Anatomy Topic 3 Case 6 Flashcards
Outline the two muscles of the orbital group of facial muscles
- Orbicularis oculi which surrounds each orbit, it closes the eyelid
- Corrugator supercilii which is located deep to the eyebrows, it is involved in frowning
Outline the three muscles of the nasal group of facial muscles
- Nasalis, compressor naris and dilator naris
- Procerus, which is superficial to nasal bone, and is active during frowning
- Depressor septi nasi, arising from maxilla and inserting onto lower part of nasal septum, widens the nares
Outline the lower group of oral group
- Depressor anguli oris, depresses the corner of the mouth
- Depressor labii inferioris, depresses the lower lip and moves it laterally
- Mentalis, which helps position the lip when drinking
Outline the upper group of oral muscles
- Risorius, pulls the corner of the mouth laterally and upward
- Zygomaticus major and minor which help produce smile by raising the corner of the mouth and moving it laterally
- Levator labii superioris, which deepens the furrow between the nose and corner of the mouth during sadness
- Levator labii supeiroris alaque nasi, which assists in flaring the nares
- Levator anguli oris, which elevates the corners of the mouth during sadness
What is the role of the parotid gland?
- Produces a serous watery saliva and salivary amylase
- Which are necessary for bolus formation, oral digestion and passage of bolus into the upper GI tract
Which forms the boundaries of the parotid gland?
- Sternocleidomastoid behind
- Ramus of the mandible anteriorly
- External acoustic meatus superiorly
Outline the course taken by the parotid duct
- Leaves anterior edge of parotid gland
- Crosses medial border of masseter
- Turns medially and penetrates the buccinator muscle
- Opens into the oral cavity near the second upper molar tooth
Where does the facial nerve exit the skull to penetrate the parotid gland?
- Stylomastoid foramen
Name the five branches of the facial nerve that emerge from the parotid gland?
- Temporal
- Zygomatic
- Buccal
- Marginal mandibular
- Cervical
Which artery penetrates the parotid gland?
- External carotid
- Gives off posterior auricular artery
- Before dividing into maxillary and superficial temporal arteries
Which vein forms in the substance of the parotid gland?
- Retromandibular vein
- Formed when the superficial temporal vein and maxillary veuns join
What is the sensory innervation of the parotid gland?
- Auriculotemporal nerve, a branch of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve
What is the secretomotor innervation of the parotid gland?
- Preganglionic fibres to otic ganglion from glossopharyngeal nerve
- Postganglionic fibres from otic ganglion via auriculotemporal nerve
Identify the 3 auricular muscles
- Anterior auricular, pulling the ear upward and forward
- Superior auricular, which elevates the ear
- Posterior auricular, which retracts and elevates the ear
Outline the boundaries of the scalp
- Anteriorly: superciliary arches
- Posteriorly: external occipital protuberance and superior nuchal lines
- Laterally: zygomatic arch
Outline the five layers of the scalp from superficial to deep
- Skin
- Dense connective tissue
- Aponeurosis of occipitofrontalis
muscle - Loose areolar connective tissue containing emissary veins
- Pericranium (periosteum)
Outline the arterial supply of the scalp
- External carotid artery
OR
- Ophthalmic artery, a branch of the internal carotid artery
Outline the innervation of the scalp
- Anterior to the ears and vertex via the trigeminal nerve
- Posterior to the ears and vertex via C2 and C3
What is the occipitofrontalis?
- Consists of large frontal belly and smaller occipital belly
- Connected by epicranial aponeurosis (gala aponeurotica)
- Moves the scalp, wrinkles the forehead and raises the eyebrows
- Innervated by facial nerve
What is the primary arterial supply of the face?
- External carotid artery
Outline the course of the facial artery
- Branches from anterior surface of external carotid artery
- Passes through deep structures of neck on lower border of mandible
- Curves around inferior border of mandible
- Runs upward and passes along side of nose to terminate as angular artery
What do the superior and inferior labial branches of the facial artery supply?
- Superior: Upper lip
- Inferior: Lower lip
What are the two terminal branches of the external carotid artery
- Transverse facial artery
- Maxillary artery
Identify the three branches of the maxillary artery
- Infra-orbital artery supplying the lower eyelid, upper lip and structures between
- Buccal artery, supplying the structures in the area of the buccinator muscle
- Mental artery, supplying the chin
Which branch of the internal carotid artery supplies the face?
- Ophthalmic artery
Identify the three branches of the ophthalmic artery
- Zygomaticofacial and zygomaticotemporal arteries, supplying area over zygomatic bone
- Dorsal nasal artery supplying the dorsum of the nose
- Supra-orbital and supra-trochlear arteries supplying the anterior scalp
Outline the course of the facial vein
- Supra-orbital and supra-trochlear veins come together to form angular vein
- Which becomes facial vein as it proceeds inferiorly
- Descends across the face with the facial artery to inferior border of mandible
- Passes superficial to submandibular gland to enter internal jugular vein
What do the submental nodes drain?
- Lymphatics from the medial part of the lower lip and chin
What do the submandibular nodes drain?
- Lymphatics from:
- Medial corner of the orbit
- External nose
- Medial part of cheek
- Upper lip
- Lateral part of lower lip
What do the pre-auricular and parotid nodes drain?
- Eyelids
- External nose
- Lateral part of cheek
The submental, submandibular and parotid nodes drain into..
- Deep cervical nodes
- Into the jugular trunks and then into either the thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct
Identify four branches of the ophthalmic nerve that contribute to sensory innervation of the face
- Supra-orbital and supra-trochlear nerves supplying the forehead and scalp
- Infratrochlear nerve innervating upper eyelid and side of nose
- Lacrimal nerve innervating lateral half of upper eyelid
- External nasal nerve supplying anterior part of nose
Identify four branches of the maxillary nerve that contribute to sensory innervation of the face
- Zygomaticotemporal branch supplying anterior temple
- Zygomaticofacial branch innervating a small area of skin over zygomatic bone
- Infra-orbital nerve innervating lower eyelid and cheek
Identify four branches of the mandibular nerve that contribute to sensory innervation of the face
- Auriculotemporal branch innervating external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane and temple
- Buccal nerve innervating cheek
- Mental nerve innervating chin
- Lingual nerve, taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue
What does the temporal branch of the facial nerve supply?
- Muscles in area of temple. forehead and supraorbital area
What does the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve supply?
- Muscles in the infra-orbital area, lateral nasal area and upper lip
What does the buccal branch of the facial nerve supply?
- Muscles in the cheek, upper lip, corner of the mouth
What does the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve supply?
- Muscles in the cheek, upper lip and corner of the mouth
What does the cervical mandibular branch of the facial nerve supply?
- Platysma
What is the root of the tongue attached to?
- Mandible
- Hyoid bone
What structure separates the oral and pharyngeal parts of the tongue?
- Terminal sulcus
What are filiform papillae?
- Small, cone-shaped projections of mucosa that end in one or more points
What are fungiform papillae?
- Medium, round projections of mucosa that are concentrated along the margins of the tongue
What are the vallate papillae?
- Large cylindrical papillae
dispersed in a V-shape line anterior to the terminal sulcus of the tongue
What are the foliate papilae?
- Linear folds of mucosa on the sides of the tongue near the terminal sulcus
What is the role of the papillae?
- Increase area of contact between the surface of the tongue and the contents of the oral cavity
Which pupillae do not possess taste buds on their surfaces?
- Filiform pupillae
What is the major artery that supplies the tongue?
- Lingual artery
Which veins drain the tongue?
- Lingual veins
- Located on inferior surface of tongue on each side lateral to frenulum
Which lymph nodes drain the tongue?
- Deep cervical nodes
- Along internal jugular vein
Outline the innervation of the tongue
- Sensation to anterior 2/3: lingual nerve, mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve
- Taste for anterior 2/3: facial nerve
- Sensation and taste to posterior 1/3 of tongue: glossopharyngeal nerve
- Motor innervation: hypoglossal nerve, except for palatoglossus which is innervated by vagus
Identify the origin, insertion and function of the superior longitudinal muscle of the tongue
- Origin: Median septum
- Insertion: Margins of tongue
- Action: Shortens tongue
Identify the origin, insertion and function of the inferior longitudinal muscle of the tongue
- Origin: Root of tongue
- Insertion: Apex of tongue
- Action: Shortens tongue
Identify the origin, insertion and function of the transverse muscle of the tongue
- Origin: Median septum of tongue
- Insertion: Lateral markings of tongue
- Action: Narrows and elongates tongud
Identify the origin, insertion and function of the vertical muscle of the tongue
- Origin: Dorsum of tongue
- Insertion: Ventral regions of tongue
- Action: Flattens and widens tongue
Identify the origin, insertion and function of the genioglossus muscle
- Origin: Superior mental spines
- Insertion: Hyoid bone
- Action: Protrudes tongue
Identify the origin, insertion and function of the hypoglossus muscle
- Origin: Greater horn of hyoid bone
- Insertion: Lateral surface of tongue
- Action: Depresses tongue
Identify the origin, insertion and function of the styloglossus muscle
- Origin: Styloid process
- Insertion: lateral surface of tongue
- Action: Elevates and retracts tongue
Identify the origin, insertion and function of the palatoglossus muscle
- Origin: Palatine aponeurosis
- Insertion: Lateral margin of tongue
- Action: Depresses palate, elevates back of tongue
Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the masseter
- Origin: Zygomatic arch
- Insertion: Ramus of mandible
- Action: Elevation of mandible
- Innervation: Masseteric nerve, a branch of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve
Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the temporalis
- Origin: Temporal fossa
- Insertion: Coronoid process of mandible
- Action: Elevation and retraction of mandible
- Innervation: Temporal nerves, a branch of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve
Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the medial pterygoid muscle
- Origin: Medial surface of lateral plate of pterygoid process
- Insertion: Medial surface of mandible near angle of mandible
- Action: Elevation and lateral movements of mandible
- Innervation: Nerve to medial pterygoid, a branch of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve
Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the lateral pterygoid muscle
- Origin: Lateral surface of lateral plate of pterygoid process
- Insertion: Capsule of temporomandibular joint
- Action: Protrusion and lateral movements of mandible
- Nerve to lateral pterygoid, a branch of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve
Which nerve provides sensation to anterior 2/3 of tongue?
- LIngual nerve
Where is the foramen cecum located and what is its significance?
- Apex of the V-shaped sulcus terminalis
- Embryological origin of epithelia of thyroid gland
