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Semester 3: Mind and Movement > Anatomy Topic 3 Case 5 > Flashcards

Anatomy Topic 3 Case 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the three components of the brainstem

A
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla
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2
Q

Name three systems that ascend through the brainstem

A
  • DCML
  • Spinothalamic
  • Trigeminothalamic
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3
Q

Name a system that descends through the brainstem

A
  • Corticospinal
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4
Q

Name a system that terminates within the brainstem

A
  • Corticobulbar
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5
Q

Identify three roles of the brainstem

A
  • Pain perception
  • Consciousness
  • Regulation of cardiovascular and respiratory systems
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6
Q

Why is damage to the brainstem is so devastating?

A
  • Structurally compact region

- Damage to which results in large functional deficit

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7
Q

What are the crus cerebri, where are they located and what do they contain?

A
  • Anterior surface of cerebral peduncles
  • Anterior surface of midbrain
  • Descending fibres
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8
Q

Where do the oculomotor nerve emerge?

A
  • Between the two cerebral peduncles

- Bracketing the mamillary bodies

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9
Q

Where is the tectum located? What is it composed of? Wheres does the trochlear nerve arise in relation to the tectum?

A
  • Posterior and superior surface of midbrain
  • Contains superior and inferior colliculi
  • Trochlear nerve arises below the inferior colliculi
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10
Q

Which cranial nerves attach to the pons?

A
  • Trigeminal nerve laterally

- Abducens, facial and vestibulocochlear inferiorly (from medial to lateral)

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11
Q

Where are the pyramids located and what do they contain? What occurs at the pyramidal decussation?

A
  • Anterior surface of medulla
  • Corticospinal fibres
  • Decussation of corticospinal fibres at the pyramidal decussation
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12
Q

Where are the olives located and what is their function?

A
  • Located posterolaterally to the pyramids

- Connections with cerebellum and is involved in control of movement

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13
Q

Which cranial nerve passes between the pyramid and olive?

A
  • Hypoglossal
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14
Q

What is the obex?

A
  • Inferior apex of fourth ventricle
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15
Q

Where is the fourth ventricle located and what is it covered by?

A
  • Posterior surface of pons and medulla

- Cerebellar peduncles

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16
Q

Where are the gracile tubercles and cuneate tubercles located? What do they contain?

A
  • Posterior surface of medulla
  • Gracile tubercle overlies the nucleus gracilis medially carrying GSA fibres of the DCML from the lower limb
  • Cuneate tubercles overlies the nucleus cuneatus laterally carrying GSA fibres of the DCML from the trunk and upper limbs
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17
Q

Which cranial nerve arises from the first pharyngeal arch?

A
  • Trigeminal
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18
Q

Which cranial nerve arises from the second pharyngeal arch?

A
  • Facial
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19
Q

Which cranial nerve arises from the third pharyngeal arch?

A
  • Glossopharyngeal
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20
Q

Which cranial nerve arises from the fourth pharyngeal arch?

A
  • Superior laryngeal branch of vagus nerve
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21
Q

Which cranial nerve arises from the sixth pharyngeal arch?

A
  • Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve
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22
Q

What is meant by cranial nerve nuclei?

A
  • Cells groups arranged in longitudinal columns

- Points at which efferent nuclei originate or afferent nuclei terminate

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23
Q

What is carried by general somatic afferent fibres?

A
  • Touch
  • Pain
  • Temperature
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24
Q

What is carried by general somatic efferent fibres?

A
  • Motor innervation to skeletal muscle

- Excluding motor innervation by cranial nerves that arise from the pharyngeal arches

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25
Q

What is carried by general visceral afferent fibres?

A
  • Sensory input from the viscera
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26
Q

What is carried by general visceral efferent fibres?

A
  • Motor innervation to smooth muscle, heart muscle and glands
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27
Q

What is carried by special afferent fibres?

A
  • Smell
  • Taste
  • Vision
  • Hearing
  • Balance
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28
Q

What is carried by branchial efferent fibres?

A
  • Motor innervation to skeletal muscles

- From cranial nerve nuclei that are derived from pharyngeal arches (5, 7, 9 and 10)

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29
Q

What does the trigeminal motor nucleus innervate?

A
  • Branchial efferent
  • Tensor tympani
  • Tensor veli palatini
  • Mylohyoid
  • Anterior belly of digastric
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30
Q

What does the facial motor nucleus innervate?

A
  • Branchial efferent
  • Muscles of facial expression
  • Stylohyoid
  • Stapedius
  • Posterior belly of digastric
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31
Q

What does the nucleus ambiguus innervate?

A
  • Branchial efferent to muscles of the pharynx
  • Superior constrictor
  • Middle constrictor
  • Inferior constrictor
  • Stylopharyngeus
  • Salpingopharyngeus
  • Palatopharyngeus
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32
Q

What does the oculomotor nuclei innervate

A
  • General somatic efferent
  • Levator palpebrae superioris
  • Superior rectus
  • Medial rectus
  • Inferior rectus
  • Inferior oblique
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33
Q

What does the trochlear nuclei innervate?

A
  • General somatic efferent

- Superior oblique

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34
Q

What does the abducens nuclei innervate?

A
  • General somatic efferent

- Lateral rectus

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35
Q

What does the Edinger Westphal nucleus innervate?

A
  • General visceral efferent
  • Sphincter pupillae
  • Ciliary muscle
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36
Q

What does the superior salivary nuclei innervate?

A
  • General visceral efferent
  • Submandibular glands
  • Sublingual glands
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37
Q

What does the inferior salivary nuclei innervate?

A
  • General visceral efferent

- Parotid glands

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38
Q

What do the vagal nuclei innervate?

A
  • General visceral efferent
  • Thoracic viscera
  • Abdominal viscera
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39
Q

What does the hypoglossal nuclei innervate?

A
  • General somatic efferent
  • Genioglossus
  • Styloglossus
  • Hyoglossus
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40
Q

What does the trigeminal sensory nucleus innervate?

A
  • General somatic afferent
  • Proprioception (mesencephalic)
  • Touch and pressure (chief nucleus)
  • Pain (spinal nucleus)
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41
Q

What does the nucleus solitarius innervate?

A
  • General visceral afferent
  • Lacrimal gland (VII)
  • Submandibular gland (VII)
  • Sublingual gland (VII)
  • Parotid gland (IX)
  • Smooth muscle in thoracic viscera (X)
  • Smooth muscle in abdominal viscera (X)
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42
Q

Outline the pathway of the olfactory nerve

A
  • Peripheral processes in the roof and upper parts of the nasal cavity
  • Central processes enter the cranial cavity through the cribiform plate
  • They synapse with secondary neurons in the olfactory bulbs.
  • Second order neurons pass through the olfactory tract and lateral olfactory stria
  • To terminate in the primary olfactory cortex.
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43
Q

What do the special afferent fibres of the olfactory nerve innervate?

A
  • Smell
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44
Q

Outline a clinical finding of an olfactory nerve lesion and a cause

A
  • Anosmia
45
Q

Outline the pathway taken by the optic nerve

A
  • Optic nerve passes through optic canal to optic chiasm
  • Decussation of nasal fibres at the optic chiasm
  • Decussated nasal fibres join temporal fibres at the optic tract
  • Optic tract synapses in dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
  • Geniculocalcarine fibres pass by way of the geniculocalcarine tract to the primary visual cortex in the calcarine fissure area of the medial occipital lobe.
46
Q

What do the special afferent fibres of the optic nerve innervate? (1)

A
  • Vision
47
Q

Outline two clinical findings of an optic nerve lesion

A
  • Mononuclear field loss

- Loss of pupillary constriction

48
Q

Outline the pathway of the oculomotor nerve

A
  • Leaves the anterior surface of the brainstem between midbrain and pons.
  • Enters the anterior edge of the tentorium cerebelli,
  • Pierces the dura mater lateral to the diaphragmatic sellae.
  • Continues in anterior direction in lateral wall of the cavernous sinus
  • Leaves the cranial cavity through the superior orbital fissure.
49
Q

What do the general somatic efferent fibres of the oculomotor nerve innervate?

A
  • Levator palpebrae superioris
  • Superior rectus
  • Medial rectus
  • Inferior rectus
  • Inferior oblique
50
Q

What do the general visceral efferent fibres of the oculomotor nerve innervate?

A
  • Ciliary muscle

- Sphincter pupillae

51
Q

Outline four clinical findings of an optic nerve lesion

A
  • Inability to look superiorly and medially
  • Ptosis
  • Loss of accommodation reflex
  • Loss of pupillary constriction
52
Q

Outline the pathway taken by the trochlear nerve

A
  • Exits posterior surface of midbrain inferior to inferior colliculus of tectum
  • Curves around midbrain
  • Pierces cranial dura mater at tentorium cerebelli
  • Continues in lateral wall of cavernous sinus
  • Enters orbit through the superior orbital fissure
53
Q

What do the general somatic efferent fibres of the trochlear nerve innervate?

A
  • Superior oblique
54
Q

Identify a clinical finding of an trochlear nerve lesion

A
  • Inability to look inferiorly and medially
55
Q

Outline the pathway taken by the trigeminal nerve

A
  • Arises from lateral surface of pons
  • Continues forward in posterior cranial fossa into middle
  • Expands into trigeminal ganglion in trigeminal depression in trigeminal cave
56
Q

Outline the pathway taken by the ophthalmic nerve

A
  • Passes through lateral wall of cavernous sinus
  • Exits skull through superior orbital fissure
  • Enters orbit
57
Q

Identify the three branches of the ophthalmic nerve

A
  • Frontal
  • Lacrimal
  • Nasociliary
58
Q

Outline the pathway taken by the maxillary nerve

A
  • Passes through lateral wall of cavernous sinus
  • Exits skull through foramen rotundum
  • Enters pterygopalatine fossa
59
Q

Identify the three branches of the maxillary nerve

A
  • Zygomaticotemporal
  • Zygomaticofacial
  • Infra-orbital
60
Q

Outline the pathway taken by the mandibular nerve

A
  • Exits skull through foramen ovale

- Enters infratemporal fossa

61
Q

Identify the three branches of the mandibular nerve

A
  • Auriculotemporal nerve
  • Buccal nerve
  • Mental nerve
62
Q

What do the general somatic afferent fibres of the trigeminal nerve innervate?

A
  • External acoustic meatus
  • Tympanic membrane
  • Dura mater in anterior and middle cranial fossae
  • Skin over scalp, maxilla and mandible
63
Q

What do the branchial efferent fibres of the trigeminal nerve innervate?

A
  • Tensor tympani
  • Tensor veli palatini
  • Mylohyoid
  • Anterior belly of digastric
64
Q

Identify two clinical findings of a trigeminal nerve lesion

A
  • Loss of sensation of the skin over the scalp, maxilla and mandible
  • Loss of function of muscles of mastication
65
Q

Outline the course of the abducens nerve

A
  • Arises from anterior surface of pontomedullary junction
  • Pierces dura covering the clivus
  • Passes forward in dural canal
  • Crosses the cavernous sinus
  • Enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure
66
Q

What do the general somatic efferent fibres of the abducens nerve innervate?

A
  • Lateral rectus
67
Q

Identify a clinical findings of an abducent nerve lesion

A
  • Inability of lateral eye movement
68
Q

Outline the course of the facial nerve

A
  • Arises from anterior surface of pontomedullary junction laterally to the abducens nerve
  • Leaves cranial cavity through internal acoustic meatus
  • Enters facial canal, and enlarges as geniculate ganglion
  • Gives off greater petrosal nerve (GVE)
  • Gives off chorda tympani (SA) and nerve to stapedius
  • Exits skull through stylomastoid foramen
69
Q

What do the general somatic afferent fibres of the facial nerve innervate?

A
  • Skin over the auricle

- External acoustic meatus

70
Q

What do the special afferent fibres of the facial nerve innervate? Which nerve is associated with this function?

A
  • Taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

- Chorda tympani

71
Q

What do the general visceral efferent fibres of the facial nerve innervate? Which nerve is associated with this function?

A
  • Submandibular glands
  • Sublingual glands
  • Lacrimal gland
  • Greater petrosal nerve
72
Q

What do the branchial efferent fibres of the facial nerve innervate?

A
  • Stapedius
  • Stylohyoid
  • Posterior belly of digastric
  • Muscles of facial expression
73
Q

Identify three clinical findings of a facial nerve lesion

A
  • Paralysis of facial muscles
  • Abnormal taste from anterior 2/3
  • Dry conjunctiva
74
Q

What do the general somatic afferent fibres of vestibulocochlear nerve carry?

A
  • Hearing

- Equilibrium

75
Q

Outline the pathway taken by the vestibulocochlear nerve

A
  • Arises from anterior surface of pontomedullary junction laterally to the abducens and facial nerves
  • Passes through the internal acoustic meatus and crossing the posterior cranial fossa
76
Q

Identify two clinical findings of a vestibulocochlear nerve lesion

A
  • Unilateral hearing loss

- Tinnitus

77
Q

What do the general somatic afferent fibres of the glossopharyngeal nerve innervate?

A
  • Posterior third of the tongue
  • Palatine tonsils
  • Oropharynx
78
Q

What do the general visceral afferent fibres of the glossopharyngeal nerve innervate?

A
  • Carotid body

- Carotid sinus

79
Q

What do the special afferent fibres of the glossopharyngeal nerve innervate?

A
  • Taste to posterior third of the tongue
80
Q

What do the branchial efferent fibres of the glossopharyngeal nerve innervate?

A
  • Stylopharyngeus
81
Q

What do the general visceral efferent fibres of the glossopharyngeal nerve innervate?

A
  • Parotid gland
82
Q

Outline the pathway taken by the glossopharyngeal nerve

A
  • Arises from lateral surface of medulla
  • Rootlets crosses the posteriorcranialfossa and enter the jugular foramen
  • Where they join to form glossopharyngeal nerve
  • Gives off two ganglia outside jugular foramen outside the jugular foramen
83
Q

Identify two clinical features of a glossopharyngeal nerve lesion

A
  • Loss of taste to posterior third of tongue

- Loss of sensation to soft palate

84
Q

What do the general somatic afferent fibres of the vagus nerve innervate?

A
  • Auricle
  • External acoustic meatus
  • Larynx
  • Laryngopharynx
  • Posterior cranial fossa)
85
Q

What do the general visceral afferent fibres of the vagus nerve innervate?

A
  • Aortic body
  • Aortic arch baroreceptors
  • Thoracic viscera
  • Abdominal viscera
86
Q

What do the special afferent fibres of the vagus nerve innervate?

A
  • Taste to epiglottis
87
Q

What do the branchial efferent of the vagus nerve innervate?

A
  • All muscles of soft palate (except for tensor veli palatini)
  • All muscles of pharynx (except for stylopharyngeus)
  • All muscles of larynx
88
Q

What do the general visceral efferent fibres of the vagus nerve innervate?

A
  • Smooth muscle of thoracic viscera

- Smooth muscle of abdominal viscera

89
Q

Outline the pathway taken by the vagus nerve

A
  • Arises from lateral surface of medulla
  • Rootlets crosses the posteriorcranialfossa and enter the jugular foramen
  • Gives off two nodose ganglia outside jugular foramen
90
Q

Identify two clinical features of a vagus nerve lesion

A
  • Soft palate deviation with deviation of the uvula to the normal side
  • Vocal cord paralysis
91
Q

What do the general somatic efferent fibres of the accessory nerve innervate?

A
  • Trapezius

- Sternocleidomastoid

92
Q

Outline the course of the accessory nerve

A
  • Spinal part arises from upper five segments of spinal cord
  • Brainstem part arises from lateral surface of medulla
  • These fibres join together and continue through posterior cranial fossa and exits through jugular foramen
93
Q

Identify two clinical features of an accessory nerve lesion

A
  • Paralysis of trapezius

- Paralysis of sternocleidomastoid

94
Q

What do the general somatic efferent fibres of the hypoglossal nerve innervate?

A
  • Genioglossus
  • Styloglossus
  • Hyoglossus
95
Q

Outline the course of the hypoglossal nerve

A
  • Arises from lateral surface of medulla between pyramids and olives
  • Passes laterally across posterior cranial fossa
  • Exits through hypoglossal canal
  • Descends medial to angle of mandible and turns forward
  • Passes between mylohyoid and hypoglossus
  • Lies lateral to genioglossus
96
Q

Outline three clinical features of a hypoglossal nerve lesion

A
  • Atrophy of ipsilateral tongue muscle
  • Deviation of tongue to affected side
  • Speech disturbances
97
Q

Identify the two cranial nerves involved in the corneal (blink) reflex

A
  • Afferent: Trigeminal nerve

- Efferent: Facial nerve

98
Q

Identify the two cranial nerves involved in the gag reflex

A
  • Afferent: Glossopharyngeal nerve

- Efferent: Vagus

99
Q

Identify the two cranial nerves involved in the pupillary light reflex

A
  • Afferent: Optic nerve (direct)

- Efferent: Oculomotor nerve (Consensual)

100
Q

Outline the pathway of the maxillary nerve once it passes into the pterygopalatine fossa, detailing its terminal branch, including its course, and branches of this nerve

A
  • Gives off its terminal branch, the infraorbital nerve
  • Which enters the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure
  • Passes out of the orbit on the inferior surface of the orbit
  • Gives off palpebral, nasal and labial branches
101
Q

Identify 5 motor branches of the mandibular nerve

A
  • Nerve to masseter
  • Nerve to temporalis
  • Nerve to medial and lateral pterygoids
  • Nerve to tensor tympani
  • Nerve to tensor veli palatini
102
Q

Identify three sensory branches of the mandibular nerve

A
  • Auriculotemporal nerve
  • Buccal nerve
  • Mental nerve
103
Q

Torsional diplopia is caused by damage to which cranial nerve and is especially problematic for the patient when performing what activity?

A
  • Trochlear nerve

- Descending stairs

104
Q

Hyperacusis is caused by damage to which nerves?

A
  • Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve

- Nerve to stapedius

105
Q

How would a unilateral lower motor nerve lesion of the facial nerve present?

A
  • Bell’s palsy
  • Weakness of both upper and lower facial muscles due to contralateral innervation
  • Hyperacusis
  • Mastoid pain

-

106
Q

How would a unilateral upper motor nerve lesion of the facial nerve present?

A
  • Weakness in lower facial muscles with sparing of upper facial muscles
  • As there is bilateral innervation to upper facial muscles
107
Q

A unilateral vagus nerve lesion produces what symptom?

A
  • Reduced elevation of soft palate ipsilaterally
108
Q

A bilateral vagus nerve lesion produces what symptom?

A
  • Dysphagia

- Dysarthria

109
Q

Which nerve supplies sensation to anterior 2/3 of tongue? Which foramen does it open into?

A
  • Lingual nerve
  • Branch of mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve
  • Mandibular foramen, into mandibular canal

Semester 3: Mind and Movement (21 decks)

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