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Semester 3: Mind and Movement > Anatomy Topic 3 Case 3 > Flashcards

Anatomy Topic 3 Case 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Identify six contents of the orbit

A
  • Eyeball
  • Optic nerve
  • Extra-ocular muscles
  • Lacrimal apparatus
  • Adipose tissue and fascia
  • Nerves and vessels supplying these structures
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2
Q

Identify seven bones that make up each orbit

A
  • Maxilla
  • Zygomatic
  • Frontal
  • Ethmoid
  • Lacrimal
  • Sphenoid
  • Palatine
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3
Q

Identify the layers of the eyelids from superficial to deep

A
  • Skin
  • Subcutaneous tissue
  • Voluntary muscle
  • Orbital septum
  • Tarsus
  • Conjunctiva
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4
Q

Which muscle closes the eyelids?

A
  • Orbicularis Oculi
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5
Q

Identify the two parts of the orbicularis oculi

A
  • Orbital part, which surrounds the orbit

- Palpebral part, which is in the eyelids

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6
Q

Which nerve innervates the orbicularis oculi?

A
  • Facial nerve
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7
Q

Identify the two ligaments associated with the orbicularis oculi

A
  • Medial palpebral ligament

- Lateral palpebral ligament

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8
Q

What is tarsus and its function?

A
  • Dense connective tissue

- Provides major support for the eyelid

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9
Q

What are the attachments, innervation and function of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle?

A
  • Origin: Posterior part of roof of orbit
  • Insertion: Anterior surface of superior tarsus muscle
  • Innervation: Superior branch of oculomotor nerve
  • Function: Raises the eyelid
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10
Q

What are the attachments, innervation and function of the superior tarsus muscle?

A
  • Origin: Inferior surface of levator palpebrae superioris
  • Insertion: Superior tarsus
  • Innervation: Postganglionic sympathetic fibres from the superior cervical ganglion
  • Function: Raises the eyelid
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11
Q

What is ptosis?

A
  • Drooping of the eyelid

- Caused by loss of function of either the levator palpebrae superioris or superior tarsal muscle

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12
Q

Where are the tarsal glands located and what is their role?

A
  • Embedded into tarsal plates
  • Increase viscosity of tears
  • Decrease rate of evaporation of tears
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13
Q

What is chalazion?

A
  • Blockage and inflammation of the tarsal gland
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14
Q

What is a stye?

A
  • Blockage and inflammation of sebaceous and sweat glands associated with eyelash follicles
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15
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A
  • Thin membrane that covers the posterior surface of each eyelid
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16
Q

What is the sclera?

A
  • Outer surface of each eyeball
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17
Q

Outline the arterial supply of the eyelids

A
  • Ophthalmic artery
  • Facial artery
  • Superficial temporal artery
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18
Q

Outline the venous drainage of the eyelid

A
  • Ophthalmic veins
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19
Q

Outline the lymphatic drainage of the eyelid

A
  • Mainly parotid nodes

- Some submandibular nodes

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20
Q

Outline the sensory innervation of the eyelids

A
  • All branches of the trigeminal nerve
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21
Q

Outline the motor innervation of the eyelids

A
  • Facial nerve: orbicularis oculi

- Oculomotor nerve: levator palpebrae superioris

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22
Q

What is the role of the lacrimal apparatus?

A
  • Production, movement and drainage of fluid from the surfaces of the eyeball
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23
Q

Outline the components of the lacrimal apparatus

A
  • Lacrimal gland
  • Lacrimal canaliculi
  • Lacrimal sac
  • Nasolacrimal duct
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24
Q

Identify the two parts of the lacrimal gland

A
  • Orbital part, in the lacrimal fossa

- Palpebral part, inferior to levator palpebrae superioris

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25
What drains the lacrimal lake?
- Lacrimal canaliculi | - Via the opening called the lacrimal punctual
26
What is the arterial supply and venous drainage of the lacrimal gland?
- Ophthalmic artery and vein respectively
27
Outline the sensory innervation of the lacrimal gland
- Ophthalmic nerve
28
Outline the parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal gland
- Neurons leave CNS via facial nerve and enter greater petrosal nerve - Enter nerve of pterygoid canal - Joints pterygopalatine ganglia - Postganglionic neurons join the maxillary nerve - Branches off as zygomatic nerve - Which gives rise to zygomaticotemporal nerve - Branches off as lacrimal nerve
29
What does the optic canal open into?
- Middle cranial fossa
30
What is contained within the optic canal?
- Optic nerve
31
What is contained within the superior orbital fissure?
- Ophthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve - Oculomotor nerve - Trochlea nerve - Abducens nerve - Superior ophthalmic vein
32
What is periorbita and its significance in relation to the rectus muscles?
- Periosteum lining the orbit - Thickens posteriorly to form the common tendinous ring - Which is the point of origin of the rectus muscles
33
What is the bulbar / fascial sheath of the eyeball?
- Layer of fascia that encloses the major part of the eyeball - Suspensory ligament supports the eyeball
34
What are the check ligaments of the eye?
- Expansions of investing fascia covering medial and lateral rectus muscles - They restrict the medial and lateral rectus muscles
35
What are the attachments, action and innervation of the superior rectus?
- Origin: Superior part of common tendinous ring - Insertion: Anterior half of eyeball superiorly - Innervation: Superior branch of oculomotor nerve - Function: Elevation, adduction and medial rotation of eyeball
36
What are the attachments, action and innervation of the inferior rectus?
- Origin: Inferior part of common tendinous ring - Insertion: Anterior half of eyeball inferiorly - Innervation: Inferior branch of oculomotor nerve - Function: Depression, adduction and lateral rotation of eyeball
37
What are the attachments, action and innervation of the medial rectus?
- Origin: Medial part of common tendinous ring - Insertion: Anterior half of eyeball medially - Innervation: Inferior branch of oculomotor nerve - Function: Adduction of eyeball
38
What are the attachments, action and innervation of the lateral rectus?
- Origin: Lateral part of common tendinous ring - Insertion: Anterior half of eyeball laterally - Innervation: Abducens nerve - Function: Abduction of eyeball
39
What are the attachments, action and innervation of the superior oblique?
- Origin: Sphenoid bone, superomedial to optic canal - Insertion: Outer posterior quadrant of eyeball (superior surface) - Innervation: Trochlea nerve - Function: Depression, abduction and medial rotation of eyeball
40
What are the attachments, action and innervation of the inferior oblique rectus?
- Origin: Maxilla bone, lateral to nasolacrimal bone - Insertion: Outer posterior quadrant of eyeball (inferior surface) - Innervation: Inferior branch of oculomotor nerve - Function: Elevation, abduction and lateral rotation of eyeball
41
Why is a patient asked to track a physician's finger laterally when testing the rectus muscles?
- Axis of each orbit is directed laterally from back to front - But each eyeball is directed anteriorly - Lateral movement brings the eyeball into alignment with the long axis of the superior and inferior rectus muscles
42
What is the arterial supply and venous drainage of the orbital structures?
- Ophthalmic artery (branch of internal carotid artery) | - Superior and inferior ophthalmic veins
43
What is the cornea?
- Transparent outward projection of the eyeball
44
What is the anterior chamber?
- Area directly posterior to cornea
45
What is the iris?
- Coloured part of the eye
46
What is the pupil?
- The opening between the iris and anterior chamber
47
What is the posterior chamber?
- Area anterior to lens | - And posterior to iris
48
Describe the pathway taken by aqueous humor
- Secreted into posterior chamber - Flows into the anterior chamber through the pupil - Absorbed into the canal of Schlemm
49
What is the function of aqueous humor?
- Supplies nutrients to the avascular cornea and lens | - Maintains intra-ocular pressure
50
What is the vitreous chamber?
- Posterior four-fifths of eyeball - Posterior to the lens and anterior to the retina - Contains vitreous humor
51
What does the outer fibrous layer of the eye consist of?
- Cornea anteriorly | - Sclera posteriorly
52
What does the middle vascular layer of the eye consist of?
- Choroid posteriorly - Which is continuous with the ciliary body posteriorly - And the iris anteriorly
53
What does the inner layer of the eye consist of?
- Retina posteriorly | - Iris anteriorly
54
Outline the arterial supply of the eyeball
- Short and long posterior ciliary arteries - Anterior ciliary arteries - Retinal artery
55
Outline the venous drainage of the eyeball
- Vorticose veins arising from the choroid layer | - Which enter superior and inferior ophthalmic veins
56
Outline the location, innervation and function of the ciliary muscle
- Location: Ciliary muscle - Innervation: Parasympathetics from oculomotor nerve - Function: Constricts ciliary body, relaxes tension on lens, which becomes more rounded
57
Outline the location, innervation and function of the sphincter pupillae
- Location: Circularly around the fibres in the iris - Innervation: Parasympathetics from oculomotor nerve - Function: Constricts pupil
58
Outline the location, innervation and function of the dilator pupillae
- Location: Radially arranged fibres in the iris - Innervation: Sympathetics from superior cervical ganglion - Function: Dilates pupil
59
Identify the two parts of the inner layer of the eyeball, and the junction between these parts
- Posteriorly: Optic part of retina - Anteriorly: Non visual part covering the internal surface of the ciliary body and iris - Ora serrata
60
Identify the two parts of the optic part of the retina
- Pigmented layer firmly attached to the choroid | - Inner neural layer attached to the pigmented layer around the optic nerve
61
What is the optic disc?
- Point at which the optic nerve leaves the retina | - Possesses no rods so is referred to as a blind spot
62
What is the macula lutea
- Region of the retina with highest visual sensitivity - Located lateral to the optic disc - Possesses a central possession, the fovea centralis - Because it has fewer rods and more cones
63
What are the nares?
- Anterior apertures of the nasal cavities
64
What are the choanae?
- Posterior apertures of the nasal cavities
65
How are the nasal cavities separated from: [A] Each other [B] Oral cavity [C] Cranial cavity
- [A] Midline nasal septum - [B] Hard palate - [C] Frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid bones
66
For each of the following, identify the lining, the contents and position within the nasal cavity: [A] Vestibule [B] Respiratory [C] Olfactory
- [A] Skin, vibrissae, positioned anteriorly - [B] Respiratory epithelium, ciliated and mucous cells, positioned posteriorly - [C] Olfactory epithelium, olfactory receptors, positioned superiorly
67
Outline four functions of the nasal cavities
- Sense of smell - Adjusting temperature and humidity by action of rich blood supply - Trap and remove particulate matter by filtering the air through air - Move mucus posteriorly by cilia to be swallowed
68
What are the conchae and where are they positioned and what is their function?
- Three laterally curves shelves of bone - Which separate the nasal cavity into four air channels and increase the surface area of contact between tissues of the lateral wall and the respired air - Inferior nasal meatus - Middle nasal meatus - Superior nasal meatus - Spheno-ethmoidal recess
69
Identify 5 bones that make up the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
- Frontal process of maxilla - Concha from ethmoid bone - Lacrimal bone - Perpendicular plate of palatine bone - Medial pterygoid process of sphenoid bone
70
Identify 3 structures that make up the medial wall of the nasal cavity
- Septal cartilage anteriorly - Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone superiorly - Vomer posteriorly
71
Identify 4 bones that make up the roof of the nasal cavity
- Nasal bone - Nasal spine of frontal bone - Cribiform plate of ethmoid bone - Alae of vomer
72
Describe the structure of the hard palate
- Bony plate covered above and below by mucosa - Above it is covered by keratinised stratified squamous epithelium and forms the floor of the nasal cavity - Below it is covered by a tightly bound layer of oral mucosa and forms the roof of the oral cavity
73
What are palatine rugae?
- Transverse palatine folds of the hard palate in the oral cavity
74
What is the palatine raphe?
- Medial longitudinal ridge pf the hard palate in the oral cavity - Which ends anteriorly in a small oval elevation known as the incisive papilla
75
What is the function of the soft palate?
- Acts as a valve that can be depressed to close the oropharyngeal isthmus - Or elevated to separate the nasopharynx from the oropharynx
76
What are the attachments, innervation and function of the tensor veli palatini muscle?
- Origin: Scaphoid fossa of sphenoid bone - Insertion: Palatine aponeurosis - Innervation: Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve - Function: Tenses the soft palate, opens the auditory tube
77
What are the attachments, innervation and function of the levator veli palatine muscle?
- Origin: Petrous part of temporal bone anterior to opening for carotid canal - Insertion: Superior surface of palatine aponeurosis - Innervation: Vagus nerve via pharyngeal branch to pharyngeal plexus - Function: Elevates the soft palate above the neutral position
78
What are the attachments, innervation and function of the palatopharyngeus?
- Origin: Superior surface of palatine aponeurosis - Insertion: Pharyngeal wall - Innervation: Vagus nerve, via pharyngeal branch to pharyngeal plexus - Function: Depresses soft palate, moves palatoglossal arch toward midline, elevates back of the tongue
79
What are the attachments, innervation and function of the palatoglossus?
- Origin: Inferior surface of palatine aponeurosis - Insertion: Lateral margin of tongue - Innervation: Vagus nerve, via pharyngeal branch to pharyngeal plexus - Function: Depresses soft palate, moves palatoglossal arch toward midline, elevates back of the tongue
80
What are the attachments, innervation and function of the musculus uvulae
- Origin: Posterior nasal spine of hard palate - Insertion: Connective tissue of uvula - Innervation: Vagus nerve, via pharyngeal branch to pharyngeal plexus - Function: Depresses soft palate, moves palatoglossal arch toward midline, elevates back of the tongue
81
Identify the cartilages that make up the external nose
- Lateral processes of septal cartilage - Superior margin of septal cartilage - Major alar cartilage - Minor alar cartilages
82
How are the nares held open?
- Alar and septal cartilage - Inferior nasal spine - Adjacent margins of maxillae
83
Identify the features of the ethmoid bone
- Two ethmoidal labyrinths containing ethmoidal cells - Cribiform plate - Perpendicular plate
84
Where do the anterior ethmoidal cells open?
- Frontonasal duct, which opens onto middle nasal meatus
85
Where do the middle ethmoidal cells open into?
- Ethmoidal bullae
86
Where do the posterior ethmoidal cells open into?
- Lateral wall of the superior nasal meatus
87
Outline the innervation of the ethmoidal cells
- Anterior and posterior ethmoidal branches of the nasociliary nerve - Which arise from the ophthalmic nerve
88
Outline the arterial supply of the ethmoidal cells
- Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries
89
Outline five possible roles of the paranasal sinuses
- Deceasing relative weight of front of skull - Providing a buffer against blows to face - Insulate sensitive structures like dental roots and eyes - Humidifying and heating inhaled air because of slow air turnover, - Increasing resonance of voice.
90
Which nasal sinuses are largest
- Maxillary
91
Which nasal sinuses are located most superiorly?
- Frontal
92
Where do the frontal sinuses open onto, and what is their arterial supply and innervation?
- Lateral wall of middle meatus via frontonasal duct - Branches of ophthalmic nerve - Anterior ethmoidal arteries
93
Where do the maxillary sinuses open onto, and what is their arterial supply and innervation?
- Lateral wall of middle meatus - Branches of maxillary nerve - Maxillary arteries
94
Where do the sphenoid sinuses open onto, and what is their arterial supply and innervation?
- Spheno-ethmoidal recess - Ophthalmic nerve - Maxillary arteries
95
Outline the arterial supply of the nasal cavities
- Sphenopalatine artery supplying medial wall - Greater palatine artery supplying floor - Superior labial artery supplying anterior regions - Ethmoidal arteries supplying lateral walls
96
Into which veins do the veins of the nasal cavities ultimately drain
- Pterygoid plexus of veins in the infratemporal fossa
97
Which nerves provide sensory innervation of the nasal cavities?
- Ophthalmic (V1) | - Maxillary (V2)
98
Which nerves provide secretomotor innervation of glands in the mucosa of the nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses?
- Greater petrosal branch of facial nerve
99
Lymph from anterior regions of the nasal cavities drain into which nodes?
- Submandibular nerves
100
Lymph from posterior regions of the nasal cavities drain into which nodes?
- Deep cervical nodes | - Into the retropharyngeal nerves
101
How are tears drawn into the nasolacrimal duct from the lacrimal sac?
- Contraction of the orbicularis oris during blinking | - Puts pressure on lacrimal sac

Semester 3: Mind and Movement (21 decks)

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