Anatomy Topic 3 Case 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are there in the skull?

A
  • 22
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2
Q

Which bones make up the calvaria?

A
  • Frontal
  • Sphenoid
  • Temporal
  • Parietal
  • Occipital
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3
Q

Which bones make up the viscerocranium?

A
  • Maxilla
  • Zygomatic
  • Lacrimal
  • Ethmoid
  • Palatine
  • Vomer
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4
Q

Which bones make up the base of the skull?

A
  • Sphenoid
  • Temporal
  • Occipital
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5
Q

Where is the coronal suture located?

A
  • Between the frontal and parietal bones in the coronal plane
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6
Q

Where is the sagittal suture located?

A
  • Between the two parietal bones in the sagittal plane
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7
Q

Where are the lambdoid sutures located?

A
  • Between the parietal and occipital bones
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8
Q

Identify three sutures that connect the temporal bone with surrounding bones

A
  • Squamous suture
  • Sphenosquamous suture
  • Occipitomastoid suture
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9
Q

Identify 5components of the anterior cranial fossa

A
  • Frontal crest
  • Cribiform plate
  • Body of sphenoid
  • Lesser wing of sphenoid
  • Anterior clinoid processes
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10
Q

Identify 8components of the middle cranial fossa

A
  • Tuberculum sellae
  • Hypophyseal fossa
  • Dorsum sellae
  • Greater wings of sphenoid
  • Tegmen tympani
  • Foramen rotundum
  • Foramen ovale
  • Formane spinosum
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11
Q

Identify 6components of the posterior cranial fossa

A
  • Clivus
  • Internal acoustic meatus
  • Jugular foramen
  • Formane magnum
  • Internal occipital crest
  • Internal occipital protuberance
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12
Q

What structures pass through the cribiform plate?

A
  • Olfactory nerve
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13
Q

What structures pass through the optic canal?

A
  • Optic nerve

- Ophthalmic artery

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14
Q

What structures pass through the superior orbital fissure?

A
  • Ophthalmic nerve
  • Oculomotor nerve
  • Trochlea nerve
  • Abducens nerve
  • Superior ophthalmic vein
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15
Q

What structures pass through the foramen rotundum?

A
  • Maxillary nerve
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16
Q

What structures pass through the foramen ovale?

A
  • Mandibular nerve
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17
Q

What structures pass through the foramen spinosum?

A
  • Middle meningeal artery
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18
Q

What structures pass through the carotid canal?

A
  • Internal carotid artery
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19
Q

What structures pass through internal acoustic meatus?

A
  • Facial nerve

- Vestibulocochlear nerve

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20
Q

What structures pass through the jugular foramen?

A
  • Glossopharyngeal nerve
  • Vagus nerve
  • Accessory nerve
  • Internal jugular vein (which is a continuation of the sigmoid sinus)
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21
Q

What structures pass through the hypoglossal canal?

A
  • Hypoglossal nerve
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22
Q

What structures pass through the foramen magnum?

A
  • Spinal cord
  • Vertebral arteries
  • Accessory nerve
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23
Q

Which structures pass through the stylomastoid foramen?

A
  • Facial nerve
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24
Q

What are fontanelles?

A
  • Unossified gaps between bones of skull
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25
Identify the four fontanelles and when they close?
- Lambda which closes to 3 months after birth. - Sphenoidal fontanelle which closes around 6 months after birth. - Mastoid fontanelle closes between 6 and 18 months after birth. - The bregma fontanelle closes between 10 and 24 months.
26
Which muscle(s) of mastication lies lateral to the infratemporal fossa?
- Masseter
27
Which muscle(s) of mastication are located in the infratemporal fossa?
- Medial and lateral pterygoid muscles
28
Which muscle(s) of mastication fills the temporal fossa?
- Temporalis
29
What type of joint is a temporomandibular joint?
- Modified hinge joint
30
Where is the temporomandibular joint formed?
- Head of mandible | - Articular tubercle of temporal bone
31
What type of cartilage covers the temporomandibular joint?
- Fibrocartilage
32
Identify three ligaments associated with the temporomandibular joint
- Lateral ligament from articular tubercle to neck of mandible - Sphenomandibular from spine of sphenoid bone to lingula - Stylomandibular joint from styloid process to angle of mandible
33
Identify which bones make up the anterior, medial and posterior walls of the pterygopalatine fossa
- Anterior: maxilla - Medial: palatine - Posterior: sphenoid
34
Which nerves pass through the pterygopalatine foramen?
- Maxillary nerve through foramen rotundum | - Nerve of pterygoid canal (from greater petrosal nerve, a branch of the facial nerve)
35
Identify the two layers of the cranial dura mater
- Periosteal layer containing meningeal arteries | - Meningeal which is continuous with spinal dura mater
36
How are the two layers of the cranial dura mater separated?
- Dural partitions | - Dural venous sinuses
37
Where is the falx cerebri located?
- Crescent shaped downward projection | - From crista galli of ethmoid bone to tentorium cerebelli
38
Where is the tentorium cerebelli located?
- Horizontal projection - Posteriorly to occipital bone - Laterally to petrous part of temporal bone
39
What is the tentorial notch?
- Anterior border of tentorium cerebelli | - Allows passage of midbrain
40
Where is the falx cerebelli located?
- Small midline projection at internal occipital crest
41
Where is the diaphragm sellae located?
- Horizontal projection covering the hypophyseal fossa
42
What is the infundibulum?
- Connection between pituitary gland and base of brain
43
Outline the arterial supply of the cranial dura mater
- Anterior meningeal artery (branch of ophthalmic artery from internal carotid artery) - Middle meningeal artery (branch of maxillary artery from external carotid artery) - Accessory meningeal artery (branch of maxillary artery from external carotid artery) - Posterior meningeal artery (branch of ascending pharyngeal artery from external carotid artery) - Meningeal branches from vertebral, occipital and ascending pharyngeal arteries
44
Outline the innervation of the cranial dura mater
- Anterior fossa from V1 - Middle fossa from V2 (medially) and V3 (laterally) - Posterior fossa from C1-C3
45
Which layer of the cranial meninges is avascular?
- Arachnoid
46
Which layer of the cranial meninges closely invests the surface of the brain?
- Pia
47
Where is the extradural space located and how does it present on CT?
- Between periosteum and dura mater | - Convex shape
48
Where is the subdural space and how does it present on CT?
- Between dura and arachnoid mater | - Crescent shape
49
Where is CSF produced?
- Choroid plexus of brain ventricles
50
Outline the course of CSF through the brain ventricles
- From lateral ventricles to third ventricles through interventricular foramina - From third ventricle to fourth ventricle through cerebral aqueduct
51
How does CSF enter the subarachnoid space?
- Through lateral and medial apertures in fourth ventricle
52
How does CSF enter the superior sagittal sinus?
- Through arachnoid granulations in SAS
53
What is the telencephalon?
- Cerebral hemipsheres
54
What is the diencephalon?
- Thalamus and hypothalamus
55
What is the mesencephalon?
- Midbrain
56
What is the metencephalon?
- Pons | - Cerebellum
57
What is the myelencephalon?
- Myelencephalon
58
Outline the course and branches of the vertebral arteries
- Arise from subclavian arteries - Ascend through transverse foramina and enter foramen magnum - Give off anterior and posterior spinal arteries, meningeal branch and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries
59
Outline the branches of the basilar artery
- Anterior inferior cerebellar - Pontine - Superior cerebellar - Posterior cerebral
60
Outline the course and branches of the internal carotid arteries
- Arise from common carotid artery - Enter cranial cavity through carotid canals - Give off ophthalmic, posterior communicating, middle cerebral and anterior cerebral arteries
61
Where is the superior sagittal sinus located?
- Superior border of falx cerebri
62
Where is the inferior sagittal sinus located?
- Inferior border of falx cerebri
63
Where is the straight sinus located?
- Junction of falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
64
Which sinus empties into the right transverse sinus?
- Superior sagittal
65
Which sinus empties into the left transverse sinus?
- Straight
66
Which sinus does the transverse sinus drain into?
- Sigmoid
67
Where are the cavernous sinuses located?
- Either side of sella turcica
68
Which structures pass through the cavernous sinus?
- Internal carotid artery and abducens nerve | - In lateral wall pass the oculomotor, trochlea, ophthalmic and maxillary nerves
69
Where is the inter-cavernous located?
- Anterior and posterior sides of pituitary stalks
70
Which sinuses do the cavernous sinuses drain into? Which sinuses do these sinuses drain into?
- Superior and inferior petrosal sinuses | - Transverse sinuses
71
At which vertebral level does the spinal cord terminate?
- L1 - L2
72
At which vertebral level does the dura, arachnoid and pia mater terminate?
- S2
73
What is the filum terminale and at which vertebral level does it terminate?
- Coccyx
74
What is the purpose of a lumbar puncture?
- Obtain a sample of CSF for examination
75
At which vertebral level is the needle inserted? Why? Which surface anatomy landmark can help identify this position?
- Between L3 and L4 - Contains CSF but not spinal cord - Supracristal plane, highest point of iliac crest
76
Why are nerves not damaged during a lumbar puncture?
- Needle pushes roots away
77
Why is local anaesthesia carried out in the erect position?
- So that anaesthesia is not unilateral | - And so that it does not descend cranially and cause respiratory depression
78
Identify the 9 features of the mandible
- Condylar process - Coronoid process - Mandibular notch - Ramus - Angle - Body - Mental foramen - Lingula - Mylohyoid groove and line
79
Identify the attachments of the denticulate ligaments
- Medially to spinal cord | - Laterally to dura between the rootlets
80
What is the function of the denticulate ligaments?
- Position the spinal cord in the centre of the subarachnoid space
81
What are subarachnoid cisterns and where are they found? What do they contain?
- Expanded areas of the subarachnoid space - Contain CSF - Above and bellow the cerebellum, in front of midbrain