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Semester 3: Mind and Movement > Anatomy Topic 3 Case 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy Topic 3 Case 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How many vertebra does the vertebral column consist of?

A
  • 33
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2
Q

How many of each type of vertebra are there?

A
  • 7 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
  • 4 fused coccygeal
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3
Q

Where are the primary and secondary curvatures located?

A
  • Primary: thoracic and sacral regions

- Secondary: cervical and lumbar regions

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4
Q

Identify 8 features of a typical vertebra

A
  • Body
  • Arch
  • 2 x Pedicles
  • 2 x Laminae
  • Spinous process
  • 2 x transverse process
  • Superior articular process
  • Inferior articular process
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5
Q

Identify three unique features of a cervical vertebra

A
  • Anterior and posterior tubercles on spinous process
  • Transverse foramina
  • Bifid spinous process
  • Body is short in heigh and square
  • Triangular vertebral canal
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6
Q

Identify a unique feature of a thoracic vertebra

A
  • Facet for articulation with rib
  • Body is triangular
  • Circular vertebral canal
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7
Q

Identify a unique feature of a lumbar vertebra

A
  • Long and thin transverse process
  • Body is cylindrical
  • Triangular vertebral canal
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8
Q

Name the first two cervical vertebrae

A
  • Atlas and Axis
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9
Q

What is the dens of C2?

A
  • Vertebral body of C1 fuses onto body of C2
  • No intervertebral disc between C1 and C2 as a result
  • Acts as a oivot that allow the atlas and head to rotate on the axis
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10
Q

Identify five features of the atlas and axis

A
  • 2 x lateral masses
  • Anterior arch
  • Posterior arch
  • Superior articular surface
  • Inferior articular process
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11
Q

Outline one function of the atlanto-occipital joint

A
  • Allows the head to nod up and down on the vertebral column
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12
Q

Which vertebra is known as vertebra prominens. Identify two ways that it differs from a typical vertebra

A
  • C7
  • 1) Long bifid spinous process that is easily palpable
  • 2) Transverse foramen only transmits vertebral vein (not artery)
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13
Q

Outline 6 features of the sacrum

A
  • Alae
  • Promontory
  • Anterior sacral foramina
  • Posterior sacral foramine
  • Sacral canal
  • Sacral hiatus
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14
Q

Outline 2 features of the coccyx

A
  • 2 x Transverse process

- Cornua (horns)

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15
Q

Which plexus (and segments) does the sciatic nerve belong to?

A
  • Lumbosacral plexus

- Spinal segments L4-S3

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16
Q

Which compartment of the thigh does the sciatic nerve pass through?

Which muscle does it lie under?

A
  • Posterior compartment

- Adductor magnus

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17
Q

Name two branches of the sciatic nerve

A
  • Tibial nerve

- Common fibular nerve

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18
Q

Identify the anterior and lateral walls of the spinal canal

A
  • Anterior: vertebral body, intervertebral disc, posterior longitudinal ligament
  • Posterior: vertebral arches and ligaments
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19
Q

Name the three layers of the meninges surrounding the spinal cord and the spaces between them

A
  • Innermost pia mater
  • Arachnoid mater, separated from pia by subarachnoid space
  • Dura mater, separated from bone by extradural space
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20
Q

What forms an intervertebral foramen?

A
  • Inferior vertebral notch on pedicle of the vertebra above

- To superior vertebral notch on the pedicle of the vertebra below

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21
Q

Name the joint that borders the intervertebral foramen. What type of joint is it?

A
  • Zygapophyseal joint

- Plane

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22
Q

Name the joint between each vertebral body. What type of joint is it?

A
  • Intervertebral disc

- Cartilaginous

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23
Q

Identify the two layers of the intervertebral disc

A
  • Outer ring of collagen, anulus fibrosus

- Inner gelatinous layer, nucleus pulposus

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24
Q

Where is the anterior longitudinal ligament located?

A
  • From base of skull
  • Runs anteriorly along vertebral bodies
  • To anterior surface of sacrum
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25
Q

Where is the posterior longitudinal ligament located?

A
  • Upper part that connects C2 to base of skull is the tectorial membrane
  • Runs along posteriorly along vertebral bodies
  • Lines anterior surface of vertebral canal
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26
Q

Where is the supraspinous ligament located?

A
  • Passes along the tips of the spinous processes
  • From C7 to sacrum
  • From base of skull to C7 it is triangular and called the ligamentum nuchae
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27
Q

Where are the interspinous ligaments located?

A
  • Between adjacent vertebral spinous processes
  • Blend anteriorly with ligamentum flava
  • And posteriorly with supraspinous ligaments
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28
Q

Where is the ligamentum flava located?

A
  • Between lamina of adjacent vertebra

- Run between posterior surface of lamina below to anterior surface of lamina below

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29
Q

Identify two functions of the ligamenta flava

A
  • Resist separation of laminae in flexion

- Assist in extension back to anatomical position

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30
Q

Where does the spinal cord run between?

A
  • Foramen mangum and L1 / L2
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31
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A
  • Distal end of spinal cord
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32
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A
  • Connective tissue that continues from apex of conus medullaris to coccyx
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33
Q

Identify the two enlargements in the spinal cord

A
  • Cervical enlargement, for brachial plexus (C5-T1)

- Lumbosacral enlargement for lumbosacral plexus (L1-S3)

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34
Q

Identify the sulci and fissures of the spinal cord

A
  • Anterior median fissure
  • Posterior median sulcus
  • 2 x posterolateral sulcus
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35
Q

Identify the vascular supply of the spinal cord

A
  • Anterior spinal artery
  • 2 x posterior spinal arteries
  • Segmental arteries enter the canal through intervertebral foramina at every level
  • And give rise to segmental medullary arteries sand radicular arteries
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36
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A
  • 31
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37
Q

How many of each type of spinal nerve are there?

A
  • 8 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
  • 1 coccygeal
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38
Q

Explain how spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord

A
  • Posterior sensory root and motor ventral root

- Which become rootlets medially

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39
Q

What are the spinal rami?

A
  • Each spinal nerve divides laterally to form an anterior and posterior rami
  • Anterior innervate hypoxial skeletal muscles
  • Posterior rami innervate epaxial intrinsic back muscle s
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40
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A
  • Lower lumbar, sacral and coccygeal nerves form a cluster of roots below conus medullaris
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41
Q

What is a dermatome?

A
  • The area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve on each side
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42
Q

What is a myotome?

A
  • Portion of skeletal muscle innervated by a single spinal nerve on that side
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43
Q

Outline the histological features of a peripheral nerve

A
  • Nerve fibres are surrounded by a supporting tissue called endoneurium
  • Nerve fibres are bundled together to form fascicles
  • Fascicles are surrounded by a supporting tissue called perineurium
  • Fascicles are bundled together by epineurium
  • Large vessels course within the epineurium
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44
Q

Outline the histological features of a spinal ganlgion

A
  • Fascicles of nerve fibre

- Nerve cell bodies surrounded by satellite cells which provide structural and mechanical support

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45
Q

What do the anterior horns of spinal cord contain?

A
  • Cell bodies of large alpha neurones
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46
Q

What do the dorsal horns of spinal cord contain?

A
  • Cell bodies of smaller second-order neurones that relay sensory information and participate in spinal reflexes
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47
Q

What do the lateral horns contain?

A
  • Found only in thoracic and upper lumbar regions

- Cell bodies of sympathetic nervous system efferent neurones

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48
Q

What is located in the central commissure of spinal cord?

A
  • Central canal
  • Lined by ependymal cells
  • Cerebrospinal fluid
49
Q

What does the white matter consist of?

A
  • Ascending tracts of sensory fibres

- Descending motor tracts

50
Q

What name is given to the white matter between the dorsal horns

A
  • Dorsal columns
  • Medial fasciculus gracilis conveying sensation fibres from lower limbs
  • Lateral fasciculus cuneatus conveying sensation fibres from upper limbs and torso
51
Q

What is contained within the ventrolateral white matter?

A
  • Spinothalamic tracts
  • Spinocerebellar tracts
  • Corticospinal tracts
52
Q

What are denticulate ligaments?

A
  • Connect dura mater to periosteum
53
Q

Identify the six layers of the cerberal cortex

A
  • Plexiform layer, mainly horizontal cells
  • Outer granular layer, mainly pyramidal and stellate cells
  • Inner granular layer, mainly stellate cells
  • Ganglionic layer, mainly Betz cells
  • Multiform cell layer, mainly pyramidal, stellate and Martinotti cells
54
Q

Identify five types of cortical neurones

A
  • Pyramidal cells (largest are called Betz cells)
  • Stellate cells
  • Cells of Martinotti
  • Fusiform cells
  • Horizontal cells of Cajal
55
Q

What are gyri and sulci in the brain?

A
  • Gyri: Elevations

- Sulci: Depressions

56
Q

Name the two deepest sulci

A
  • Central sulcus

- Lateral sulcus

57
Q

Name the four lobes of the brain

A
  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Temporal
  • Occipital
58
Q

How can one expose the insula?

A
  • By pulling apart the opercula (lips) of the lateral sulcus
59
Q

What is an association fibre?

A
  • Fibres that pass from one part of a single hemisphere to another
60
Q

What is a commissural fibre?

A
  • Fibres that link matching areas of two hemispheres
61
Q

What is a projection fibre?

A
  • Fibres that run to subcortical nuclei in the cerebral hemisphere, brainstem and spinal cord
62
Q

What name is given to the cytoplasm a neurone

A
  • Perikaryon
63
Q

Name the two types of processes that extend from the nerve cell body

A
  • Axon (nerve fibre)

- Dendrites

64
Q

What is a dendrite?

A
  • Branched tapering processes
  • Which end in specialised sensory receptors or form synapses with neighbouring neurons
  • Major function is information input to the neurone
65
Q

What is an axon hillock?

A
  • The point at which the axon arises from a neuron
66
Q

What are boutons?

A
  • Terminals point of an axon
67
Q

What name is given to the dye used to stain the RER and ribosomes of neurons?

A
  • Nissl
68
Q

What is a multipolar neurone?

A
  • Numerous dendrites project from the cell body
69
Q

What is a bipolar neurone?

A
  • Single dendrite that arises from the pole of the cell body opposite to that of the axon
70
Q

What is a pseudo-unipolar neuron?

A
  • Single dendrite and axon arise from a common stem of the cell body
71
Q

Which part of the nerve cell body is afferent and which is efferent?

A
  • Dendrite = Afferent (towards nerve cell body)

- Axon = Efferent (away from nerve cell body)

72
Q

What is a myelinated nerve?

A
  • One in which many layers of Schwann cells envelop the cell
73
Q

How does a myelinated nerve differ in the CNS to the PNS?

A
  • In the CNS myelin sheaths are formed by oligodendrocytes

- In the PNS they are formed by Schwann cells

74
Q

Describe the process of myelination

A
  • Invagination of a nerve axon into a Schwann cell, forming a mesaxon
  • Mesaxon rotates around the axon thereby enveloping the axon in concentric layers of Schwann cells
75
Q

What is an internode?

A
  • The single segment of myelin produced by each Schwann cell
76
Q

Why do myelinated fibres prevent ion fluxes along the axonal membranes

A
  • Lipid content insulates the underlying axon
77
Q

What are Schmidt-Lanterman Clefts?

A
  • At certain points in internodal myelin sheath
  • Narrow channels of cytoplasm are retained and connect the Schwann cell cytoplasm to the narrow zone of Schwann cell adjacent to the axon
78
Q

Idenitfy three roles of astrocytes

A
  • Mechanical support and mediation of metabolite exchange between neurons and the vascular system
  • Blood brain barrier
  • Repair of CNS tissue after damage
79
Q

Identify the function of microglia

A
  • Defence and immunoglobulin function as part of monocyte macrophage system
80
Q

Describe the structure of ependymal cells and where are they located

A
  • Epithelium that lines ventricles and spinal canal
  • Cuboidal and low columnar
  • Do not rest on basement membrane
  • Microvilli are present
81
Q

Name the sulci that divide the brain into four lobes

A
  • Lateral sulcus between the frontal and temporal lobes

- Central sulcus between the frontal and parietal lobes

82
Q

How does one expose the medial surface of the hemispheres of the brain?

A
  • Cutting the corpus callosum

- A band of white matter connecting the matching areas of the cortex

83
Q

Name the gyri of the frontal lobe

A
  • Precentral gyrus
  • Superior frontal gyrus
  • Middle frontal gyrus
  • Inferior frontal gyrus
  • Cingulate gyrus
84
Q

Name the gyri of the parietal lobe

A
  • Postcentral gyrus
  • Supramaringal gyrus
  • Angular gyrus
85
Q

Name the gyri of the occipital lobe

A
  • Lateral occipital gyri
  • Lateral medial occipitotemporal gyri
  • Lingual gyrus
86
Q

Name the gyri of the temporal lobe

A
  • Superior temporal gyrus
  • Middle temporal gyrus
  • Inferior temporal gyrus
  • Parahippocampal gyrus
87
Q

Where is the limbic system located and what are its component parts?

A
  • Medial margin of each hemisphere

- Hippocampus, fornix and amygdala

88
Q

What does the superior longitudinal fasciculus link?

A
  • Links frontal and occipital lobes
89
Q

What does the inferior longitudinal fasciculus link?

A
  • Links occipital and temporal lobes
90
Q

What does the arcuate fasciculus link?

A
  • Linking frontal lobe and occipitotemporal cortex
91
Q

What does the uncinate longitudinal fasciculus link?

A
  • Linking the frontal and anterior temporal lobes
92
Q

What does the cingulum longitudinal fasciculus link?

A
  • Underlying the cortex of cingulate gyrus
93
Q

What does the corpus callosum connect

A
  • Matching areas of the left and right hemispheres
94
Q

What does the anterior commissure connect?

A
  • Inferior and middle temporal gyrus and the olfactory regions of reach side.
95
Q

What is the corona radiata?

A
  • Projection fibre to and from the cerebral cortex
96
Q

What is the internal capsule?

A
  • Fibres of corona radiata converge at internal capsule

- Forms the crus cerebri

97
Q

Name the three parts of the internal capsule

A
  • Anterior limb, connections between thalamus and prefrontal cortex
  • Genu
  • Posterior limb, containing corticobulbar and corticospinal fibres
  • Retrolentiform limb, containing fibres passing from lateral geniculate nucleus to visual cortex and from medial geniculate nucleus to the auditory cortex
98
Q

What is the difference between myelopathy and radiculopathy?

A
  • Myelopathy refers to compression of spinal cord

- Radiculopathy refers to compression of a nerve root

99
Q

Biceps reflex loss is associated with compression of which cervical root?

A
  • C5
100
Q

Supinator reflex loss is associated with compression of which cervical root?

A
  • C6
101
Q

Triceps reflex loss is associated with compression of which cervical root?

A
  • C7
102
Q

Patellar reflex loss is associated with compression of which cervical root?

A
  • L4
103
Q

Ankle reflex loss is associated with compression of which cervical root?

A
  • S1
104
Q

Sensory loss in the upper lateral arm is associated with compression of which nerve root?

A
  • C5
105
Q

Sensory loss in the upper and lower medial arm is associated with compression of which nerve root?

A
  • T1
106
Q

Sensory loss in the lower lateral arm is associated with compression of which nerve root?

A
  • C6
107
Q

Sensory loss in the thumb and index finger medial arm is associated with compression of which nerve root?

A
  • C6
108
Q

Sensory loss in the middle finger is associated with compression of which nerve root?

A
  • C7
109
Q

Sensory loss in the little finger is associated with compression of which nerve root?

A
  • C8
110
Q

Sensory loss in the lateral thigh is associated with compression of which nerve root?

A
  • L2
111
Q

Sensory loss in the medial thigh is associated with compression of which nerve root?

A
  • L3
112
Q

Sensory loss in the lateral leg is associated with compression of which nerve root?

A
  • L5
113
Q

Sensory loss in the medial leg is associated with compression of which nerve root?

A
  • L4
114
Q

Sensory loss in the great toe is associated with compression of which nerve?

A
  • L4
115
Q

Sensory loss in the second toe is associated with compression of which nerve?

A
  • L5
116
Q

Sensory loss in the little toe is associated with compression of which nerve root?

A
  • S1
117
Q

What do the alar ligaments run between and what is their role?

A
  • Dens
  • Medial occipital condyles
  • Prevent excessive rotation of the head and atlas relative to the axis
118
Q

What is a Hangman fracture?

A
  • Fracture of both pedicles of C2

- Due to hyperextension of the neck

119
Q

What is a Jefferson fracture?

A
  • Fracture of anterior and posterior arches of C1

- Due to hyperextension of the neck

Semester 3: Mind and Movement (21 decks)

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