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Semester 3: Mind and Movement > Anatomy Topic 3 Case 8 > Flashcards

Anatomy Topic 3 Case 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Identify 3 muscles of the superficial group of the posterior compartment of the leg

A
  • Gastrocnemius
  • Plantaris
  • Soleus
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2
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, innervation and function of gastrocnemius

A
  • Origin: Medially just superior to medial condyle, laterally from posterolateral surface of lateral condyle
  • Insertion: Via calcaneal tendon to posterior surface of calcaneus
  • Innervation: Tibial nerve
  • Function: Plantarflexes foot and flexes foot
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3
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, innervation and function of plantaris

A
  • Origin: Inferior part of lateral supracondylar line of femur
  • Insertion: Via calcaneal tendon to posterior surface of calcaneus
  • Innervation: Tibial nerve
  • Function: Plantarflexes foot and flexes foot
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4
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, innervation and function of soleus

A
  • Origin: Soleal line
  • Insertion: Via calcaneal tendon to posterior surface of calcaneus
  • Innervation: Tibial nerve
  • Function: Plantarflexes foot
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5
Q

Identify 4 muscles of the deep group of the posterior compartment of the leg

A
  • Popliteus
  • Flexor hallucis longus
  • Flexor digitorum longus
  • Tibialis posterior
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6
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, innervation and function of popliteus

A
  • Origin: Lateral femoral condyle
  • Insertion: Posterior surface of proximal tibia
  • Innervation: Tibial nerve
  • Function: Stabilises and unlocks knee joint by lateral rotation of femur
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7
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, innervation and function of flexor hallucis longus

A
  • Origin: Posterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane
  • Insertion: Plantar surface of distal phalanx of great toe
  • Innervation: Tibial nerve
  • Function: Flexes great toe
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8
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, innervation and function of flexor digitorum longus

A
  • Origin: Medial side of posterior surface of tibia
  • Insertion: Plantar surface of distal phalanx of great toe
  • Innervation: Tibial nerve
  • Function: Flexes great toe
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9
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, innervation and function of tibialis posterior

A
  • Origin: Posterior surfaces of interosseous membrane and adjacent regions of tibia and fibula
  • Insertion: Navicular tuberosity
  • Innervation: Tibial nerve
  • Function: Inversion, plantarflexion of foot and support of medial arch during walking
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10
Q

Outline the vascular supply of the posterior compartment

A
  • Posterior tibial artery
  • Which is a branch of the popliteal artery
  • It runs on the tibialis posterior and flexor digitorum longus muscles
  • It gives off the circumflex fibular and fibular arteries
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11
Q

Outline the innervation of the posterior compartment

A
  • Tibial nerve
  • Which is a branch of the sciatic nerve
  • It runs under the tendinous arch
  • It gives off the sural nerve and medial calcaneal nerve
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12
Q

Identify the two muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg

A
  • Fibularis longus

- Fibularis brevis

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13
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, innervation and function of the fibularis longus

A
  • Origin: Upper lateral surface of tibia
  • Insertion: Lateral aspect of medial cuneiform
  • Innervation: Superficial fibular nerve
  • Function: Eversion and plantarflexion of foot and support of arches
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14
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, innervation and function of the fibularis brevis

A
  • Origin: Lower lateral surface of fibula
  • Insertion: Lateral tubercle at base of metatarsal V
  • Innervation: Superficial fibular nerve
  • Function: Eversion of foot
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15
Q

Outline the vascular supply of the lateral compartment

A
  • Fibular artery

- Branch of the posterior tibial artery

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16
Q

Outline the innervation of the lateral compartment

A
  • Superficial fibular nerve

- Branch of common fibular nerve from sciatic nerve

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17
Q

Identify the four muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg

A
  • Tibialis anterior
  • Extensor hallucis longus
  • Extensor digitorum longus
  • Fibularis tertius
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18
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, innervation and function of the tibialis anterior

A
  • Origin: Lateral surface of tibia
  • Insertion; Medial surface of medial cuneiform
  • Innervation: Deep fibular nerve
  • Action: Dorsiflexion, inversion of foot and support of medial arch
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19
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, innervation and function of the extensor hallucis longus

A
  • Origin: Middle half of medial surface of fibula
  • Insertion: Dorsal surface of base of distal phalanx of great toe
  • Innervation: Deep fibular nerve
  • Action: Extension of great toe, dorsiflexion of foot
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20
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, innervation and function of the extensor digitorum longus

A
  • Origin: Proximal half of medial surface of fibula
  • Insertion: Base of distal and middle phalanges of lateral four toes
  • Innervation: Deep fibular nerve
  • Action: Extension of lateral four toes, dorsiflexion of foot
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21
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, innervation and function of the fibularis tertius

A
  • Origin: Distal part of medial surface of fibula
  • Insertion: Medial surface of base of metatarsal V
  • Innervation: Deep fibular nerve
  • Action: Dorsiflexion and eversion of foot
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22
Q

Outline the vascular supply of the anterior compartment of the leg

A
  • Anterior tibial artery
  • Branch of popliteal artery
  • Distally lies between tibialis anterior and extensor hallucis longus
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23
Q

Outline the innervation of the anterior compartment of the leg

A
  • Deep fibular nerve
  • Arises in lateral compartment as branch of common fibular nerve
  • Passes through intermuscular septum and descends with anterior tibial artery
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24
Q

Identify two intrinsic muscles on the dorsal aspect of the foot

A
  • Extensor digitorum brevis

- Extensor hallucis brevis

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25
Identify the origin, insertion, innervation and function of the extensor digitorum brevis
- Origin: Superolateral surface of calcaneus - Insertion: Lateral sides of tendons of extensor digitorum of toes 2 to 4 - Innervation: Deep fibular nerve - Function: Extension of toes 2 to 4
26
Identify the origin, insertion, innervation and function of the extensor hallucis brevis
- Origin; Superolateral surface of calcaneus - Insertion: Base of proximal phalanx of great toe - Innervation: Deep fibular nerve - Function: Extension of MTP joint of great toe
27
Identify three muscles in the first layer of the sole
- Abductor hallucis - Flexor digitorum brevis - Abductor digiti minimi
28
Identify the innervation and function of the abductor hallucis
- Action: Abduction and flexion of great to at MTP joint | - Innervation: Medial plantar nerve from tibial nerve
29
Identify the innervation and function of the flexor digitorum brevis
- Action: Flexion of lateral four toes at proximal IP joint | - Innervation: Medial plantar nerve from tibial nerve
30
Identify the innervation and function of the abductor digiti minimi
- Action: Abduction of little toe at MCP joint | - Innervation: Lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve
31
Identify two muscles in the second layer of the sole
- Quadratus plantae | - Lumbricals
32
Identify the action and innervation of the quadratus plantae muscle
- Innervation: Lateral plantar nerve form tibial nerve | - Function: Flexion of toes II to V
33
Identify the action and innervation of the lumbricals
- Innervation: First from medial plantar nerve from tibial nerve, second, third and fourth from lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve - Function: Flexion of MTP joints, extension of IP joints
34
Identify three muscles in the third layer of the sole
- Flexor hallucis brevis - Adductor hallucis - Flexor digiti minimi brevis
35
Identify the action and innervation of flexor hallucis brevis
- Action: Medial plantar nerve from tibial nerve | - Innervation: Flexes MTP joint of great toe
36
Identify the action and innervation of adductor hallucis
- Action: Lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve | - Innervation: Adducts great toe at MTP joint
37
Identify the action and innervation of flexor digiti minimi
- Action: Flexion of little toe at MTP joint | - Action: Lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve
38
Identify two muscles in the fourth layer of the foot
- Dorsal interossei | - Plantar interossei
39
Identify the action and innervation of the dorsal interossei
- Action: Abduction of toes 2 to 4 at MTP joints, resists extension of MTP joints and flexion of IP joints - Innervation: Lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve, first and second also innervated by deep fibular nerve
40
Identify the action and innervation of the plantar interossei
- Action: Adduction of toes 3 to 5 at MTP joints, resists extension of MTP joints and flexion of IP joints - Innervation: Lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve
41
Outline the arterial supply of the foot
- Dorsalis pedis (branch of anterior tibial artery) | - Medial and lateral plantar arteries (branch of posterior tibial artery)
42
Outline the venous drainage of the foot
- Great saphenous vein medially, which passes anterior to medial malleolus - Small saphenous vein laterally, which passes posterior to lateral malleolus
43
Describe the course and branches of the tibial nerve
- Enters foot through tarsal tunnel posterior to tibial artery - Gives rise to medial calcaneal branches which supply the heel - Gives rise to medial and lateral plantar nerves
44
Which muscles does the medial plantar nerve supply?
- Abductor hallucis - Flexor digitorum brevis - Flexor hallucis brevis - First lumbrical
45
Which muscles does the lateral plantar nerve supply
- Abductor digiti minimi - Quadratus plantae - Second to fourth lumbrical - Adductor hallucis - Flexor digiti minimi brevis - Dorsal interossei - Plantar interossei
46
Which muscles does the deep fibular nerve supply in the foot?
- First two dorsal interossei - Extensor digitorum brevis - Extensor hallucis brevis
47
What does the sural nerve in the foot supply? What nerve does it branch from and where does it enter the foot?
- Branch of tibial nerve - Enters foot posterior to lateral malleolus close to small saphenous vein - Innervates lateral side of foot and little toe
48
What does the saphenous nerve in the foot supply? What nerve does it branch from and where does it enter the foot?
- Branch of femoral nerve - Enters foot on medial side of ankle - Innervates medial side of proximal foot
49
What is the purpose of cartilage?
- Provides a smooth articular surface at bone ends, as well as structural support
50
Identify three components of the extracellular matrix of cartilage and the role of each
- Proteoglycans which regulate movements of molecules - Glycosaminoglycans which are involved in shock absorption - Glycoproteins which binds all components of the matrix together
51
Outline the formation and development of cartilage
- Differentiation of mesenchyme to chondroblasts - Which undergo cell division and secrete ground substance - Resulting in tethering of chondroblasts - Chondroblasts divide to become chondrocytes - Which acquire a layer of perichondrium
52
What is the most common type of cartilage?
- Hyaline cartilage
53
Where is hyaline cartilage formed? (4)
- Nasal septum - Larynx - Trachea - Sternal ends of ribs
54
Describe the structure of hyaline cartilage
- Chondrocytes arranged in clusters that are separated by matrix - Perichondrium possess chondroblasts on its inner surface which synthesise new matrix
55
Where is fibrocartilage found? (2)
- Intervertebral discs | - Pubic symphysis
56
Describe the structure of fibrocartilage
- Alternating layers of hyaline and dense collagen
57
Where is elastic cartilage found ? (4)
- External auditory canal - Eustachian tube - Epiglottis - Laryngeal cartilage
58
Describe the structure of elastic cartilage
- Similar to hyaline | - But contains bundles of branching elastin fibres, which are particularly abundant in region of chondrocytes
59
What type of collagen makes up the extracellular matrix of bone?
- Type 1 (Osteoid)
60
How is bone mineralised? What is the purpose of bone mineralisation?
- Deposition of calcium hydroxyapatite | - Gives bone considerable rigidity and strength
61
What are osteoblasts?
- Cells that synthesise osteoid and mediate its mineralisation
62
What are osteocytes?
- Inactive osteoblasts that assist in nutrition of bone
63
What are osteoclasts?
- High phagocytic cells capable of eroding bone for turnover
64
What are osteoprogenitor cells?
- Primitive mesenchymal cell that gives rise to osteoprogenitor cell
65
Outline the structure of compact bone
- Osteon is composed of bony layers, concentric lamellae - Which are surrounded by vertical Haversian canals containing neurovascular content - Which connect with each other by horizontal Volkmann canals - Canaliculi form between adjacent lamellae and communicate via gap junctions - Outer layer, periosteum, is composed of outer circumferential lamellae - Inner layer is composed of inner circumferential lamellae
66
Outline the structure of cancellous bone
- Lamellae bone with scanty lacunae containing osteophytes | - Canaliculi which connect with each other and haematopoietic bone marrow
67
Outline the histology of skeletal muscle
- Muscle fibres surrounded by endomysium - Muscle fibres are bundled into a fascicle - Fascicle is surrounded by perimysium - Fascicles are bundled into a epimysium
68
Outline the histology of muscle spindle
- Composed of intrafusal skeletal muscle fibres - Sensory fibres called annulospiral endings wrap around the central area of each intrafusal fibre - Sensory fibres called flower-spray endings wrap around the striated area of each intrafusal fibre - Which are stimulated by stretching of intrafusal fibres (which is innervated by gamma motor neurons)
69
What is a synovial joint?
- Joint at which the bones are separated by an articular cavity
70
Describe the general structure of a synovial joint?
- Outer layer of hyaline cartilage - Joint capsule composed of an inner synovial membrane and an outer fibrous membrane - Also present are articular discs, fat pads and tendons
71
What are bursae?
- Closed sacs of synovial membrane outside of the joint | - Which reduce friction between tendons and bone
72
Identify six types of synovial joint
- Plane - Hinge - Pivot - Condylar - Saddle - Ball and socket
73
What type of joint is the hip joint?
- Ball and socket
74
What are the articular surfaces of the hip joint?
- Between head of femur and acetabulum
75
What type of movements does the hip joint permit?
- Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation, circumduction
76
What is the fovea?
- Non articular pit on the head of the femur | - Which is not covered by hyaline cartilage
77
What is the acetabular labrum?
- Fibrocartilaginous collar | - That raises the rim of the acetabulum
78
What is the transverse acetabular ligament?
- Inferiorly the acetabular labrum bridges the acetabular notch
79
What is the ligamentum teres?
- Flat band of connective tissue - Attaches at one end to the fovea - And at the other end to the acetabular fossa
80
What is the iliofemoral ligament?
- Triangular shaped ligament - Attached between AIIS and acetabulum - Attached to intertrochanteric line of femur
81
What is the pubofemoral ligament?
- Triangular shaped ligament - Attached iliopubic eminence - Laterally blends with iliofemoral ligament
82
What is the ischiofemoral ligament?
- Attached medially to ischium | - Attached laterally to greater trochanter
83
Outline the arterial supply of the hip joint
- Retinacular vessels from medial and lateral circumflex branches of the profunda femoris (branch of femoral artery)
84
Outline the innervation of the hip joint
- Obturator nerve - Femoral nerve - Superior gluteal nerve - Nerve to quadratus femoris
85
What type of joint is the knee joint?
- Hinge joint
86
What are the articular surfaces of the knee joint?
- Femoral and tibial condyles
87
What movements does the knee joint permit?
- Flexion and extension
88
What are knee menisci?
- C-shaped cartilages in the intercondylar region of the tibial plateau - Change shape during flexion (curve) and extension (flat)
89
What is the medial meniscus attached to?
- Tibial collateral ligament | - Capsule of the joint
90
Which ligament interconnects the two menisci of the knee?
- Transverse ligament of the knee
91
What is the lateral meniscus attached to?
- Tendon of popliteus
92
Identify the four pouches formed by the synovial membrane of the knee joint
- Subpoliteal recess - Supra-patellae bursae - Pre-patellar bursae - Deep and subcutaneous Infra-patellar bursae
93
What is the oblique popliteal ligament?
- Extension of the tendon of semimembranosus | - Which reflects superiorly across the fibrous membrane from medial to lateral
94
What is the patellar ligament?
- Continuation of quadriceps femoris tendon - Attached above to patella - Attached below to tibial tuberosity
95
What is the fibular collateral ligament?
- Attached superiorly to lateral femoral epicondyle | - Attached inferiorly to a depression on lateral surface of the fibular head
96
What is the tibial collateral ligament?
- Attached superiorly to medial femoral epicondyle inferior to adductor tubercle - Attached inferiorly to medial margin of tibia above attachment for sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus
97
What is the anterior cruciate ligament?
- Attaches from anterior part of intercondylar region - Ascends posteriorly to attach to a facet on the lateral wall of the intercondylar fossa - Prevents anterior displacement of femur
98
What is the posterior cruciate ligament
- Attaches to posterior aspect of intercondylar area - Ascends anteriorly to attach to medial wall of intercondylar fossa - Prevents posterior displacement of femur
99
Explain the locking mechanisms of knee
- Menisci flatten upon extension - Joint surface is larger and more stable - Reduces amount of muscle work needed to maintain standing position
100
How is the knee unlocked?
- Popliteus | - By lateral rotation of femur on tibia
101
Outline the vascular supply of the knee joint
- Branches of the femoral, popliteal, and lateral circumflex femoral arteries in the thigh - Branches of the fibular artery and anterior tibial artery in the knee - These vessels form an anastomotic network around the joint
102
Outline the innervation of the knee joint
- Branches from the obturator, femoral, tibial and common fibular nerves.
103
What are the articular surfaces of the ankle joint
- Talus of the foot | - Tibia and fibula of the leg
104
What movements does the ankle joint permit?
- Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
105
What type of cartilage covers the articular surfaces of the ankle joint?
- Hyaline
106
What are the three ligaments of the lateral ligament of the ankle?
- Anterior talofibular between lateral malleolus of fibula to talus - Posterior talofibular between malleolar fossa of lateral malleolus and posterior process of talus - Calcaneofibular between malleolar fossa and tubercle on lateral side of calcaneus
107
What are the four ligaments of the medial ligament of the knee?
- Tibionavicular between tuberosity of navicular and the calcaneonavicular ligament - Tibiocalcaneal which attaches to sustentaculum tali of calcaneus - Posterior tibiotalar part which attach to the medial tubercle of the talus - Anterior tibiotalar part which attaches to the medial surface of the talus
108
Which movements of the foot do the inter-tarsal joints permit?
- Inversion - Eversion - Supination - Pronation
109
What region of skin of the foot is supplied by the medial plantar nerve?
- Medial two thirds of sole of foot | - Medial 3.5 toes on plantar surface
110
What region of skin of the foot is supplied by the lateral plantar nerve?
- Lateral third of sole of foot | - Lateral 1.5 toes on plantar surface
111
What region of skin of the foot is supplied by the deep fibular nerve?
- Lateral half of great toe on dorsal aspect - Medial half of second toe on dorsal aspect - And skin between them
112
What region of skin of the foot is supplied by the superficial fibular nerve?
- Most of dorsal side of foot side of foot
113
What region of skin of the foot is supplied by the saphenous nerve?
- Medial side of ankle and proximal foot
114
What region of skin of the foot is supplied by the sural nerve?
- Lateral side of foot and fifth toe on dorsal aspect
115
What region of skin of the foot is supplied by the tibial nerve?
- Heel
116
Which joint is responsible for inversion and reversion? Identify the ligament associated with this joint.
- Talocalcaneonavicular joint (TCN) | - Calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament

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