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Semester 3: Mind and Movement > Anatomy Topic 3 Case 9 > Flashcards

Anatomy Topic 3 Case 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the fascia lata?

A
  • Outer layer of deep fascia in the lower limb
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2
Q

What is the iliotibial tract?

A
  • Thickened longitudinal band of the fascia lata
  • Descends along lateral margin of lower limb
  • From tuberculum of iliac crest to just below the knee
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3
Q

Where is the saphenous opening located? What passes through it?

A
  • Anterior aspect of thigh
  • Just inferior to inguinal ligament
  • Great saphenous vein
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4
Q

What is the femoral triangle?

A
  • Wedge shaped depression formed by muscles in the upper thigh
  • At the junction between the abdominal wall and the lower limb
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5
Q

What forms the base of the femoral triangle?

A
  • Inguinal ligament
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6
Q

What forms the medial border of the femoral triangle?

A
  • Medial margin of adductor longus muscle

- In medial compartment of the thigh

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7
Q

What forms the lateral border of the femoral triangle?

A
  • Medial margin of sartorius muscle

- In anterior compartment of the thigh

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8
Q

What forms the floor of the femoral triangle?

A
  • Medially by pectineus and adductor longus muscles

- Laterally by iliopsoas muscle

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9
Q

What forms the apex of the femoral triangle?

A
  • Adductor canal
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10
Q

Where is the gluteal region located?

A
  • Posterolateral to bony pelvis and proximal femur
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11
Q

How does the gluteal region communicate with the pelvic cavity and perineum?

A
  • Greater sciatic foramen (pelvic cavity)

- Lesser sciatic formane (perineum)

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12
Q

Outline five muscles in the deep group of the gluteal region

A
  • Piriformis
  • Obturator internus
  • Gemellus superior
  • Gemellus inferior
  • Quadratus femoris
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13
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of piriformis

A
  • Origin: Anterior surface of sacrum
  • Insertion: Superior border of greater trochanter of femur
  • Action: Lateral rotation of extended femur at hip joint
  • Innervation: S1 + S2
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14
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of obturator internus

A
  • Origin: Deep surface of obturator membrane
  • Insertion: Medial side of greater trochanter of femur
  • Action: Lateral rotation of extended femur at hip joint
  • Innervation: L5 + S1 (Nerve to Obturator Internus)
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15
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of gemellus superior

A
  • Origin: External surface of ischial spine
  • Insertion: Medial side of greater trochanter of femur
  • Action: Lateral rotation of extended femur at hip joint
  • Innervation: L5 + S1 (Nerve to Obturator internus)
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16
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of gemellus inferior

A
  • Origin: Upper aspect of ischial tuberosity
  • Insertion: Medial side of greater trochanter of femur
  • Action: L5 + S1 (Nerve to Quadratus femoris)
  • Innervation: Lateral rotation of extended femur at hip joint
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17
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of quadratus femoris

A
  • Origin: Lateral aspect of ischium
  • Insertion: Quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric crest
  • Action: L5 + S1 (Nerve to Quadratus femoris)
  • Innervation: Laterally rotates femur at hip joint
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18
Q

Identify four muscles in the superficial group of the gluteal region

A
  • Gluteus minimus
  • Gluteus medius
  • Gluteus maximus
  • Tensor fascia latae
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19
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of gluteus minimus

A
  • Origin: Between anterior and inferior gluteal lines
  • Insertion: Facet on anterolateral surface of greater trochanter
  • Action: Abducts femur at hip joint, medial rotation of thigh, prevents pelvic drop on opposite swing side during walking,
  • Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve, (L4 + L5)
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20
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of gluteus medius

A
  • Origin: Between anterior and posterior gluteal lines
  • Insertion: Facet on lateral surface of greater trochanter
  • Action: Abducts femur at hip joint, medial rotation of thigh, prevents pelvic drop on opposite side during walking
  • Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve (L4 + L5)
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21
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of gluteus maximus

A
  • Origin: Behind posterior gluteal line
  • Insertion: Gluteal tubercle and iliotibial tract
  • Action: Extension of femur at hip joint, lateral rotation and abduction of thigh
  • Innervation: Inferior gluteal nerve (L5 + S1)
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22
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of tensor fascia latae

A
  • Origin: Lateral aspect of iliac crest between anterior superior iliac spine and tubercle of crest
  • Insertion: Iliotibial tract of fascia lata
  • Action: Stabilises knee in extension
  • Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve (L4+L5)
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23
Q

What is Trendelenburg sign?

A
  • Occurs in people with weak abductor muscles (gluteus minimus and medius)
  • Pelvic drop on swing limb when patient stands on one leg
  • Typically occurs with damage to superior gluteal nerve associated with fracture lesions and surgery
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24
Q

Outline the course of the inferior gluteal artery

A
  • Originates from anterior trunk of internal iliac artery
  • Leaves pelvic cavity through greater sciatic foramen inferior to piriformis
  • Descends into posterior thigh where it anastomoses with branches of femoral artery
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25
Q

Outline the course of the superior gluteal artery

A
  • Originates from posterior trunk of internal iliac artery
  • Leaves pelvic artery through the greater sciatic foramen superior to piriformis
  • Descends into superior and deep branches
  • Superficial branch passes onto gluteus maximus
  • Deep branches pass onto gluteus medius and minimus
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26
Q

Outline the venous drainage of the gluteal region

A
  • Superior and inferior gluteal veins
  • Which follow superior and inferior gluteal arteries
  • Join pelvis plexus of vein
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27
Q

Outline the course of the superior gluteal nerve

A
  • Passes above piriformis
  • Supples gluteus minimus and medius
  • Terminates by innervating tensor fascia lata
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28
Q

Outline the course of the sciatic nerve

A
  • Enters gluteal region through greater sciatic foramen inferior to piriformis
  • Descends between superficial and deep muscles, crossing obturator internus and gemellus muscles
  • Enters thigh at lower margin of quadratus femoris
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29
Q

Outline the course of the nerve to quadratus femoris

A
  • Enters gluteal region through greater sciatic foramen inferior to piriformis
  • Lies anterior to the plane of the deep muscles
  • Descends along ischium deep to obturator internus and gemellus muscles
  • Ends by penetrating quadratus femoris
30
Q

Outline the course of the nerve to obturator internus

A
  • Enters gluteal region through greater sciatic foramen inferior to piriformis
  • Passes over ischial spine and through lesser sciatic foramen to innervate the obturator internus
31
Q

Outline the course of the inferior gluteal nerve

A
  • Enters gluteal region through greater sciatic foramen inferior to piriformis
  • Passes along posterior surface of sciatic nerve
  • Penetrates gluteus maximus
32
Q

Outline the lymphatic drainage of the gluteal region

A
  • Deep vessels drain into internal iliac nodes

- Superficial vessels drain into superficial inguinal nodes

33
Q

What is the thigh?

A
  • Region between hip and knee joints
34
Q

How is the thigh separated from the abdominal wall?

A
  • Inguinal ligament
35
Q

How is the thigh separated from the gluteal region?

A
  • Gluteal fold superficially

- Gluteus maximus and quadratus femoris on deeper planes

36
Q

Identify the compartments of the thigh and the function associated with them

A
  • Anterior compartment: muscles that flex and extend leg at knee joint
  • Posterior compartment: muscles that extend the thigh at the hip joint
  • Medial compartment: muscles that adduct the thigh at the hip joint
37
Q

Identify 7 muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh

A
  • Psoas major
  • Iliacus
  • Vastus medialis
  • Vastus intermedius
  • Vastus lateralis
  • Rectus femoris
  • Sartorius
38
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of psoas major

A
  • Origin: Posterior abdominal wall
  • Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur
  • Action: Flexion of thigh at hip joint
  • Innervation: Anterior rami of L1 + L2
39
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of iliacus

A
  • Origin: Posterior abdominal wall
  • Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur
  • Action: Flexion of thigh at hip joint
  • Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2+L3)
40
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of vastus medius

A
  • Origin: Medial part of intertrochanteric line
  • Insertion: Quadriceps femoris tendon, medial border of patella
  • Action: Extension of leg at knee joint
  • Innervation: Femoral nerve (L3+L4)
41
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of vastus intermedius

A
  • Origin: Upper two thirds of anterior and lateral surfaces of femur
  • Insertion: Lateral condyle of tibia
  • Action: Extension of leg at knee joint
  • Innervation: Femoral nerve (L3+L4)
42
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of vastus lateralis

A
  • Origin: Lateral part of intertrochanteric line
  • Insertion: Quadriceps femoris tendon, lateral part of patella
  • Action: Extension of leg at knee joint
  • Innervation: Femoral nerve (L3+L4)
43
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of rectus femoris

A
  • Origin: Anterior inferior iliac spine
  • Insertion: Quadriceps femoris tendon
  • Action: Flexion of thigh at hip joint, extension of leg at knee joint
  • Innervation: Femoral nerve (L3+L4)
44
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of sartorius

A
  • Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine
  • Insertion: Inferomedial to tibial tuberosity
  • Action: Flexion of thigh at hip joint, flexion of leg at knee joint
  • Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2, L3)
45
Q

Identify six muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh

A
  • Gracils
  • Pectineus
  • Adductor longus
  • Adductor brevis
  • Adductor magnus
  • Obturator externus
46
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of gracilis

A
  • Origin: Body of pubis, ischiopubic ramus
  • Insertion: Medial surface of proximal shaft of tibia
  • Action: Obturator nerve
  • Innervation: Adduction of thigh at hip joint, flexion of leg at knee joint
47
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of pectineus

A
  • Origin: Pectineal line
  • Insertion: Oblique line from lesser trochanter to linea aspera on posterior surface of proximal femur
  • Action: Femoral nerve
  • Innervation: Adduction of thigh at hip joint, flexion of leg at knee joint
48
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of adductor longus

A
  • Origin: Body of pubis
  • Insertion: Linea aspera on middle third of femur
  • Action: Obturator nerve
  • Innervation: Adduction and medial rotation of thigh at hip joint
49
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of adductor brevis

A
  • Origin: Body of pubis and inferior pubic ramus
  • Insertion: Linea aspera on proximal third of femur
  • Action: Adduction and medial rotation of thigh at hip joint
  • Innervation: Obturator nerve
50
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of adductor magnus

A
  • Origin: Ischiopubic ramus
  • Insertion: Linea aspera and medial supracondylar line
  • Action: Adduction and medial rotation of thigh at hip joint
  • Innervation: Obturator nerve anteriorly and sciatic nerve posteriorly
51
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of obturator externus

A
  • Origin: External surface of obturator membrane
  • Insertion: Trochanteric fossa
  • Action: Laterally rotates thigh at hip joint
  • Innervation: Obturator nerve
52
Q

Identify three muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh

A
  • Biceps femoris
  • Semitendinosus
  • Semimembranosus
53
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of biceps femoris

A
  • Origin: Long head from ischial tuberosity, short head from linea aspera
  • Insertion: Head of fibula
  • Action: Flexion of leg at knee joint, extension and lateral rotation of thigh at hip joint, lateral rotation of leg at knee joint
  • Innervation: Sciatic nerve
54
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of semitendinosus

A
  • Origin: Ischial tuberosity
  • Insertion: Proximal surface of tibia
  • Function: Flexion of leg at knee joint, extension and lateral rotation of thigh at hip joint, lateral rotation of leg at knee joint
  • Innervation: Sciatic nerve
55
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of semimembranosus

A
  • Origin: Ischial tuberosity
  • Insertion: Medial tibial condyle
  • Action: Flexion of leg at knee joint, extension and lateral rotation of thigh at hip joint, lateral rotation of leg at knee joint
  • Innervation: Sciatic nerve
56
Q

Outline the course of the femoral artery

A
  • Continuation of external iliac artery
  • Passes under inguinal ligament to enter femoral triangle
  • Passes down thigh in adductor canal and through adductor hiatus
  • Becomes popliteal artery behind the knee
57
Q

What is the largest branch of the femoral artery? What does it give off?

A
  • Profunda femoris

- Medial and lateral circumflex femoral and perforating branches

58
Q

Outline the course of the obturator artery

A
  • Branch of internal iliac artery
  • Enters medial compartment through obturator canal
  • Gives off anterior and posterior branches
  • Which anastomose with inferior gluteal and medial circumflex femoral arteries
59
Q

Outline the course of the femoral nerve

A
  • Originates from lumbar plexus (L2-L4)
  • Enters femoral triangle by passing under inguinal ligament
  • Lies lateral to femoral nerve
  • Divides into anterior and posterior branches
60
Q

Identify a branch of the femoral nerve and what it supplies

A
  • Saphenous nerve, skin on medial side of leg and foot
61
Q

Outline the course of the obturator nerve

A
  • Originates from lumbar plexus (S2-S4)
  • Descends in psoas muscle
  • Continues along lateral pelvic wall and passes through obturator canal
  • Enters medial compartment of thigh
  • Divides into anterior and posterior branches
62
Q

What does the posterior branch of the obturator nerve supply?

A
  • Obturator externus
  • Adductor brevis
  • Adductor magnus
63
Q

What does the anterior branch of the obturator nerve supply?

A
  • Adductor longus
  • Gracilis
  • Adductor brevis
  • Pectineus
64
Q

Outline the course of the sciatic nerve

A
  • Originates from lumbosacral plexus (L4-S3)
  • Enters gluteal region through greater sciatic foramen inferior to piriformis
  • Descends between superficial and deep muscles, crossing obturator internus and gemellus muscles
  • Enters posterior compartment of thigh
  • Divides into tibial and common fibular nerves which supply muscles of the leg
65
Q

Outline the histological features of skeletal muscle

A
  • Muscle fibres are bundled together into fascicles
  • Mass investing muscle fibres is known as endomysium
  • Each fascicle is surrounded by loose collagenous tissue known as perimysium
  • Fascicles are bundled together
  • Mass investing the fascicles is known as epimysium
66
Q

Identify the histological features of muscle spindles

A
  • Consists of intrafusal fibres
  • Nuclear bag intrafusal fibres are dilated, nuclear chain intrafusal fibres are not dilated
  • Annulospiral endings wrap around central area
  • Flower spray endings are located on either side of annulospiral endings
67
Q

The sensitivity of muscle spindles is modulated by what type of neurone?

A
  • Gamma motor neurone
68
Q

Which region of the brain controls facilitation or inhibition of impulses to the muscle spindles?

A
  • Reticular formation of brainstem
69
Q

What is Pes Anserinus?

A
  • Conjoined tendons of three muscles
  • That insert into the proximal surface of the tibia
  • Gracilis, semitendinosus, sartorius
70
Q

Which nerves pass medial and lateral to the psoas major tendon?

A
  • Medial: Obturator nerve

- Lateral: Femoral nerve

Semester 3: Mind and Movement (21 decks)

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