Anatomy Topic 3 Case 7 Flashcards
What are paramedian sulci
- Sulci that separate the vermis from the hemispheres
Where are the cerebellar tonsils located?
- Bilaterally to the uvula
What is the primary fissure?
- Deepest fissure
- Separates anterior lobe from posterior lobe
- Located inferior to culmen
What is the horizontal fissure?
- Largest fissure
- Separates cerebellum into an upper and lower portion
Where are the flocculi located?
- Bilaterally to the nodule
What does the flocculonodular lobe consist of and how is it separated form the uvula and tonsils?
- Flocculi and nodule
- By posterolateral fissure
Identify the four pairs of deep cerebellar nuclei
- Fastigial
- Globose
- Emboliform
- Dentate
What does the superior cerebellar peduncle form between and what does it contain?
- Midbrain and cerebellum
- Contains efferent fibres from dentate, emboliform and globose nuclei
What does the middle cerebellar peduncle form between and what does it contain?
- Pons and cerebellum
- Fibres arising from contralateral basal pontine nuclei
What does the middle inferior peduncle form between and what does it contain?
- Medulla oblongata and cerebellum
- Crossed fibres from fastigial nucleus
What is the archicerebellum?
- Flocculonodular lobe and fastigial nucleus
- Concerned with balance
What is the paleocerebellum?
- Vermis, globose and emboliform nuclei
- Regulates body and limb movements
What is the neocerebellum?
- Anterior and posterior cerebellar hemispheres and dentate nucleus
- Muscle co-ordination (timing of motor activities)
Identify the components of the basal ganglia
- Caudate nucleus
- Putamen
- Globus pallidus (internal and external)
- Subthalamic nucleus
- Substantia nigra (pars compacta and parts reticulata)
Where is the head of the caudate nucleus located?
- Floor and lateral wall of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in front of the interventricular foramina
Where is the body of the caudate nucleus located?
- Floor of the body of the lateral ventricle
Where is the tail of the caudate nucleus located?
- Ventricular roof in the temporal lobe
What is the sulcus terminalis?
- Groove that forms a junction between the caudate nucleus and thalamus
Where is the substantia nigra located? How are thee two components arranged?
- Midbrain
- Deep to crus cerebri
- Lateral to red nucleus
- Pars reticulata is lateral
- Parts compacta is more medial
Where is the subthalamic nucleus located?
- Inferior to the thalamus
- Medial to the internal capsule
Identify the five components of the olfactory system
- Olfactory epithelium
- Olfactory nerves
- Olfactory bulb
- Olfactory tract
- Olfactory cortex
Where is the olfactory epithelium located?
- Upper fifth of the lateral and septal walls of the nasal cavity
Identify the three cell types of the olfactory epithelium
- Olfactory neurones, bipolar neurons grouped into fila by investing Schwann cells to form the olfactory nerve
- Substentacular cells
- Basal stem cells
What cell type does the olfactory nerve synapse with to from the olfactory bulb?
- Mitral cells
What is the role of the granule cell?
- Sharpens mitral activity
- Through GABA-mediated dendrodendritic inhibition
Where do the axons of the medial olfactory stria terminate?
- Cross in the midline of the anterior commissure
- To inhibit contralateral bulb by exciting granule cells
Where do the axons of the lateral olfactory stria terminate?
- Primary olfactory cortex
- Which is composed of amygdala, uncus and parahippocampal gyrus
What is the significance of the medial forebrain bundle with regards to the olfactory system?
- Link between olfactory cortical areas and hypothalamus
- Triggers automatic responses such as salivation and gastric contraction
Identify four roles of the limbic system
- Memory
- Behaviour
- Emotion
- Olfaction
Identify the components of the limbic system
- Hippocampal formation (hippocampus, dentate gyrus)
- Parahippocampal gyrus
- Cingulate gyrus
- Amygdala
What is the entorhinal cortex?
- Region of parahippocampal gyrus
- That receives information from the sensory association areas
- And transmits it to the hippocampal formation
Where is the hippocampus located, what type of cells does it contain?
- Temporal horn of lateral ventricle
- Seen as a C-shaped structure on the inferomedial aspect of the temporal lobe in a coronal brain slice
- Contains the pyramidal cells
Where is the dentate gyrus located and what type of cells does it contain?
- Extends between hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus
- Contains granule cells
Where is the amygdala located?
- In front of temporal horn of lateral ventricle
- Anterior to the tail of the caudate nucleus
Which nucleus of the amygdala does sensory information terminate in?
- Lateral nucleus
Which regions of the amygdala send fibres to the hypothalamus to generate a stress response?
- Bed nucleus
- Stria terminalis
Identify the components of the diencephalon
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
- Subthalamus
- Epithalamus
Where are the nuclear groups of the diencephalon located?
- Form the side walls of the third ventricle
How is the thalamus separated from the hypothalamus?
- Hypothalamic sulcus
Where is the thalamus located in relation to the internal capsule? What is its role? How is it connected to the opposite side?
- Medial to posterior limb of internal capsule
- Connected to opposite side by mass intermedia
- Relay centre for all sensory pathways
Where is the hypothalamus located and what is its role? How is it connected to the pituitary gland?
- Inferior to the thalamus
- Connected to pituitary gland by pituitary stalk
- Endocrine control, temperature control, homeostasis and water balance
Where is the subthalamus located and what is its role?
- Inferior to the thalamus
- Control of movement
Where is the epithalamus located and what is its role?
- Rostral to superior colliculus
- Contains habenular nucleus so has connections with limbic system
- Contains pineal gland which secretes melatonin so is involved in circadian rhythm
Where is the centre of gravity when standing erect?
- Anterior to the edge of S2 in the pelvis
Identify 7 movements of the hip joint
- Flexion
- Extension
- Abduction
- Adduction
- medial rotation
- Lateral rotation
- Circumduction
Identify two movements at the knee join
- Flexion
- Extension
Identify two movements at the ankle joint
- Dorsiflexion
- Plantarflexion
Identify the movements that maintain locomotion and produce a smooth, efficient gait
- Pelvic tilt in coronal plane
- Pelvic rotation in transverse plane
- Movement of the knees towards the midline
- Flexion of the knees
Identify eleven bony landmarks of the proximal femur
- Head of the femur
- Neck of the femur
- Greater trochanter
- Trochanteric fossa
- Lesser trochanter
- Intertrochanteric line
- Intertrochanteric crest
- Quadrate tubercle
- Pectineal line
- Linea aspera
Where is the attachment of the obturator externus?
- Lateral wall of trochanteric fossa
Where is the attachment of the gluteus minimus?
- Linear facet on the anterolateral aspect of the greater trochanter
Where is the attachment for the gluteus medius?
- Elongate facet on the lateral surface of the greater trochanter
Where is the attachment for the obturator internus and gemelli muscles
- Medial side of greater trochanter of femur
Where is the attachment for the piriformis muscle?
- Medial side of superior border of greater trochanter of femur
Where it the attachment site of the psoas major and iliacus muscles?
- Lesser trochanter of the femur
Where is the attachment of the quadratus femoris?
- Quadrate tubercle on the intertrochanteric crest of the proximal femur
Identify six bony landmarks of the shaft and distal femur
- Medial supracondylar line
- Adductor tubercle
- Lateral supracondylar line
- Intercondylar fossa
- Medial epicondyle
- Lateral epicondyle
Where is the attachment for the gastrocnemius muscle?
- Roughened area lateral to lower end of medial supracondylar line
- Upper facet of lateral epicondyle
Where is the attachment for the popliteus muscle?
- Inferior facet of the lateral epicondyle
What type of bone is the patella?
- Sesamoid bone
Which tendon is the patella located in?
- Quadriceps femoris
What is the attachment of the patellar tendon?
- Apex of the patella
What is the attachment of the quadriceps femoris?
- Base of the patella
Identify five bone landmarks of the proximal tibia
- Medial tibial condyle
- Medial intercondylar tubercle
- Lateral tibial condyle
- Lateral intercondylar tubercle
- Tibial tuberosity
What is the attachment for the cruciate ligaments and menisci of the knee joint?
- Intercondylar region
What is the attachment of the semimembranosus muscle?
- Medial tibial condyle
What is the attachment of the patellar ligament?
- Tibial tuberosity
Identify three bony landmarks of the shaft and distal tibia
- Soleal line
- Medial malleolus
- Fibular notch
Identify three bony landmarks of the proximal fibula
- Head of the fibula
- Styloid process
- Neck of the fibula
What is the attachment of the biceps femoris?
- Lateral surface of the head of the fibula
What is the attachment of the fibular collateral ligament?
- Depression near upper margin of the head of the fibula
Identify three bony landmarks of the shaft and distal fibula
- Medial crest
- Lateral malleolus
- Malleolar fossa
What is the attachment of the fibularis longus and fibularis brevis muscles?
- Lateral malleolus
How many tarsal bones are there?
- Seven
Identify the bones in the proximal group of tarsal bones
- Talus
- Calcaneus
Identify the bones in the intermediate group of tarsal bones
- Navicular
Identify the bones in the distal group of tarsal bones
- Cuboid
- Lateral cuneiform
- Intermediate cuneiform
- Medial cuneiform
Which toe is metatarsal I associated with?
- Great toe
Identify three bony landmarks of each metatarsal
- Base
- Shaft
- Head
How does metatarsal I differ to the other metatarsals?
- The plantar surface articulates with two sesamoid bones
Which metatarsals articulate with each other?
- Metatarsal II to V
How does metatarsal V differ to the other metatarsals?
- Prominent tuberosity
- Which is the attachment for the fibularis brevis muscle
What are phalanges?
- Bones of the toes
- Each has three (proximal, middle and distal) except for the great toe which has only II
What is the purpose of the arches of the foot?
- Absorb and distribute forces from the body during standing and moving
Where is the longitudinal arch formed?
- Between posterior end of calcaneus and the heads of the metatarsals
Where is the transverse arch formed?
- Between heads of talus and the heads of the metatarsals
Identify ligaments that support the arches of the foot
- Calcaneonavicular ligament
- Plantar calcaneocuboid ligament
- Long plantar ligament
- Plantar aponeurosis
Identify muscles that support the arches of the foot
- Tibialis anterior
- Tibialis posterior
- Fibularis longus
What is the plantar aponeurosis?
- Thickening of deep fascia in the sole of the foot
What are the attachments of the plantar aponeurosis?
- Medial process of calcaneal tuberosity
- Diverge and form digital bands to enter the bones, ligaments and dermis of the toes
- But interconnect as superficial transverse metatarsal ligaments
The tendons of which muscles enter fibrous digital sheaths on the plantar aspect of the digits?
- Flexor digitorum longus
- Flexor digitorum brevis
- Flexor hallucis longus
Where are the fibrous sheaths of the toes located?
- Anterior to metatarsophalangeal joints
- Extend to the distal phalanges
What is the role of the fibrous sheaths of the toes?
- Hold the tendons to the bony plane
- Prevent tendon bowing when the toes are flexed
The tendons of which muscles expand over the dorsal aspects of the digits to form extensor hoods?
- Extensor digitorum longus
- Extensor digitorum brevis
- Extensor hallucis longus
What is the role of the extensor hoods?
- Allows the forces from muscles to be distributed over the toes
- To cause flexion of the metatarsophalangeal joints while at the same time extending the interphalangeal joints
- To prevent overextension and overflexion of the joints when the heel is elevated off the ground and the toes grip the ground during walking
What are extensor retinacula?
- Strap tendons of extensor muscles to the ankle
- To prevent tendon bowing
- During extension of the foot and toes
Identify the two extensor retinacula of the foot
- Superior extensor retinaculum
- Inferior retinaculum (Y-shaped)
What are fibular retinacula?
- Bind tendons of the fibularis longus and fibularis brevis muscles to the lateral side fo the foot
Identify the two fibular retinacula of the foot
- Superior fibular retinaculum extends between lateral malleolus and calcaneus
- Inferior fibular retinaculum attaches to the lateral surface of the calcaneus around the fibular trochlea and blends above the fibres of the inferior extensor retinaculum
