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Semester 3: Mind and Movement > Anatomy Topic 3 Case 3 > Flashcards

Anatomy Topic 3 Case 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Identify six contents of the orbit

A
  • Eyeball
  • Optic nerve
  • Extra-ocular muscles
  • Lacrimal apparatus
  • Adipose tissue and fascia
  • Nerves and vessels supplying these structures
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2
Q

Identify seven bones that make up each orbit

A
  • Maxilla
  • Zygomatic
  • Frontal
  • Ethmoid
  • Lacrimal
  • Sphenoid
  • Palatine
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3
Q

Identify the layers of the eyelids from superficial to deep

A
  • Skin
  • Subcutaneous tissue
  • Voluntary muscle
  • Orbital septum
  • Tarsus
  • Conjunctiva
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4
Q

Which muscle closes the eyelids?

A
  • Orbicularis Oculi
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5
Q

Identify the two parts of the orbicularis oculi

A
  • Orbital part, which surrounds the orbit

- Palpebral part, which is in the eyelids

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6
Q

Which nerve innervates the orbicularis oculi?

A
  • Facial nerve
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7
Q

Identify the two ligaments associated with the orbicularis oculi

A
  • Medial palpebral ligament

- Lateral palpebral ligament

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8
Q

What is tarsus and its function?

A
  • Dense connective tissue

- Provides major support for the eyelid

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9
Q

What are the attachments, innervation and function of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle?

A
  • Origin: Posterior part of roof of orbit
  • Insertion: Anterior surface of superior tarsus muscle
  • Innervation: Superior branch of oculomotor nerve
  • Function: Raises the eyelid
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10
Q

What are the attachments, innervation and function of the superior tarsus muscle?

A
  • Origin: Inferior surface of levator palpebrae superioris
  • Insertion: Superior tarsus
  • Innervation: Postganglionic sympathetic fibres from the superior cervical ganglion
  • Function: Raises the eyelid
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11
Q

What is ptosis?

A
  • Drooping of the eyelid

- Caused by loss of function of either the levator palpebrae superioris or superior tarsal muscle

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12
Q

Where are the tarsal glands located and what is their role?

A
  • Embedded into tarsal plates
  • Increase viscosity of tears
  • Decrease rate of evaporation of tears
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13
Q

What is chalazion?

A
  • Blockage and inflammation of the tarsal gland
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14
Q

What is a stye?

A
  • Blockage and inflammation of sebaceous and sweat glands associated with eyelash follicles
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15
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A
  • Thin membrane that covers the posterior surface of each eyelid
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16
Q

What is the sclera?

A
  • Outer surface of each eyeball
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17
Q

Outline the arterial supply of the eyelids

A
  • Ophthalmic artery
  • Facial artery
  • Superficial temporal artery
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18
Q

Outline the venous drainage of the eyelid

A
  • Ophthalmic veins
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19
Q

Outline the lymphatic drainage of the eyelid

A
  • Mainly parotid nodes

- Some submandibular nodes

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20
Q

Outline the sensory innervation of the eyelids

A
  • All branches of the trigeminal nerve
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21
Q

Outline the motor innervation of the eyelids

A
  • Facial nerve: orbicularis oculi

- Oculomotor nerve: levator palpebrae superioris

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22
Q

What is the role of the lacrimal apparatus?

A
  • Production, movement and drainage of fluid from the surfaces of the eyeball
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23
Q

Outline the components of the lacrimal apparatus

A
  • Lacrimal gland
  • Lacrimal canaliculi
  • Lacrimal sac
  • Nasolacrimal duct
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24
Q

Identify the two parts of the lacrimal gland

A
  • Orbital part, in the lacrimal fossa

- Palpebral part, inferior to levator palpebrae superioris

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25
Q

What drains the lacrimal lake?

A
  • Lacrimal canaliculi

- Via the opening called the lacrimal punctual

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26
Q

What is the arterial supply and venous drainage of the lacrimal gland?

A
  • Ophthalmic artery and vein respectively
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27
Q

Outline the sensory innervation of the lacrimal gland

A
  • Ophthalmic nerve
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28
Q

Outline the parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal gland

A
  • Neurons leave CNS via facial nerve and enter greater petrosal nerve
  • Enter nerve of pterygoid canal
  • Joints pterygopalatine ganglia
  • Postganglionic neurons join the maxillary nerve
  • Branches off as zygomatic nerve
  • Which gives rise to zygomaticotemporal nerve
  • Branches off as lacrimal nerve
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29
Q

What does the optic canal open into?

A
  • Middle cranial fossa
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30
Q

What is contained within the optic canal?

A
  • Optic nerve
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31
Q

What is contained within the superior orbital fissure?

A
  • Ophthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve
  • Oculomotor nerve
  • Trochlea nerve
  • Abducens nerve
  • Superior ophthalmic vein
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32
Q

What is periorbita and its significance in relation to the rectus muscles?

A
  • Periosteum lining the orbit
  • Thickens posteriorly to form the common tendinous ring
  • Which is the point of origin of the rectus muscles
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33
Q

What is the bulbar / fascial sheath of the eyeball?

A
  • Layer of fascia that encloses the major part of the eyeball
  • Suspensory ligament supports the eyeball
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34
Q

What are the check ligaments of the eye?

A
  • Expansions of investing fascia covering medial and lateral rectus muscles
  • They restrict the medial and lateral rectus muscles
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35
Q

What are the attachments, action and innervation of the superior rectus?

A
  • Origin: Superior part of common tendinous ring
  • Insertion: Anterior half of eyeball superiorly
  • Innervation: Superior branch of oculomotor nerve
  • Function: Elevation, adduction and medial rotation of eyeball
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36
Q

What are the attachments, action and innervation of the inferior rectus?

A
  • Origin: Inferior part of common tendinous ring
  • Insertion: Anterior half of eyeball inferiorly
  • Innervation: Inferior branch of oculomotor nerve
  • Function: Depression, adduction and lateral rotation of eyeball
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37
Q

What are the attachments, action and innervation of the medial rectus?

A
  • Origin: Medial part of common tendinous ring
  • Insertion: Anterior half of eyeball medially
  • Innervation: Inferior branch of oculomotor nerve
  • Function: Adduction of eyeball
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38
Q

What are the attachments, action and innervation of the lateral rectus?

A
  • Origin: Lateral part of common tendinous ring
  • Insertion: Anterior half of eyeball laterally
  • Innervation: Abducens nerve
  • Function: Abduction of eyeball
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39
Q

What are the attachments, action and innervation of the superior oblique?

A
  • Origin: Sphenoid bone, superomedial to optic canal
  • Insertion: Outer posterior quadrant of eyeball (superior surface)
  • Innervation: Trochlea nerve
  • Function: Depression, abduction and medial rotation of eyeball
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40
Q

What are the attachments, action and innervation of the inferior oblique rectus?

A
  • Origin: Maxilla bone, lateral to nasolacrimal bone
  • Insertion: Outer posterior quadrant of eyeball (inferior surface)
  • Innervation: Inferior branch of oculomotor nerve
  • Function: Elevation, abduction and lateral rotation of eyeball
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41
Q

Why is a patient asked to track a physician’s finger laterally when testing the rectus muscles?

A
  • Axis of each orbit is directed laterally from back to front
  • But each eyeball is directed anteriorly
  • Lateral movement brings the eyeball into alignment with the long axis of the superior and inferior rectus muscles
42
Q

What is the arterial supply and venous drainage of the orbital structures?

A
  • Ophthalmic artery (branch of internal carotid artery)

- Superior and inferior ophthalmic veins

43
Q

What is the cornea?

A
  • Transparent outward projection of the eyeball
44
Q

What is the anterior chamber?

A
  • Area directly posterior to cornea
45
Q

What is the iris?

A
  • Coloured part of the eye
46
Q

What is the pupil?

A
  • The opening between the iris and anterior chamber
47
Q

What is the posterior chamber?

A
  • Area anterior to lens

- And posterior to iris

48
Q

Describe the pathway taken by aqueous humor

A
  • Secreted into posterior chamber
  • Flows into the anterior chamber through the pupil
  • Absorbed into the canal of Schlemm
49
Q

What is the function of aqueous humor?

A
  • Supplies nutrients to the avascular cornea and lens

- Maintains intra-ocular pressure

50
Q

What is the vitreous chamber?

A
  • Posterior four-fifths of eyeball
  • Posterior to the lens and anterior to the retina
  • Contains vitreous humor
51
Q

What does the outer fibrous layer of the eye consist of?

A
  • Cornea anteriorly

- Sclera posteriorly

52
Q

What does the middle vascular layer of the eye consist of?

A
  • Choroid posteriorly
  • Which is continuous with the ciliary body posteriorly
  • And the iris anteriorly
53
Q

What does the inner layer of the eye consist of?

A
  • Retina posteriorly

- Iris anteriorly

54
Q

Outline the arterial supply of the eyeball

A
  • Short and long posterior ciliary arteries
  • Anterior ciliary arteries
  • Retinal artery
55
Q

Outline the venous drainage of the eyeball

A
  • Vorticose veins arising from the choroid layer

- Which enter superior and inferior ophthalmic veins

56
Q

Outline the location, innervation and function of the ciliary muscle

A
  • Location: Ciliary muscle
  • Innervation: Parasympathetics from oculomotor nerve
  • Function: Constricts ciliary body, relaxes tension on lens, which becomes more rounded
57
Q

Outline the location, innervation and function of the sphincter pupillae

A
  • Location: Circularly around the fibres in the iris
  • Innervation: Parasympathetics from oculomotor nerve
  • Function: Constricts pupil
58
Q

Outline the location, innervation and function of the dilator pupillae

A
  • Location: Radially arranged fibres in the iris
  • Innervation: Sympathetics from superior cervical ganglion
  • Function: Dilates pupil
59
Q

Identify the two parts of the inner layer of the eyeball, and the junction between these parts

A
  • Posteriorly: Optic part of retina
  • Anteriorly: Non visual part covering the internal surface of the ciliary body and iris
  • Ora serrata
60
Q

Identify the two parts of the optic part of the retina

A
  • Pigmented layer firmly attached to the choroid

- Inner neural layer attached to the pigmented layer around the optic nerve

61
Q

What is the optic disc?

A
  • Point at which the optic nerve leaves the retina

- Possesses no rods so is referred to as a blind spot

62
Q

What is the macula lutea

A
  • Region of the retina with highest visual sensitivity
  • Located lateral to the optic disc
  • Possesses a central possession, the fovea centralis
  • Because it has fewer rods and more cones
63
Q

What are the nares?

A
  • Anterior apertures of the nasal cavities
64
Q

What are the choanae?

A
  • Posterior apertures of the nasal cavities
65
Q

How are the nasal cavities separated from:

[A] Each other

[B] Oral cavity

[C] Cranial cavity

A
  • [A] Midline nasal septum
  • [B] Hard palate
  • [C] Frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid bones
66
Q

For each of the following, identify the lining, the contents and position within the nasal cavity:

[A] Vestibule

[B] Respiratory

[C] Olfactory

A
  • [A] Skin, vibrissae, positioned anteriorly
  • [B] Respiratory epithelium, ciliated and mucous cells, positioned posteriorly
  • [C] Olfactory epithelium, olfactory receptors, positioned superiorly
67
Q

Outline four functions of the nasal cavities

A
  • Sense of smell
  • Adjusting temperature and humidity by action of rich blood supply
  • Trap and remove particulate matter by filtering the air through air
  • Move mucus posteriorly by cilia to be swallowed
68
Q

What are the conchae and where are they positioned and what is their function?

A
  • Three laterally curves shelves of bone
  • Which separate the nasal cavity into four air channels and increase the surface area of contact between tissues of the lateral wall and the respired air
  • Inferior nasal meatus
  • Middle nasal meatus
  • Superior nasal meatus
  • Spheno-ethmoidal recess
69
Q

Identify 5 bones that make up the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

A
  • Frontal process of maxilla
  • Concha from ethmoid bone
  • Lacrimal bone
  • Perpendicular plate of palatine bone
  • Medial pterygoid process of sphenoid bone
70
Q

Identify 3 structures that make up the medial wall of the nasal cavity

A
  • Septal cartilage anteriorly
  • Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone superiorly
  • Vomer posteriorly
71
Q

Identify 4 bones that make up the roof of the nasal cavity

A
  • Nasal bone
  • Nasal spine of frontal bone
  • Cribiform plate of ethmoid bone
  • Alae of vomer
72
Q

Describe the structure of the hard palate

A
  • Bony plate covered above and below by mucosa
  • Above it is covered by keratinised stratified squamous epithelium and forms the floor of the nasal cavity
  • Below it is covered by a tightly bound layer of oral mucosa and forms the roof of the oral cavity
73
Q

What are palatine rugae?

A
  • Transverse palatine folds of the hard palate in the oral cavity
74
Q

What is the palatine raphe?

A
  • Medial longitudinal ridge pf the hard palate in the oral cavity
  • Which ends anteriorly in a small oval elevation known as the incisive papilla
75
Q

What is the function of the soft palate?

A
  • Acts as a valve that can be depressed to close the oropharyngeal isthmus
  • Or elevated to separate the nasopharynx from the oropharynx
76
Q

What are the attachments, innervation and function of the tensor veli palatini muscle?

A
  • Origin: Scaphoid fossa of sphenoid bone
  • Insertion: Palatine aponeurosis
  • Innervation: Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve
  • Function: Tenses the soft palate, opens the auditory tube
77
Q

What are the attachments, innervation and function of the levator veli palatine muscle?

A
  • Origin: Petrous part of temporal bone anterior to opening for carotid canal
  • Insertion: Superior surface of palatine aponeurosis
  • Innervation: Vagus nerve via pharyngeal branch to pharyngeal plexus
  • Function: Elevates the soft palate above the neutral position
78
Q

What are the attachments, innervation and function of the palatopharyngeus?

A
  • Origin: Superior surface of palatine aponeurosis
  • Insertion: Pharyngeal wall
  • Innervation: Vagus nerve, via pharyngeal branch to pharyngeal plexus
  • Function: Depresses soft palate, moves palatoglossal arch toward midline, elevates back of the tongue
79
Q

What are the attachments, innervation and function of the palatoglossus?

A
  • Origin: Inferior surface of palatine aponeurosis
  • Insertion: Lateral margin of tongue
  • Innervation: Vagus nerve, via pharyngeal branch to pharyngeal plexus
  • Function: Depresses soft palate, moves palatoglossal arch toward midline, elevates back of the tongue
80
Q

What are the attachments, innervation and function of the musculus uvulae

A
  • Origin: Posterior nasal spine of hard palate
  • Insertion: Connective tissue of uvula
  • Innervation: Vagus nerve, via pharyngeal branch to pharyngeal plexus
  • Function: Depresses soft palate, moves palatoglossal arch toward midline, elevates back of the tongue
81
Q

Identify the cartilages that make up the external nose

A
  • Lateral processes of septal cartilage
  • Superior margin of septal cartilage
  • Major alar cartilage
  • Minor alar cartilages
82
Q

How are the nares held open?

A
  • Alar and septal cartilage
  • Inferior nasal spine
  • Adjacent margins of maxillae
83
Q

Identify the features of the ethmoid bone

A
  • Two ethmoidal labyrinths containing ethmoidal cells
  • Cribiform plate
  • Perpendicular plate
84
Q

Where do the anterior ethmoidal cells open?

A
  • Frontonasal duct, which opens onto middle nasal meatus
85
Q

Where do the middle ethmoidal cells open into?

A
  • Ethmoidal bullae
86
Q

Where do the posterior ethmoidal cells open into?

A
  • Lateral wall of the superior nasal meatus
87
Q

Outline the innervation of the ethmoidal cells

A
  • Anterior and posterior ethmoidal branches of the nasociliary nerve
  • Which arise from the ophthalmic nerve
88
Q

Outline the arterial supply of the ethmoidal cells

A
  • Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries
89
Q

Outline five possible roles of the paranasal sinuses

A
  • Deceasing relative weight of front of skull
  • Providing a buffer against blows to face
  • Insulate sensitive structures like dental roots and eyes
  • Humidifying and heating inhaled air because of slow air turnover,
  • Increasing resonance of voice.
90
Q

Which nasal sinuses are largest

A
  • Maxillary
91
Q

Which nasal sinuses are located most superiorly?

A
  • Frontal
92
Q

Where do the frontal sinuses open onto, and what is their arterial supply and innervation?

A
  • Lateral wall of middle meatus via frontonasal duct
  • Branches of ophthalmic nerve
  • Anterior ethmoidal arteries
93
Q

Where do the maxillary sinuses open onto, and what is their arterial supply and innervation?

A
  • Lateral wall of middle meatus
  • Branches of maxillary nerve
  • Maxillary arteries
94
Q

Where do the sphenoid sinuses open onto, and what is their arterial supply and innervation?

A
  • Spheno-ethmoidal recess
  • Ophthalmic nerve
  • Maxillary arteries
95
Q

Outline the arterial supply of the nasal cavities

A
  • Sphenopalatine artery supplying medial wall
  • Greater palatine artery supplying floor
  • Superior labial artery supplying anterior regions
  • Ethmoidal arteries supplying lateral walls
96
Q

Into which veins do the veins of the nasal cavities ultimately drain

A
  • Pterygoid plexus of veins in the infratemporal fossa
97
Q

Which nerves provide sensory innervation of the nasal cavities?

A
  • Ophthalmic (V1)

- Maxillary (V2)

98
Q

Which nerves provide secretomotor innervation of glands in the mucosa of the nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • Greater petrosal branch of facial nerve
99
Q

Lymph from anterior regions of the nasal cavities drain into which nodes?

A
  • Submandibular nerves
100
Q

Lymph from posterior regions of the nasal cavities drain into which nodes?

A
  • Deep cervical nodes

- Into the retropharyngeal nerves

101
Q

How are tears drawn into the nasolacrimal duct from the lacrimal sac?

A
  • Contraction of the orbicularis oris during blinking

- Puts pressure on lacrimal sac

Semester 3: Mind and Movement (21 decks)

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