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Semester 3: Mind and Movement > Anatomy Topic 3 Case 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy Topic 3 Case 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are there in the skull?

A
  • 22
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2
Q

Which bones make up the calvaria?

A
  • Frontal
  • Sphenoid
  • Temporal
  • Parietal
  • Occipital
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3
Q

Which bones make up the viscerocranium?

A
  • Maxilla
  • Zygomatic
  • Lacrimal
  • Ethmoid
  • Palatine
  • Vomer
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4
Q

Which bones make up the base of the skull?

A
  • Sphenoid
  • Temporal
  • Occipital
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5
Q

Where is the coronal suture located?

A
  • Between the frontal and parietal bones in the coronal plane
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6
Q

Where is the sagittal suture located?

A
  • Between the two parietal bones in the sagittal plane
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7
Q

Where are the lambdoid sutures located?

A
  • Between the parietal and occipital bones
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8
Q

Identify three sutures that connect the temporal bone with surrounding bones

A
  • Squamous suture
  • Sphenosquamous suture
  • Occipitomastoid suture
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9
Q

Identify 5components of the anterior cranial fossa

A
  • Frontal crest
  • Cribiform plate
  • Body of sphenoid
  • Lesser wing of sphenoid
  • Anterior clinoid processes
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10
Q

Identify 8components of the middle cranial fossa

A
  • Tuberculum sellae
  • Hypophyseal fossa
  • Dorsum sellae
  • Greater wings of sphenoid
  • Tegmen tympani
  • Foramen rotundum
  • Foramen ovale
  • Formane spinosum
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11
Q

Identify 6components of the posterior cranial fossa

A
  • Clivus
  • Internal acoustic meatus
  • Jugular foramen
  • Formane magnum
  • Internal occipital crest
  • Internal occipital protuberance
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12
Q

What structures pass through the cribiform plate?

A
  • Olfactory nerve
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13
Q

What structures pass through the optic canal?

A
  • Optic nerve

- Ophthalmic artery

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14
Q

What structures pass through the superior orbital fissure?

A
  • Ophthalmic nerve
  • Oculomotor nerve
  • Trochlea nerve
  • Abducens nerve
  • Superior ophthalmic vein
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15
Q

What structures pass through the foramen rotundum?

A
  • Maxillary nerve
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16
Q

What structures pass through the foramen ovale?

A
  • Mandibular nerve
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17
Q

What structures pass through the foramen spinosum?

A
  • Middle meningeal artery
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18
Q

What structures pass through the carotid canal?

A
  • Internal carotid artery
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19
Q

What structures pass through internal acoustic meatus?

A
  • Facial nerve

- Vestibulocochlear nerve

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20
Q

What structures pass through the jugular foramen?

A
  • Glossopharyngeal nerve
  • Vagus nerve
  • Accessory nerve
  • Internal jugular vein (which is a continuation of the sigmoid sinus)
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21
Q

What structures pass through the hypoglossal canal?

A
  • Hypoglossal nerve
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22
Q

What structures pass through the foramen magnum?

A
  • Spinal cord
  • Vertebral arteries
  • Accessory nerve
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23
Q

Which structures pass through the stylomastoid foramen?

A
  • Facial nerve
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24
Q

What are fontanelles?

A
  • Unossified gaps between bones of skull
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25
Q

Identify the four fontanelles and when they close?

A
  • Lambda which closes to 3 months after birth.
  • Sphenoidal fontanelle which closes around 6 months after birth.
  • Mastoid fontanelle closes between 6 and 18 months after birth.
  • The bregma fontanelle closes between 10 and 24 months.
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26
Q

Which muscle(s) of mastication lies lateral to the infratemporal fossa?

A
  • Masseter
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27
Q

Which muscle(s) of mastication are located in the infratemporal fossa?

A
  • Medial and lateral pterygoid muscles
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28
Q

Which muscle(s) of mastication fills the temporal fossa?

A
  • Temporalis
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29
Q

What type of joint is a temporomandibular joint?

A
  • Modified hinge joint
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30
Q

Where is the temporomandibular joint formed?

A
  • Head of mandible

- Articular tubercle of temporal bone

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31
Q

What type of cartilage covers the temporomandibular joint?

A
  • Fibrocartilage
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32
Q

Identify three ligaments associated with the temporomandibular joint

A
  • Lateral ligament from articular tubercle to neck of mandible
  • Sphenomandibular from spine of sphenoid bone to lingula
  • Stylomandibular joint from styloid process to angle of mandible
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33
Q

Identify which bones make up the anterior, medial and posterior walls of the pterygopalatine fossa

A
  • Anterior: maxilla
  • Medial: palatine
  • Posterior: sphenoid
34
Q

Which nerves pass through the pterygopalatine foramen?

A
  • Maxillary nerve through foramen rotundum

- Nerve of pterygoid canal (from greater petrosal nerve, a branch of the facial nerve)

35
Q

Identify the two layers of the cranial dura mater

A
  • Periosteal layer containing meningeal arteries

- Meningeal which is continuous with spinal dura mater

36
Q

How are the two layers of the cranial dura mater separated?

A
  • Dural partitions

- Dural venous sinuses

37
Q

Where is the falx cerebri located?

A
  • Crescent shaped downward projection

- From crista galli of ethmoid bone to tentorium cerebelli

38
Q

Where is the tentorium cerebelli located?

A
  • Horizontal projection
  • Posteriorly to occipital bone
  • Laterally to petrous part of temporal bone
39
Q

What is the tentorial notch?

A
  • Anterior border of tentorium cerebelli

- Allows passage of midbrain

40
Q

Where is the falx cerebelli located?

A
  • Small midline projection at internal occipital crest
41
Q

Where is the diaphragm sellae located?

A
  • Horizontal projection covering the hypophyseal fossa
42
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A
  • Connection between pituitary gland and base of brain
43
Q

Outline the arterial supply of the cranial dura mater

A
  • Anterior meningeal artery (branch of ophthalmic artery from internal carotid artery)
  • Middle meningeal artery (branch of maxillary artery from external carotid artery)
  • Accessory meningeal artery (branch of maxillary artery from external carotid artery)
  • Posterior meningeal artery (branch of ascending pharyngeal artery from external carotid artery)
  • Meningeal branches from vertebral, occipital and ascending pharyngeal arteries
44
Q

Outline the innervation of the cranial dura mater

A
  • Anterior fossa from V1
  • Middle fossa from V2 (medially) and V3 (laterally)
  • Posterior fossa from C1-C3
45
Q

Which layer of the cranial meninges is avascular?

A
  • Arachnoid
46
Q

Which layer of the cranial meninges closely invests the surface of the brain?

A
  • Pia
47
Q

Where is the extradural space located and how does it present on CT?

A
  • Between periosteum and dura mater

- Convex shape

48
Q

Where is the subdural space and how does it present on CT?

A
  • Between dura and arachnoid mater

- Crescent shape

49
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A
  • Choroid plexus of brain ventricles
50
Q

Outline the course of CSF through the brain ventricles

A
  • From lateral ventricles to third ventricles through interventricular foramina
  • From third ventricle to fourth ventricle through cerebral aqueduct
51
Q

How does CSF enter the subarachnoid space?

A
  • Through lateral and medial apertures in fourth ventricle
52
Q

How does CSF enter the superior sagittal sinus?

A
  • Through arachnoid granulations in SAS
53
Q

What is the telencephalon?

A
  • Cerebral hemipsheres
54
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A
  • Thalamus and hypothalamus
55
Q

What is the mesencephalon?

A
  • Midbrain
56
Q

What is the metencephalon?

A
  • Pons

- Cerebellum

57
Q

What is the myelencephalon?

A
  • Myelencephalon
58
Q

Outline the course and branches of the vertebral arteries

A
  • Arise from subclavian arteries
  • Ascend through transverse foramina and enter foramen magnum
  • Give off anterior and posterior spinal arteries, meningeal branch and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries
59
Q

Outline the branches of the basilar artery

A
  • Anterior inferior cerebellar
  • Pontine
  • Superior cerebellar
  • Posterior cerebral
60
Q

Outline the course and branches of the internal carotid arteries

A
  • Arise from common carotid artery
  • Enter cranial cavity through carotid canals
  • Give off ophthalmic, posterior communicating, middle cerebral and anterior cerebral arteries
61
Q

Where is the superior sagittal sinus located?

A
  • Superior border of falx cerebri
62
Q

Where is the inferior sagittal sinus located?

A
  • Inferior border of falx cerebri
63
Q

Where is the straight sinus located?

A
  • Junction of falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
64
Q

Which sinus empties into the right transverse sinus?

A
  • Superior sagittal
65
Q

Which sinus empties into the left transverse sinus?

A
  • Straight
66
Q

Which sinus does the transverse sinus drain into?

A
  • Sigmoid
67
Q

Where are the cavernous sinuses located?

A
  • Either side of sella turcica
68
Q

Which structures pass through the cavernous sinus?

A
  • Internal carotid artery and abducens nerve

- In lateral wall pass the oculomotor, trochlea, ophthalmic and maxillary nerves

69
Q

Where is the inter-cavernous located?

A
  • Anterior and posterior sides of pituitary stalks
70
Q

Which sinuses do the cavernous sinuses drain into? Which sinuses do these sinuses drain into?

A
  • Superior and inferior petrosal sinuses

- Transverse sinuses

71
Q

At which vertebral level does the spinal cord terminate?

A
  • L1 - L2
72
Q

At which vertebral level does the dura, arachnoid and pia mater terminate?

A
  • S2
73
Q

What is the filum terminale and at which vertebral level does it terminate?

A
  • Coccyx
74
Q

What is the purpose of a lumbar puncture?

A
  • Obtain a sample of CSF for examination
75
Q

At which vertebral level is the needle inserted? Why? Which surface anatomy landmark can help identify this position?

A
  • Between L3 and L4
  • Contains CSF but not spinal cord
  • Supracristal plane, highest point of iliac crest
76
Q

Why are nerves not damaged during a lumbar puncture?

A
  • Needle pushes roots away
77
Q

Why is local anaesthesia carried out in the erect position?

A
  • So that anaesthesia is not unilateral

- And so that it does not descend cranially and cause respiratory depression

78
Q

Identify the 9 features of the mandible

A
  • Condylar process
  • Coronoid process
  • Mandibular notch
  • Ramus
  • Angle
  • Body
  • Mental foramen
  • Lingula
  • Mylohyoid groove and line
79
Q

Identify the attachments of the denticulate ligaments

A
  • Medially to spinal cord

- Laterally to dura between the rootlets

80
Q

What is the function of the denticulate ligaments?

A
  • Position the spinal cord in the centre of the subarachnoid space
81
Q

What are subarachnoid cisterns and where are they found? What do they contain?

A
  • Expanded areas of the subarachnoid space
  • Contain CSF
  • Above and bellow the cerebellum, in front of midbrain

Semester 3: Mind and Movement (21 decks)

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