Anatomy Topic 3 Case 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What are paramedian sulci

A
  • Sulci that separate the vermis from the hemispheres
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2
Q

Where are the cerebellar tonsils located?

A
  • Bilaterally to the uvula
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3
Q

What is the primary fissure?

A
  • Deepest fissure
  • Separates anterior lobe from posterior lobe
  • Located inferior to culmen
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4
Q

What is the horizontal fissure?

A
  • Largest fissure

- Separates cerebellum into an upper and lower portion

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5
Q

Where are the flocculi located?

A
  • Bilaterally to the nodule
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6
Q

What does the flocculonodular lobe consist of and how is it separated form the uvula and tonsils?

A
  • Flocculi and nodule

- By posterolateral fissure

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7
Q

Identify the four pairs of deep cerebellar nuclei

A
  • Fastigial
  • Globose
  • Emboliform
  • Dentate
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8
Q

What does the superior cerebellar peduncle form between and what does it contain?

A
  • Midbrain and cerebellum

- Contains efferent fibres from dentate, emboliform and globose nuclei

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9
Q

What does the middle cerebellar peduncle form between and what does it contain?

A
  • Pons and cerebellum

- Fibres arising from contralateral basal pontine nuclei

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10
Q

What does the middle inferior peduncle form between and what does it contain?

A
  • Medulla oblongata and cerebellum

- Crossed fibres from fastigial nucleus

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11
Q

What is the archicerebellum?

A
  • Flocculonodular lobe and fastigial nucleus

- Concerned with balance

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12
Q

What is the paleocerebellum?

A
  • Vermis, globose and emboliform nuclei

- Regulates body and limb movements

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13
Q

What is the neocerebellum?

A
  • Anterior and posterior cerebellar hemispheres and dentate nucleus
  • Muscle co-ordination (timing of motor activities)
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14
Q

Identify the components of the basal ganglia

A
  • Caudate nucleus
  • Putamen
  • Globus pallidus (internal and external)
  • Subthalamic nucleus
  • Substantia nigra (pars compacta and parts reticulata)
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15
Q

Where is the head of the caudate nucleus located?

A
  • Floor and lateral wall of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in front of the interventricular foramina
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16
Q

Where is the body of the caudate nucleus located?

A
  • Floor of the body of the lateral ventricle
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17
Q

Where is the tail of the caudate nucleus located?

A
  • Ventricular roof in the temporal lobe
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18
Q

What is the sulcus terminalis?

A
  • Groove that forms a junction between the caudate nucleus and thalamus
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19
Q

Where is the substantia nigra located? How are thee two components arranged?

A
  • Midbrain
  • Deep to crus cerebri
  • Lateral to red nucleus
  • Pars reticulata is lateral
  • Parts compacta is more medial
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20
Q

Where is the subthalamic nucleus located?

A
  • Inferior to the thalamus

- Medial to the internal capsule

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21
Q

Identify the five components of the olfactory system

A
  • Olfactory epithelium
  • Olfactory nerves
  • Olfactory bulb
  • Olfactory tract
  • Olfactory cortex
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22
Q

Where is the olfactory epithelium located?

A
  • Upper fifth of the lateral and septal walls of the nasal cavity
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23
Q

Identify the three cell types of the olfactory epithelium

A
  • Olfactory neurones, bipolar neurons grouped into fila by investing Schwann cells to form the olfactory nerve
  • Substentacular cells
  • Basal stem cells
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24
Q

What cell type does the olfactory nerve synapse with to from the olfactory bulb?

A
  • Mitral cells
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25
What is the role of the granule cell?
- Sharpens mitral activity | - Through GABA-mediated dendrodendritic inhibition
26
Where do the axons of the medial olfactory stria terminate?
- Cross in the midline of the anterior commissure | - To inhibit contralateral bulb by exciting granule cells
27
Where do the axons of the lateral olfactory stria terminate?
- Primary olfactory cortex | - Which is composed of amygdala, uncus and parahippocampal gyrus
28
What is the significance of the medial forebrain bundle with regards to the olfactory system?
- Link between olfactory cortical areas and hypothalamus | - Triggers automatic responses such as salivation and gastric contraction
29
Identify four roles of the limbic system
- Memory - Behaviour - Emotion - Olfaction
30
Identify the components of the limbic system
- Hippocampal formation (hippocampus, dentate gyrus) - Parahippocampal gyrus - Cingulate gyrus - Amygdala
31
What is the entorhinal cortex?
- Region of parahippocampal gyrus - That receives information from the sensory association areas - And transmits it to the hippocampal formation
32
Where is the hippocampus located, what type of cells does it contain?
- Temporal horn of lateral ventricle - Seen as a C-shaped structure on the inferomedial aspect of the temporal lobe in a coronal brain slice - Contains the pyramidal cells
33
Where is the dentate gyrus located and what type of cells does it contain?
- Extends between hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus | - Contains granule cells
34
Where is the amygdala located?
- In front of temporal horn of lateral ventricle | - Anterior to the tail of the caudate nucleus
35
Which nucleus of the amygdala does sensory information terminate in?
- Lateral nucleus
36
Which regions of the amygdala send fibres to the hypothalamus to generate a stress response?
- Bed nucleus | - Stria terminalis
37
Identify the components of the diencephalon
- Thalamus - Hypothalamus - Subthalamus - Epithalamus
38
Where are the nuclear groups of the diencephalon located?
- Form the side walls of the third ventricle
39
How is the thalamus separated from the hypothalamus?
- Hypothalamic sulcus
40
Where is the thalamus located in relation to the internal capsule? What is its role? How is it connected to the opposite side?
- Medial to posterior limb of internal capsule - Connected to opposite side by mass intermedia - Relay centre for all sensory pathways
41
Where is the hypothalamus located and what is its role? How is it connected to the pituitary gland?
- Inferior to the thalamus - Connected to pituitary gland by pituitary stalk - Endocrine control, temperature control, homeostasis and water balance
42
Where is the subthalamus located and what is its role?
- Inferior to the thalamus | - Control of movement
43
Where is the epithalamus located and what is its role?
- Rostral to superior colliculus - Contains habenular nucleus so has connections with limbic system - Contains pineal gland which secretes melatonin so is involved in circadian rhythm
44
Where is the centre of gravity when standing erect?
- Anterior to the edge of S2 in the pelvis
45
Identify 7 movements of the hip joint
- Flexion - Extension - Abduction - Adduction - medial rotation - Lateral rotation - Circumduction
46
Identify two movements at the knee join
- Flexion | - Extension
47
Identify two movements at the ankle joint
- Dorsiflexion | - Plantarflexion
48
Identify the movements that maintain locomotion and produce a smooth, efficient gait
- Pelvic tilt in coronal plane - Pelvic rotation in transverse plane - Movement of the knees towards the midline - Flexion of the knees
49
Identify eleven bony landmarks of the proximal femur
- Head of the femur - Neck of the femur - Greater trochanter - Trochanteric fossa - Lesser trochanter - Intertrochanteric line - Intertrochanteric crest - Quadrate tubercle - Pectineal line - Linea aspera
50
Where is the attachment of the obturator externus?
- Lateral wall of trochanteric fossa
51
Where is the attachment of the gluteus minimus?
- Linear facet on the anterolateral aspect of the greater trochanter
52
Where is the attachment for the gluteus medius?
- Elongate facet on the lateral surface of the greater trochanter
53
Where is the attachment for the obturator internus and gemelli muscles
- Medial side of greater trochanter of femur
54
Where is the attachment for the piriformis muscle?
- Medial side of superior border of greater trochanter of femur
55
Where it the attachment site of the psoas major and iliacus muscles?
- Lesser trochanter of the femur
56
Where is the attachment of the quadratus femoris?
- Quadrate tubercle on the intertrochanteric crest of the proximal femur
57
Identify six bony landmarks of the shaft and distal femur
- Medial supracondylar line - Adductor tubercle - Lateral supracondylar line - Intercondylar fossa - Medial epicondyle - Lateral epicondyle
58
Where is the attachment for the gastrocnemius muscle?
- Roughened area lateral to lower end of medial supracondylar line - Upper facet of lateral epicondyle
59
Where is the attachment for the popliteus muscle?
- Inferior facet of the lateral epicondyle
60
What type of bone is the patella?
- Sesamoid bone
61
Which tendon is the patella located in?
- Quadriceps femoris
62
What is the attachment of the patellar tendon?
- Apex of the patella
63
What is the attachment of the quadriceps femoris?
- Base of the patella
64
Identify five bone landmarks of the proximal tibia
- Medial tibial condyle - Medial intercondylar tubercle - Lateral tibial condyle - Lateral intercondylar tubercle - Tibial tuberosity
65
What is the attachment for the cruciate ligaments and menisci of the knee joint?
- Intercondylar region
66
What is the attachment of the semimembranosus muscle?
- Medial tibial condyle
67
What is the attachment of the patellar ligament?
- Tibial tuberosity
68
Identify three bony landmarks of the shaft and distal tibia
- Soleal line - Medial malleolus - Fibular notch
69
Identify three bony landmarks of the proximal fibula
- Head of the fibula - Styloid process - Neck of the fibula
70
What is the attachment of the biceps femoris?
- Lateral surface of the head of the fibula
71
What is the attachment of the fibular collateral ligament?
- Depression near upper margin of the head of the fibula
72
Identify three bony landmarks of the shaft and distal fibula
- Medial crest - Lateral malleolus - Malleolar fossa
73
What is the attachment of the fibularis longus and fibularis brevis muscles?
- Lateral malleolus
74
How many tarsal bones are there?
- Seven
75
Identify the bones in the proximal group of tarsal bones
- Talus | - Calcaneus
76
Identify the bones in the intermediate group of tarsal bones
- Navicular
77
Identify the bones in the distal group of tarsal bones
- Cuboid - Lateral cuneiform - Intermediate cuneiform - Medial cuneiform
78
Which toe is metatarsal I associated with?
- Great toe
79
Identify three bony landmarks of each metatarsal
- Base - Shaft - Head
80
How does metatarsal I differ to the other metatarsals?
- The plantar surface articulates with two sesamoid bones
81
Which metatarsals articulate with each other?
- Metatarsal II to V
82
How does metatarsal V differ to the other metatarsals?
- Prominent tuberosity | - Which is the attachment for the fibularis brevis muscle
83
What are phalanges?
- Bones of the toes | - Each has three (proximal, middle and distal) except for the great toe which has only II
84
What is the purpose of the arches of the foot?
- Absorb and distribute forces from the body during standing and moving
85
Where is the longitudinal arch formed?
- Between posterior end of calcaneus and the heads of the metatarsals
86
Where is the transverse arch formed?
- Between heads of talus and the heads of the metatarsals
87
Identify ligaments that support the arches of the foot
- Calcaneonavicular ligament - Plantar calcaneocuboid ligament - Long plantar ligament - Plantar aponeurosis
88
Identify muscles that support the arches of the foot
- Tibialis anterior - Tibialis posterior - Fibularis longus
89
What is the plantar aponeurosis?
- Thickening of deep fascia in the sole of the foot
90
What are the attachments of the plantar aponeurosis?
- Medial process of calcaneal tuberosity - Diverge and form digital bands to enter the bones, ligaments and dermis of the toes - But interconnect as superficial transverse metatarsal ligaments
91
The tendons of which muscles enter fibrous digital sheaths on the plantar aspect of the digits?
- Flexor digitorum longus - Flexor digitorum brevis - Flexor hallucis longus
92
Where are the fibrous sheaths of the toes located?
- Anterior to metatarsophalangeal joints | - Extend to the distal phalanges
93
What is the role of the fibrous sheaths of the toes?
- Hold the tendons to the bony plane | - Prevent tendon bowing when the toes are flexed
94
The tendons of which muscles expand over the dorsal aspects of the digits to form extensor hoods?
- Extensor digitorum longus - Extensor digitorum brevis - Extensor hallucis longus
95
What is the role of the extensor hoods?
- Allows the forces from muscles to be distributed over the toes - To cause flexion of the metatarsophalangeal joints while at the same time extending the interphalangeal joints - To prevent overextension and overflexion of the joints when the heel is elevated off the ground and the toes grip the ground during walking
96
What are extensor retinacula?
- Strap tendons of extensor muscles to the ankle - To prevent tendon bowing - During extension of the foot and toes
97
Identify the two extensor retinacula of the foot
- Superior extensor retinaculum | - Inferior retinaculum (Y-shaped)
98
What are fibular retinacula?
- Bind tendons of the fibularis longus and fibularis brevis muscles to the lateral side fo the foot
99
Identify the two fibular retinacula of the foot
- Superior fibular retinaculum extends between lateral malleolus and calcaneus - Inferior fibular retinaculum attaches to the lateral surface of the calcaneus around the fibular trochlea and blends above the fibres of the inferior extensor retinaculum