Anatomy Topic 3 Case 10 Flashcards
What does the neck extend to anteriorly?
- From lower border of mandible
- To upper surface of manubrium of sternum
What does the neck extend to posteriorly?
- Superior nuchal line
- Intervertebral disc between C7 and T1
Where is the visceral compartment of the neck located and what does it contain?
- Anteriorly
- Digestive and respiratory systems, endocrine glands
Where is the vertebral compartment of the neck located and what does it contain?
- Posteriorly
- Cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, cervical nerves, muscles
Where are the vascular compartments of the neck located and what do they contain?
- Laterally
- Major blood vessels and vagus nerve
What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle of the neck?
- Anterior border of sternocleidomastoid
- Inferior border of mandible
- Midline of the neck
What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle of the neck?
- Posterior border of sternocleidomastoid
- Anterior border of trapezius
- Middle-third of clavicle
What is the superficial fascia of the neck made up of?
- Platysma
- Which runs in the superficial fascia of the thorax, to the mandible to blend with the facial muscles
What is the innervation of the platysma?
- Cervical branch of facial nerve
Which fascia runs deep to the superficial fascia
- Deep cervical fascia
Identify the four layers of the deep cervical fascia
- Investing layer surrounding all neck structures
- Prevertebral layer surrounding the vertebral column and associated muscles
- Pretracheal layer surrounding the viscera of the neck
- Carotid sheaths surrounding the neurovascular bundles on either side of the neck
Where is the pretracheal space located?
- Between investing layer and pretracheal layer
Where is the retropharyngeal space located?
- Between buccopharyngeal fascia and prevertebral fascia
What is the clinical significance of the pretracheal and retropharyngeal spaces?
- They provide a conduit for spread of infection from the neck to the mediastinum
What are the main channels for superficial venous drainage of the neck?
- External jugular veins
- Anterior jugular veins
Which two veins join to form the external jugular vein?
- Posterior auricular vein
- Posterior division of retromandibular vein
What does the posterior auricular vein drain?
- Scalp behind and above the ear
How and where is the retromandibular vein formed?
- Union of the superficial temporal and mandibular veins
- In the substance of the parotid gland
The anterior division of the retromandibular vein joins which vein to form the common facial vein?
- Facial vein
The external jugular vein passes in which layers of fascia?
- Superficial fascia
- Investing layer of cervical fascia
The external jugular vein enters which vein?
- Subclavian vein
Identify the four triangles of the anterior triangle of the neck
- Submandibular triangle
- Submental triangle
- Muscular triangle
- Carotid triangle
What are the boundaries of the submandibular triangle?
- Inferior border of mandible
- Anterior belly of digastric
- Posterior belly of digastric
Identify five contents of the submandibular triangle
- Submandibular glands
- Submandibular lymph nodes
- Hypoglossal nerve
- Mylohyoid
- Facial artery and vein
What are the boundaries of the submental triangle?
- Midline
- Anterior belly of digastric
- Hyoid bone
Identify two contents of the submental triangle
- Submental lymph nodes
- Tributaries forming the anterior jugular vein
What are the boundaries of the muscular triangle?
- Superior belly of omohyoid
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Midline
Identify seven contents of the muscular triangle
- Sternohyoid
- Omohyoid
- Thyrohyoid
- Sternothyroid
- Thyroid glands
- Parathyroid glands
- Pharynx
What are the outlines of the carotid triangle?
- Posterior belly of digastric
- Superior belly of omohyoid
- Sternocleidomastoid
Identify eight contents of the carotid triangle of the neck
- Common carotid artery
- External carotid artery
- Internal carotid artery
- Common facial vein
- internal jugular vein
- Vagus nerve
- Accessory nerve
- Hypoglossal nerve
Name the suprahyoid muscles
- Stylohyoid
- Digastric
- Mylohyoid
- Geniohyoid
Name the infrahyoid muscles
- Omohyoid
- Sternohyoid
- Thyrohyoid
- Sternothyroid
What is the function of the suprahyoid muscles?
- Depression of mandible if mandible
- Elevation of hyoid if mandible is fixed
what is the function of the infrahyoid muscles?
- Depression of the hyoid bone
Where does the right common carotid artery arise?
- Brachiocephalic trunk
Where does the left common carotid artery arise?
- Branches from arch of the aorta
Where does bifurcation of the common carotid arteries take place?
- Carotid triangle
What is the carotid sinus and where is it located?
- Bifurcation of common carotid artery
- Dilation at beginning of internal carotid artery
- Contains baroreceptors for changes in blood pressure
- Which are innervated by glossopharyngeal nerve
What is the carotid body and where is it located?
- Bifurcation of common carotid artery
- Contains chemoreceptors for changes in blood chemistry
- Which are innervated by both glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves
Identify eight branches of the external carotid artery
- Superior thyroid artery
- Ascending pharyngeal artery
- Lingual artery
- Facial artery
- Occipital artery
- Posterior auricular artery
- Maxillary artery
- Superficial temporal artery
Where does the superior thyroid artery arise? Name a structure supplied by this artery
- Anterior surface of bifurcation of common carotid artery
- Thyroid gland
Where does the ascending pharyngeal artery arise? Name a structure supplied by this artery
- Posterior aspect of external carotid artery
- Meninges in posterior cranial fossa
Where does the lingual artery arise? Name a structure supplied by this artery
- Anterior aspect of external carotid artery just above superior thyroid artery
- Tongue
Where does the facial artery arise?
- Anterior aspect of external carotid artery just above lingual artery
Where does the occipital artery arise? Name a structure supplied by this artery
- Posterior surface of external carotid artery near the level of origin of the facial artery
- Sternocleidomastoid / meninges in posterior cranial fossa
Where does the posterior auricular artery arise? Name a structure supplied by this artery
- Posterior surface of external carotid artery
- Parotid gland
Where does the maxillary artery arise? Name a structure supplied by this artery
- Posterior to neck of mandible
- Temporomandibular joint / external acoustic meatus
Where does the superficial temporal artery arise? Name a structure supplied by this artery
- Upward continuation of external carotid artery, beginning posterior to neck of mandible
- Parotid gland
The internal jugular vein is a continuation of which dural venous sinus?
- Sigmoid sinus
Where does the internal jugular vein leave the skull?
- Jugular foramen
Which veins do the internal jugular veins pair with? Which vein does this union form?
- Subclavian veins
- Brachiocephalic veins
Name five cranial nerves that run in the anterior triangle of the neck
- Facial
- Glossopharyngeal
- Vagus
- Accessory
- Hypoglossal
The facial nerve leaves which foramen to enter the anterior triangle of the neck? What does it supply in this area?
- Stylomastoid foramen
- Posterior belly of digastric
- Stylohyoid muscle
Outline the course of the glossopharyngeal nerve in the neck
- Leaves cranial cavity through jugular foramen most anteriorly
- Descends between internal carotid artery and vein
- Curves around lateral border of stylopharyngeus
- Continues anteriorly deep to hyoglossus
Outline the course of the vagus nerve in the neck
- Leaves cranial cavity through jugular foramen
- Descends in carotid sheath posterior to internal carotid artery
Outline the course of the accessory nerve in the neck
- Leaves cranial cavity through jugular foramen most posteriorly
- Descends between internal carotid artery and vein
- Continues posteriorly beneath anterior border of sternocleidomastoid
Outline the course of the hypoglossal in the neck
- Leaves cranial cavity through hypoglossal canal
- Descends between internal jugular vein and internal carotid artery
- Hooks around occipital artery
- Crosses lingual artery
- Continues deep to posterior belly of digastric and stylohyoid
The transverse cervical nerve is a branch of which cervical nerves?
- Anterior rami of C2 and C3
Outline the course of the transverse cervical nerve in the neck
- Emerges from beneath sternocleidomastoid
- Loops around sternocleidomastoid and passes anteriorly in a transverse direction
The ansa cervicalis nerve is a loop of which cervical nerves?
- C1 to C3
Outline the course of the ansa cervicalis nerve in the neck
- Fibres from C1/ C2 join hypoglossal nerve soon after it leaves skull
- Superior root descends from hypoglossal nerve as it passes across the carotid arteries and
- Fibres from C2/C3 descend and join superior root to complete the loop
What forms the anterior boundary of the posterior triangle?
- Posterior edge of sternocleidomastoid
What forms the posterior boundary of the posterior triangle?
- Anterior edge of trapezius
What forms the basal boundary of the posterior triangle?
- Middle 1/3 of clavicle
What forms the apical boundary of the posterior triangle?
- Occipital bone
Name the five groups of lymph nodes that drain the neck
- Occipital nodes
- Mastoid nodes
- Parotid nodes
- Submandibular nodes
- Submental nodes
What do the occipital nodes drain?
- Posterior scalp and neck
What do the mastoid nodes drain?
- Posterolateral half of scalp
What does the parotid nodes drain?
- Anterolateral half of scalp
- Upper half of face
- Cheeks
- Eyelids
What do the submandibular nodes drain?
- Forehead
- Gingivae
- Teeth
- Tongue
What do the submental nodes drain?
- Lower lip
- Chin
- Floor of mouth
- Tip of tongue
- Lower incisor teeth
Drainage from the occipital and mastoid nodes pass to which nodes?
- Superficial cervical nodes along external jugular vein
Drainage from the parotid, submandibular and submental nodes pass to which nodes?
- Deep cervical nodes
Identify two deep cervical lymph nodes and what they drain
- Jugulodigastric nodes which drain lymph from tonsils and tongue
- Jugulo-omohyoid nodes which drain lymph from tongue
At which vertebral level does the bifurcation of the common carotid artery occur?
- Intervertebral disc between C3 and C4
At which vertebral level is the upper margin of the thyroid cartilage located?
- Intervertebral disc between C3 and C4
Which vertebral level marks the transition from pharynx to oesophagus?
- C6
Which vertebral level marks the transition from larynx to trachea?
- C6
Outline the boundaries of the occipital triangle
- Trapezius
- Inferior belly of omohyoid
- Sternocleidomastoid
Outline the boundaries of the supraclavicular triangle
- Clavicle
- Inferior belly of omohyoid
- Sternocleidomastoid
