prevents pelvic drop on opposite swing side during walking,
  • Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve, (L4 + L5)
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20
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of gluteus medius

A
  • Origin: Between anterior and posterior gluteal lines
  • Insertion: Facet on lateral surface of greater trochanter
  • Action: Abducts femur at hip joint, medial rotation of thigh, prevents pelvic drop on opposite side during walking
  • Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve (L4 + L5)
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21
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of gluteus maximus

A
  • Origin: Behind posterior gluteal line
  • Insertion: Gluteal tubercle and iliotibial tract
  • Action: Extension of femur at hip joint, lateral rotation and abduction of thigh
  • Innervation: Inferior gluteal nerve (L5 + S1)
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22
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of tensor fascia latae

A
  • Origin: Lateral aspect of iliac crest between anterior superior iliac spine and tubercle of crest
  • Insertion: Iliotibial tract of fascia lata
  • Action: Stabilises knee in extension
  • Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve (L4+L5)
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23
Q

What is Trendelenburg sign?

A
  • Occurs in people with weak abductor muscles (gluteus minimus and medius)
  • Pelvic drop on swing limb when patient stands on one leg
  • Typically occurs with damage to superior gluteal nerve associated with fracture lesions and surgery
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24
Q

Outline the course of the inferior gluteal artery

A
  • Originates from anterior trunk of internal iliac artery
  • Leaves pelvic cavity through greater sciatic foramen inferior to piriformis
  • Descends into posterior thigh where it anastomoses with branches of femoral artery
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25
Outline the course of the superior gluteal artery
- Originates from posterior trunk of internal iliac artery - Leaves pelvic artery through the greater sciatic foramen superior to piriformis - Descends into superior and deep branches - Superficial branch passes onto gluteus maximus - Deep branches pass onto gluteus medius and minimus
26
Outline the venous drainage of the gluteal region
- Superior and inferior gluteal veins - Which follow superior and inferior gluteal arteries - Join pelvis plexus of vein
27
Outline the course of the superior gluteal nerve
- Passes above piriformis - Supples gluteus minimus and medius - Terminates by innervating tensor fascia lata
28
Outline the course of the sciatic nerve
- Enters gluteal region through greater sciatic foramen inferior to piriformis - Descends between superficial and deep muscles, crossing obturator internus and gemellus muscles - Enters thigh at lower margin of quadratus femoris
29
Outline the course of the nerve to quadratus femoris
- Enters gluteal region through greater sciatic foramen inferior to piriformis - Lies anterior to the plane of the deep muscles - Descends along ischium deep to obturator internus and gemellus muscles - Ends by penetrating quadratus femoris
30
Outline the course of the nerve to obturator internus
- Enters gluteal region through greater sciatic foramen inferior to piriformis - Passes over ischial spine and through lesser sciatic foramen to innervate the obturator internus
31
Outline the course of the inferior gluteal nerve
- Enters gluteal region through greater sciatic foramen inferior to piriformis - Passes along posterior surface of sciatic nerve - Penetrates gluteus maximus
32
Outline the lymphatic drainage of the gluteal region
- Deep vessels drain into internal iliac nodes | - Superficial vessels drain into superficial inguinal nodes
33
What is the thigh?
- Region between hip and knee joints
34
How is the thigh separated from the abdominal wall?
- Inguinal ligament
35
How is the thigh separated from the gluteal region?
- Gluteal fold superficially | - Gluteus maximus and quadratus femoris on deeper planes
36
Identify the compartments of the thigh and the function associated with them
- Anterior compartment: muscles that flex and extend leg at knee joint - Posterior compartment: muscles that extend the thigh at the hip joint - Medial compartment: muscles that adduct the thigh at the hip joint
37
Identify 7 muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh
- Psoas major - Iliacus - Vastus medialis - Vastus intermedius - Vastus lateralis - Rectus femoris - Sartorius
38
Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of psoas major
- Origin: Posterior abdominal wall - Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur - Action: Flexion of thigh at hip joint - Innervation: Anterior rami of L1 + L2
39
Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of iliacus
- Origin: Posterior abdominal wall - Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur - Action: Flexion of thigh at hip joint - Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2+L3)
40
Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of vastus medius
- Origin: Medial part of intertrochanteric line - Insertion: Quadriceps femoris tendon, medial border of patella - Action: Extension of leg at knee joint - Innervation: Femoral nerve (L3+L4)
41
Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of vastus intermedius
- Origin: Upper two thirds of anterior and lateral surfaces of femur - Insertion: Lateral condyle of tibia - Action: Extension of leg at knee joint - Innervation: Femoral nerve (L3+L4)
42
Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of vastus lateralis
- Origin: Lateral part of intertrochanteric line - Insertion: Quadriceps femoris tendon, lateral part of patella - Action: Extension of leg at knee joint - Innervation: Femoral nerve (L3+L4)
43
Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of rectus femoris
- Origin: Anterior inferior iliac spine - Insertion: Quadriceps femoris tendon - Action: Flexion of thigh at hip joint, extension of leg at knee joint - Innervation: Femoral nerve (L3+L4)
44
Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of sartorius
- Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine - Insertion: Inferomedial to tibial tuberosity - Action: Flexion of thigh at hip joint, flexion of leg at knee joint - Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2, L3)
45
Identify six muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh
- Gracils - Pectineus - Adductor longus - Adductor brevis - Adductor magnus - Obturator externus
46
Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of gracilis
- Origin: Body of pubis, ischiopubic ramus - Insertion: Medial surface of proximal shaft of tibia - Action: Obturator nerve - Innervation: Adduction of thigh at hip joint, flexion of leg at knee joint
47
Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of pectineus
- Origin: Pectineal line - Insertion: Oblique line from lesser trochanter to linea aspera on posterior surface of proximal femur - Action: Femoral nerve - Innervation: Adduction of thigh at hip joint, flexion of leg at knee joint
48
Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of adductor longus
- Origin: Body of pubis - Insertion: Linea aspera on middle third of femur - Action: Obturator nerve - Innervation: Adduction and medial rotation of thigh at hip joint
49
Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of adductor brevis
- Origin: Body of pubis and inferior pubic ramus - Insertion: Linea aspera on proximal third of femur - Action: Adduction and medial rotation of thigh at hip joint - Innervation: Obturator nerve
50
Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of adductor magnus
- Origin: Ischiopubic ramus - Insertion: Linea aspera and medial supracondylar line - Action: Adduction and medial rotation of thigh at hip joint - Innervation: Obturator nerve anteriorly and sciatic nerve posteriorly
51
Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of obturator externus
- Origin: External surface of obturator membrane - Insertion: Trochanteric fossa - Action: Laterally rotates thigh at hip joint - Innervation: Obturator nerve
52
Identify three muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh
- Biceps femoris - Semitendinosus - Semimembranosus
53
Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of biceps femoris
- Origin: Long head from ischial tuberosity, short head from linea aspera - Insertion: Head of fibula - Action: Flexion of leg at knee joint, extension and lateral rotation of thigh at hip joint, lateral rotation of leg at knee joint - Innervation: Sciatic nerve
54
Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of semitendinosus
- Origin: Ischial tuberosity - Insertion: Proximal surface of tibia - Function: Flexion of leg at knee joint, extension and lateral rotation of thigh at hip joint, lateral rotation of leg at knee joint - Innervation: Sciatic nerve
55
Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of semimembranosus
- Origin: Ischial tuberosity - Insertion: Medial tibial condyle - Action: Flexion of leg at knee joint, extension and lateral rotation of thigh at hip joint, lateral rotation of leg at knee joint - Innervation: Sciatic nerve
56
Outline the course of the femoral artery
- Continuation of external iliac artery - Passes under inguinal ligament to enter femoral triangle - Passes down thigh in adductor canal and through adductor hiatus - Becomes popliteal artery behind the knee
57
What is the largest branch of the femoral artery? What does it give off?
- Profunda femoris | - Medial and lateral circumflex femoral and perforating branches
58
Outline the course of the obturator artery
- Branch of internal iliac artery - Enters medial compartment through obturator canal - Gives off anterior and posterior branches - Which anastomose with inferior gluteal and medial circumflex femoral arteries
59
Outline the course of the femoral nerve
- Originates from lumbar plexus (L2-L4) - Enters femoral triangle by passing under inguinal ligament - Lies lateral to femoral nerve - Divides into anterior and posterior branches
60
Identify a branch of the femoral nerve and what it supplies
- Saphenous nerve, skin on medial side of leg and foot
61
Outline the course of the obturator nerve
- Originates from lumbar plexus (S2-S4) - Descends in psoas muscle - Continues along lateral pelvic wall and passes through obturator canal - Enters medial compartment of thigh - Divides into anterior and posterior branches
62
What does the posterior branch of the obturator nerve supply?
- Obturator externus - Adductor brevis - Adductor magnus
63
What does the anterior branch of the obturator nerve supply?
- Adductor longus - Gracilis - Adductor brevis - Pectineus
64
Outline the course of the sciatic nerve
- Originates from lumbosacral plexus (L4-S3) - Enters gluteal region through greater sciatic foramen inferior to piriformis - Descends between superficial and deep muscles, crossing obturator internus and gemellus muscles - Enters posterior compartment of thigh - Divides into tibial and common fibular nerves which supply muscles of the leg
65
Outline the histological features of skeletal muscle
- Muscle fibres are bundled together into fascicles - Mass investing muscle fibres is known as endomysium - Each fascicle is surrounded by loose collagenous tissue known as perimysium - Fascicles are bundled together - Mass investing the fascicles is known as epimysium
66
Identify the histological features of muscle spindles
- Consists of intrafusal fibres - Nuclear bag intrafusal fibres are dilated, nuclear chain intrafusal fibres are not dilated - Annulospiral endings wrap around central area - Flower spray endings are located on either side of annulospiral endings
67
The sensitivity of muscle spindles is modulated by what type of neurone?
- Gamma motor neurone
68
Which region of the brain controls facilitation or inhibition of impulses to the muscle spindles?
- Reticular formation of brainstem
69
What is Pes Anserinus?
- Conjoined tendons of three muscles - That insert into the proximal surface of the tibia - Gracilis, semitendinosus, sartorius
70
Which nerves pass medial and lateral to the psoas major tendon?
- Medial: Obturator nerve | - Lateral: Femoral nerve

Semester 3: Mind and Movement (21 decks)

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