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Semester 3: Mind and Movement > Anatomy Topic 3 Case 8 > Flashcards

Anatomy Topic 3 Case 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Identify 3 muscles of the superficial group of the posterior compartment of the leg

A
  • Gastrocnemius
  • Plantaris
  • Soleus
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2
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, innervation and function of gastrocnemius

A
  • Origin: Medially just superior to medial condyle, laterally from posterolateral surface of lateral condyle
  • Insertion: Via calcaneal tendon to posterior surface of calcaneus
  • Innervation: Tibial nerve
  • Function: Plantarflexes foot and flexes foot
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3
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, innervation and function of plantaris

A
  • Origin: Inferior part of lateral supracondylar line of femur
  • Insertion: Via calcaneal tendon to posterior surface of calcaneus
  • Innervation: Tibial nerve
  • Function: Plantarflexes foot and flexes foot
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4
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, innervation and function of soleus

A
  • Origin: Soleal line
  • Insertion: Via calcaneal tendon to posterior surface of calcaneus
  • Innervation: Tibial nerve
  • Function: Plantarflexes foot
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5
Q

Identify 4 muscles of the deep group of the posterior compartment of the leg

A
  • Popliteus
  • Flexor hallucis longus
  • Flexor digitorum longus
  • Tibialis posterior
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6
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, innervation and function of popliteus

A
  • Origin: Lateral femoral condyle
  • Insertion: Posterior surface of proximal tibia
  • Innervation: Tibial nerve
  • Function: Stabilises and unlocks knee joint by lateral rotation of femur
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7
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, innervation and function of flexor hallucis longus

A
  • Origin: Posterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane
  • Insertion: Plantar surface of distal phalanx of great toe
  • Innervation: Tibial nerve
  • Function: Flexes great toe
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8
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, innervation and function of flexor digitorum longus

A
  • Origin: Medial side of posterior surface of tibia
  • Insertion: Plantar surface of distal phalanx of great toe
  • Innervation: Tibial nerve
  • Function: Flexes great toe
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9
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, innervation and function of tibialis posterior

A
  • Origin: Posterior surfaces of interosseous membrane and adjacent regions of tibia and fibula
  • Insertion: Navicular tuberosity
  • Innervation: Tibial nerve
  • Function: Inversion, plantarflexion of foot and support of medial arch during walking
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10
Q

Outline the vascular supply of the posterior compartment

A
  • Posterior tibial artery
  • Which is a branch of the popliteal artery
  • It runs on the tibialis posterior and flexor digitorum longus muscles
  • It gives off the circumflex fibular and fibular arteries
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11
Q

Outline the innervation of the posterior compartment

A
  • Tibial nerve
  • Which is a branch of the sciatic nerve
  • It runs under the tendinous arch
  • It gives off the sural nerve and medial calcaneal nerve
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12
Q

Identify the two muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg

A
  • Fibularis longus

- Fibularis brevis

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13
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, innervation and function of the fibularis longus

A
  • Origin: Upper lateral surface of tibia
  • Insertion: Lateral aspect of medial cuneiform
  • Innervation: Superficial fibular nerve
  • Function: Eversion and plantarflexion of foot and support of arches
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14
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, innervation and function of the fibularis brevis

A
  • Origin: Lower lateral surface of fibula
  • Insertion: Lateral tubercle at base of metatarsal V
  • Innervation: Superficial fibular nerve
  • Function: Eversion of foot
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15
Q

Outline the vascular supply of the lateral compartment

A
  • Fibular artery

- Branch of the posterior tibial artery

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16
Q

Outline the innervation of the lateral compartment

A
  • Superficial fibular nerve

- Branch of common fibular nerve from sciatic nerve

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17
Q

Identify the four muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg

A
  • Tibialis anterior
  • Extensor hallucis longus
  • Extensor digitorum longus
  • Fibularis tertius
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18
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, innervation and function of the tibialis anterior

A
  • Origin: Lateral surface of tibia
  • Insertion; Medial surface of medial cuneiform
  • Innervation: Deep fibular nerve
  • Action: Dorsiflexion, inversion of foot and support of medial arch
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19
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, innervation and function of the extensor hallucis longus

A
  • Origin: Middle half of medial surface of fibula
  • Insertion: Dorsal surface of base of distal phalanx of great toe
  • Innervation: Deep fibular nerve
  • Action: Extension of great toe, dorsiflexion of foot
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20
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, innervation and function of the extensor digitorum longus

A
  • Origin: Proximal half of medial surface of fibula
  • Insertion: Base of distal and middle phalanges of lateral four toes
  • Innervation: Deep fibular nerve
  • Action: Extension of lateral four toes, dorsiflexion of foot
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21
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, innervation and function of the fibularis tertius

A
  • Origin: Distal part of medial surface of fibula
  • Insertion: Medial surface of base of metatarsal V
  • Innervation: Deep fibular nerve
  • Action: Dorsiflexion and eversion of foot
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22
Q

Outline the vascular supply of the anterior compartment of the leg

A
  • Anterior tibial artery
  • Branch of popliteal artery
  • Distally lies between tibialis anterior and extensor hallucis longus
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23
Q

Outline the innervation of the anterior compartment of the leg

A
  • Deep fibular nerve
  • Arises in lateral compartment as branch of common fibular nerve
  • Passes through intermuscular septum and descends with anterior tibial artery
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24
Q

Identify two intrinsic muscles on the dorsal aspect of the foot

A
  • Extensor digitorum brevis

- Extensor hallucis brevis

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25
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, innervation and function of the extensor digitorum brevis

A
  • Origin: Superolateral surface of calcaneus
  • Insertion: Lateral sides of tendons of extensor digitorum of toes 2 to 4
  • Innervation: Deep fibular nerve
  • Function: Extension of toes 2 to 4
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26
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, innervation and function of the extensor hallucis brevis

A
  • Origin; Superolateral surface of calcaneus
  • Insertion: Base of proximal phalanx of great toe
  • Innervation: Deep fibular nerve
  • Function: Extension of MTP joint of great toe
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27
Q

Identify three muscles in the first layer of the sole

A
  • Abductor hallucis
  • Flexor digitorum brevis
  • Abductor digiti minimi
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28
Q

Identify the innervation and function of the abductor hallucis

A
  • Action: Abduction and flexion of great to at MTP joint

- Innervation: Medial plantar nerve from tibial nerve

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29
Q

Identify the innervation and function of the flexor digitorum brevis

A
  • Action: Flexion of lateral four toes at proximal IP joint

- Innervation: Medial plantar nerve from tibial nerve

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30
Q

Identify the innervation and function of the abductor digiti minimi

A
  • Action: Abduction of little toe at MCP joint

- Innervation: Lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve

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31
Q

Identify two muscles in the second layer of the sole

A
  • Quadratus plantae

- Lumbricals

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32
Q

Identify the action and innervation of the quadratus plantae muscle

A
  • Innervation: Lateral plantar nerve form tibial nerve

- Function: Flexion of toes II to V

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33
Q

Identify the action and innervation of the lumbricals

A
  • Innervation: First from medial plantar nerve from tibial nerve, second, third and fourth from lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve
  • Function: Flexion of MTP joints, extension of IP joints
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34
Q

Identify three muscles in the third layer of the sole

A
  • Flexor hallucis brevis
  • Adductor hallucis
  • Flexor digiti minimi brevis
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35
Q

Identify the action and innervation of flexor hallucis brevis

A
  • Action: Medial plantar nerve from tibial nerve

- Innervation: Flexes MTP joint of great toe

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36
Q

Identify the action and innervation of adductor hallucis

A
  • Action: Lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve

- Innervation: Adducts great toe at MTP joint

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37
Q

Identify the action and innervation of flexor digiti minimi

A
  • Action: Flexion of little toe at MTP joint

- Action: Lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve

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38
Q

Identify two muscles in the fourth layer of the foot

A
  • Dorsal interossei

- Plantar interossei

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39
Q

Identify the action and innervation of the dorsal interossei

A
  • Action: Abduction of toes 2 to 4 at MTP joints, resists extension of MTP joints and flexion of IP joints
  • Innervation: Lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve, first and second also innervated by deep fibular nerve
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40
Q

Identify the action and innervation of the plantar interossei

A
  • Action: Adduction of toes 3 to 5 at MTP joints, resists extension of MTP joints and flexion of IP joints
  • Innervation: Lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve
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41
Q

Outline the arterial supply of the foot

A
  • Dorsalis pedis (branch of anterior tibial artery)

- Medial and lateral plantar arteries (branch of posterior tibial artery)

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42
Q

Outline the venous drainage of the foot

A
  • Great saphenous vein medially, which passes anterior to medial malleolus
  • Small saphenous vein laterally, which passes posterior to lateral malleolus
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43
Q

Describe the course and branches of the tibial nerve

A
  • Enters foot through tarsal tunnel posterior to tibial artery
  • Gives rise to medial calcaneal branches which supply the heel
  • Gives rise to medial and lateral plantar nerves
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44
Q

Which muscles does the medial plantar nerve supply?

A
  • Abductor hallucis
  • Flexor digitorum brevis
  • Flexor hallucis brevis
  • First lumbrical
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45
Q

Which muscles does the lateral plantar nerve supply

A
  • Abductor digiti minimi
  • Quadratus plantae
  • Second to fourth lumbrical
  • Adductor hallucis
  • Flexor digiti minimi brevis
  • Dorsal interossei
  • Plantar interossei
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46
Q

Which muscles does the deep fibular nerve supply in the foot?

A
  • First two dorsal interossei
  • Extensor digitorum brevis
  • Extensor hallucis brevis
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47
Q

What does the sural nerve in the foot supply? What nerve does it branch from and where does it enter the foot?

A
  • Branch of tibial nerve
  • Enters foot posterior to lateral malleolus close to small saphenous vein
  • Innervates lateral side of foot and little toe
48
Q

What does the saphenous nerve in the foot supply? What nerve does it branch from and where does it enter the foot?

A
  • Branch of femoral nerve
  • Enters foot on medial side of ankle
  • Innervates medial side of proximal foot
49
Q

What is the purpose of cartilage?

A
  • Provides a smooth articular surface at bone ends, as well as structural support
50
Q

Identify three components of the extracellular matrix of cartilage and the role of each

A
  • Proteoglycans which regulate movements of molecules
  • Glycosaminoglycans which are involved in shock absorption
  • Glycoproteins which binds all components of the matrix together
51
Q

Outline the formation and development of cartilage

A
  • Differentiation of mesenchyme to chondroblasts
  • Which undergo cell division and secrete ground substance
  • Resulting in tethering of chondroblasts
  • Chondroblasts divide to become chondrocytes
  • Which acquire a layer of perichondrium
52
Q

What is the most common type of cartilage?

A
  • Hyaline cartilage
53
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage formed? (4)

A
  • Nasal septum
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Sternal ends of ribs
54
Q

Describe the structure of hyaline cartilage

A
  • Chondrocytes arranged in clusters that are separated by matrix
  • Perichondrium possess chondroblasts on its inner surface which synthesise new matrix
55
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found? (2)

A
  • Intervertebral discs

- Pubic symphysis

56
Q

Describe the structure of fibrocartilage

A
  • Alternating layers of hyaline and dense collagen
57
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found ? (4)

A
  • External auditory canal
  • Eustachian tube
  • Epiglottis
  • Laryngeal cartilage
58
Q

Describe the structure of elastic cartilage

A
  • Similar to hyaline

- But contains bundles of branching elastin fibres, which are particularly abundant in region of chondrocytes

59
Q

What type of collagen makes up the extracellular matrix of bone?

A
  • Type 1 (Osteoid)
60
Q

How is bone mineralised? What is the purpose of bone mineralisation?

A
  • Deposition of calcium hydroxyapatite

- Gives bone considerable rigidity and strength

61
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A
  • Cells that synthesise osteoid and mediate its mineralisation
62
Q

What are osteocytes?

A
  • Inactive osteoblasts that assist in nutrition of bone
63
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A
  • High phagocytic cells capable of eroding bone for turnover
64
Q

What are osteoprogenitor cells?

A
  • Primitive mesenchymal cell that gives rise to osteoprogenitor cell
65
Q

Outline the structure of compact bone

A
  • Osteon is composed of bony layers, concentric lamellae
  • Which are surrounded by vertical Haversian canals containing neurovascular content
  • Which connect with each other by horizontal Volkmann canals
  • Canaliculi form between adjacent lamellae and communicate via gap junctions
  • Outer layer, periosteum, is composed of outer circumferential lamellae
  • Inner layer is composed of inner circumferential lamellae
66
Q

Outline the structure of cancellous bone

A
  • Lamellae bone with scanty lacunae containing osteophytes

- Canaliculi which connect with each other and haematopoietic bone marrow

67
Q

Outline the histology of skeletal muscle

A
  • Muscle fibres surrounded by endomysium
  • Muscle fibres are bundled into a fascicle
  • Fascicle is surrounded by perimysium
  • Fascicles are bundled into a epimysium
68
Q

Outline the histology of muscle spindle

A
  • Composed of intrafusal skeletal muscle fibres
  • Sensory fibres called annulospiral endings wrap around the central area of each intrafusal fibre
  • Sensory fibres called flower-spray endings wrap around the striated area of each intrafusal fibre
  • Which are stimulated by stretching of intrafusal fibres (which is innervated by gamma motor neurons)
69
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A
  • Joint at which the bones are separated by an articular cavity
70
Q

Describe the general structure of a synovial joint?

A
  • Outer layer of hyaline cartilage
  • Joint capsule composed of an inner synovial membrane and an outer fibrous membrane
  • Also present are articular discs, fat pads and tendons
71
Q

What are bursae?

A
  • Closed sacs of synovial membrane outside of the joint

- Which reduce friction between tendons and bone

72
Q

Identify six types of synovial joint

A
  • Plane
  • Hinge
  • Pivot
  • Condylar
  • Saddle
  • Ball and socket
73
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint?

A
  • Ball and socket
74
Q

What are the articular surfaces of the hip joint?

A
  • Between head of femur and acetabulum
75
Q

What type of movements does the hip joint permit?

A
  • Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation, circumduction
76
Q

What is the fovea?

A
  • Non articular pit on the head of the femur

- Which is not covered by hyaline cartilage

77
Q

What is the acetabular labrum?

A
  • Fibrocartilaginous collar

- That raises the rim of the acetabulum

78
Q

What is the transverse acetabular ligament?

A
  • Inferiorly the acetabular labrum bridges the acetabular notch
79
Q

What is the ligamentum teres?

A
  • Flat band of connective tissue
  • Attaches at one end to the fovea
  • And at the other end to the acetabular fossa
80
Q

What is the iliofemoral ligament?

A
  • Triangular shaped ligament
  • Attached between AIIS and acetabulum
  • Attached to intertrochanteric line of femur
81
Q

What is the pubofemoral ligament?

A
  • Triangular shaped ligament
  • Attached iliopubic eminence
  • Laterally blends with iliofemoral ligament
82
Q

What is the ischiofemoral ligament?

A
  • Attached medially to ischium

- Attached laterally to greater trochanter

83
Q

Outline the arterial supply of the hip joint

A
  • Retinacular vessels from medial and lateral circumflex branches of the profunda femoris (branch of femoral artery)
84
Q

Outline the innervation of the hip joint

A
  • Obturator nerve
  • Femoral nerve
  • Superior gluteal nerve
  • Nerve to quadratus femoris
85
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint?

A
  • Hinge joint
86
Q

What are the articular surfaces of the knee joint?

A
  • Femoral and tibial condyles
87
Q

What movements does the knee joint permit?

A
  • Flexion and extension
88
Q

What are knee menisci?

A
  • C-shaped cartilages in the intercondylar region of the tibial plateau
  • Change shape during flexion (curve) and extension (flat)
89
Q

What is the medial meniscus attached to?

A
  • Tibial collateral ligament

- Capsule of the joint

90
Q

Which ligament interconnects the two menisci of the knee?

A
  • Transverse ligament of the knee
91
Q

What is the lateral meniscus attached to?

A
  • Tendon of popliteus
92
Q

Identify the four pouches formed by the synovial membrane of the knee joint

A
  • Subpoliteal recess
  • Supra-patellae bursae
  • Pre-patellar bursae
  • Deep and subcutaneous Infra-patellar bursae
93
Q

What is the oblique popliteal ligament?

A
  • Extension of the tendon of semimembranosus

- Which reflects superiorly across the fibrous membrane from medial to lateral

94
Q

What is the patellar ligament?

A
  • Continuation of quadriceps femoris tendon
  • Attached above to patella
  • Attached below to tibial tuberosity
95
Q

What is the fibular collateral ligament?

A
  • Attached superiorly to lateral femoral epicondyle

- Attached inferiorly to a depression on lateral surface of the fibular head

96
Q

What is the tibial collateral ligament?

A
  • Attached superiorly to medial femoral epicondyle inferior to adductor tubercle
  • Attached inferiorly to medial margin of tibia above attachment for sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus
97
Q

What is the anterior cruciate ligament?

A
  • Attaches from anterior part of intercondylar region
  • Ascends posteriorly to attach to a facet on the lateral wall of the intercondylar fossa
  • Prevents anterior displacement of femur
98
Q

What is the posterior cruciate ligament

A
  • Attaches to posterior aspect of intercondylar area
  • Ascends anteriorly to attach to medial wall of intercondylar fossa
  • Prevents posterior displacement of femur
99
Q

Explain the locking mechanisms of knee

A
  • Menisci flatten upon extension
  • Joint surface is larger and more stable
  • Reduces amount of muscle work needed to maintain standing position
100
Q

How is the knee unlocked?

A
  • Popliteus

- By lateral rotation of femur on tibia

101
Q

Outline the vascular supply of the knee joint

A
  • Branches of the femoral, popliteal, and lateral circumflex femoral arteries in the thigh
  • Branches of the fibular artery and anterior tibial artery in the knee
  • These vessels form an anastomotic network around the joint
102
Q

Outline the innervation of the knee joint

A
  • Branches from the obturator, femoral, tibial and common fibular nerves.
103
Q

What are the articular surfaces of the ankle joint

A
  • Talus of the foot

- Tibia and fibula of the leg

104
Q

What movements does the ankle joint permit?

A
  • Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
105
Q

What type of cartilage covers the articular surfaces of the ankle joint?

A
  • Hyaline
106
Q

What are the three ligaments of the lateral ligament of the ankle?

A
  • Anterior talofibular between lateral malleolus of fibula to talus
  • Posterior talofibular between malleolar fossa of lateral malleolus and posterior process of talus
  • Calcaneofibular between malleolar fossa and tubercle on lateral side of calcaneus
107
Q

What are the four ligaments of the medial ligament of the knee?

A
  • Tibionavicular between tuberosity of navicular and the calcaneonavicular ligament
  • Tibiocalcaneal which attaches to sustentaculum tali of calcaneus
  • Posterior tibiotalar part which attach to the medial tubercle of the talus
  • Anterior tibiotalar part which attaches to the medial surface of the talus
108
Q

Which movements of the foot do the inter-tarsal joints permit?

A
  • Inversion
  • Eversion
  • Supination
  • Pronation
109
Q

What region of skin of the foot is supplied by the medial plantar nerve?

A
  • Medial two thirds of sole of foot

- Medial 3.5 toes on plantar surface

110
Q

What region of skin of the foot is supplied by the lateral plantar nerve?

A
  • Lateral third of sole of foot

- Lateral 1.5 toes on plantar surface

111
Q

What region of skin of the foot is supplied by the deep fibular nerve?

A
  • Lateral half of great toe on dorsal aspect
  • Medial half of second toe on dorsal aspect
  • And skin between them
112
Q

What region of skin of the foot is supplied by the superficial fibular nerve?

A
  • Most of dorsal side of foot side of foot
113
Q

What region of skin of the foot is supplied by the saphenous nerve?

A
  • Medial side of ankle and proximal foot
114
Q

What region of skin of the foot is supplied by the sural nerve?

A
  • Lateral side of foot and fifth toe on dorsal aspect
115
Q

What region of skin of the foot is supplied by the tibial nerve?

A
  • Heel
116
Q

Which joint is responsible for inversion and reversion? Identify the ligament associated with this joint.

A
  • Talocalcaneonavicular joint (TCN)

- Calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament

Semester 3: Mind and Movement (21 decks)

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