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Semester 3: Mind and Movement > Anatomy Topic 3 Case 4 > Flashcards

Anatomy Topic 3 Case 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the three parts of the ear

A
  • External ear: auricle / external acoustic meatus
  • Middle ear: Tympanic cavity / epitympanic recess
  • Internal ear: Bony and membranous labyrinths
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2
Q

Identify 6 features of the auricle

A
  • Helix
  • Antihelix
  • Tragus
  • Antitragus
  • Conchae
  • Lobule
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3
Q

Identify the arterial supply of the auricle

A
  • Posterior auricular artery

- Anterior auricular branches of temporal and occipital arteries

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4
Q

Identify the lymphatic drainage of the auricle

A
  • Anteriorly: Parotid nodes

- Posteriorly: Mastoid nodes

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5
Q

Identify the innervation of the auricle

A
  • Superficial: Great auricular nerve

- Deep: Vagus nerve and facial nerve

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6
Q

How is the external acoustic meatus formed?

A
  • Lateral third is from the auricular cartilage

- Medial part is from the petrous part of the temporal bone

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7
Q

Describe the course taken by the external acoustic meatus

A
  • Passes upward anteriorly
  • Turns upward posteriorly
  • Turns downward anteriorly
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8
Q

In what direction should a clinician pull the ear when expecting the external acoustic meatus and tympanic membrane?

A
  • Superiorly
  • Posteriorly
  • Laterally
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9
Q

Identify the innervation of the external acoustic meatus

A
  • Auriculotemporal branch of the mandibular nerve
  • Facial nerve
  • Auricular branch of the vagus nerve
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10
Q

Identify 8 features of the tympanic membrane

A
  • Handle of malleus
  • Lateral process of malleus
  • Umbo
  • Anterior malleolar fold
  • Posterior malleolar fold
  • Pars flaccida
  • Pars tensa
  • Cone of light
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11
Q

Identify features of the tegmental wall of the middle ear

A
  • Tegmen tympani
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12
Q

Identify features of the jugular wall of the middle ear

A
  • Aperture for tympanic branch of glossopharyngeal nerve
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13
Q

Identify features of the anterior wall of the middle ear

A
  • Opening for pharyngotympanic tube
  • Opening for tensor tympani muscle
  • Aperture for chorda tympani nerve
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14
Q

Identify features of the mastoid wall of the middle ear

A
  • Aditus to the mastoid antrum
  • Pyramidal eminence containing stapedius muscle tendon
  • Opening of chorda tympani nerve
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15
Q

Identify features of the membranous wall of the middle ear

A
  • Tympanic membrane
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16
Q

Identify features of the labyrinthine wall of the middle ear

A
  • Promontory and tympanic plexus
  • Oval window
  • Round window
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17
Q

Where is the mastoid area located and what is its clinical significance?

A
  • Posterior to epitympanic recess
  • Contains mastoid air cells
  • Which are covered by mucous membrane that is continuous with that throughout the middle ear
  • Infections can spread from middle ear to mastoid area, mastoiditis
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18
Q

What is the role of the pharyngotympanic tube?

A
  • Equalises pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane
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19
Q

Identify the two parts of the pharyngotympanic tube

A
  • Bony part, one third nearest the middle ear

- Cartilaginous part, two-thirds nearest nasopharynx

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20
Q

Identify the arterial supply of the pharyngotympanic tube

A
  • Ascending pharyngeal artery (branch of external carotid artery)
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21
Q

Identify the venous drainage of the pharyngotympanic tube

A
  • Pterygoid plexus
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22
Q

Identify the innervation of the pharyngotympanic tube

A
  • Tympanic plexus from tympanic nerve (branch of glossopharyngeal nerve)
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23
Q

Identify 3 features of the malleus

A
  • Handle, which attaches to tympanic membrane
  • Head, which attaches to incus
  • Neck, possessing anterior and lateral processes
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24
Q

Identify 3 features of the incus

A
  • Body which attaches to head of malleus
  • Long limb which attaches to stapes
  • Short limb
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25
Q

Identify 3 features of the stapes

A
  • Head which articulates with incus
  • Two limbs
  • Base which fits into oval window
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26
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the tensor tympani

A
  • Origin: Cartilaginous part of eustachian tube, greater wing of sphenoid
  • Insertion: Handle of malleus
  • Action: Pulls handle of malleus medially, tensing tympanic membrane
  • Innervation: Branch from mandibular nerve
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27
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the stapedius

A
  • Origin: Pyramidal eminence
  • Insertion: Neck of stapes
  • Action: Pulls stapes posteriorly, preventing excessive oscillation
  • Innervation: Branch from facial nerve
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28
Q

Identify the arterial supply of the middle ear

A
  • Tympanic branch of maxillary artery

- Mastoid branch of occipital or posterior auricular arteries

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29
Q

Identify the venous drainage of the middle ear

A
  • Pterygoid plexus

- Superior petrosal sinus

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30
Q

Identify the innervation of the middle ear

A
  • Tympanic plexus from tympanic nerve (branch of glossopharyngeal nerve)
  • Tympanic plexus gives off lesser petrosal nerve
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31
Q

Where is the internal ear located?

A
  • Petrous part of temporal bone
  • Between middle ear laterally
  • And internal acoustic meatus medially
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32
Q

What does the bony labyrinth consist of?

A
  • Vestibule
  • Three semicircular canals
  • Cochlea
  • Perilymph
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33
Q

What does the membranous labyrinth consist of?

A
  • Semicircular ducts
  • Cochlear ducts
  • Utricle and saccule
  • Endolymph
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34
Q

What does the vestibule communicate with?

A
  • Possesses oval window on its lateral wall
  • Communicates with semicircular canals posterosuperiorly
  • Communicates with cochlea anteriorly
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35
Q

Describe the layout of the semicircular canals

A
  • Three canals: anterior, posterior and lateral
  • All at right angles with the other two
  • Each canal forms two thirds of a circle connected at both ends to the vestibule
  • With one end dilated to form the ampulla
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36
Q

Identify features of the cochlea

A
  • Modiolus (central bony column)
  • Cochlear nerve and spinal ganglia
  • Cochlear ducts
  • Scala vestibuli
  • Scala tympani
  • Helicotrema (apex)
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37
Q

Where are the otolith organs located and how are they connected?

A
  • Utricle is located posterosuperiorly in the vestibule
  • Saccule is located in anteroinferiorly in the vestibule
  • Connected by utriculosaccular duct
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38
Q

What is the endolymphatic duct?

A
  • Branch of utriculosaccular duct
  • Emerges on posterior surface of petrous part of temporal bone in posterior cranial fossa
  • Expands into endolymphatic sac
  • Which functions in resorption of endolymph
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39
Q

What are the sense organs in the otolith organs and semicircular canals?

A
  • Otolith organs: maculae

- Semicircular canals: crista

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40
Q

Identify features of the cochlear duct

A
  • Outer wall (spiral ligament)
  • Roof (vestibular membrane)
  • Floor (basilar membrane)
  • Organ of Corti on the basilar membrane
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41
Q

Identify the arterial supply of the inner ear

A
  • Bony labyrinth: Tympanic branch of maxillary artery

- Membranous labyrinth: Labyrinthine artery which divides into cochlear and vestibular vestibular

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42
Q

Identify the arterial supply of the inner ear

A
  • Cochlear and vestibular veins

- Which come together to form labyrinthine vein

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43
Q

Identify the innervation of the middle ear

A
  • Vestibulocochlear nerve divides into vestibular and cochlea nerves
  • Facial nerve forms the geniculate ganglion which gives off:
  • Greater petrosal nerve
  • Nerve to stapedius
  • Chorda tympani nerve
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44
Q

Identify the parts of the pharynx

A
  • Nasopharynx (via choanae of nasal cavities)
  • Oropharynx (via oropharyngeal isthmus)
  • Laryngopharynx (via laryngeal inlet)
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45
Q

Where do the pharyngotympanic tubes open into the pharynx?

A
  • Lateral walls of nasopharynx
46
Q

How is the pharynx separated form the vertebral column?

A
  • Retropharyngeal space
47
Q

How does elevation and depression of the soft palate effect the pharynx?

A
  • Elevates to close pharyngeal isthmus and seal off nasopharynx from oropharynx
  • Depresses to close oropharyngeal isthmus and seal off oral cavity from oropharynx
48
Q

Outline the skeletal framework of the C-shaped pharynx

A
  • Medial plate of pterygoid process of sphenoid
  • Scaphoid fossa on sphenoid bone
  • Petrous part of temporal bone
  • Pharyngeal tubercle of occipital bone
49
Q

Outline the first part of the vertical line of attachment for the lateral pharyngeal walls

A
  • Medial plate of pterygoid process of sphenoid
  • Inferiorly onto the pterygoid hamulus
  • Descends along pterygomandibular raphe
50
Q

Outline the second part of the vertical line of attachment for the lateral pharyngeal walls

A
  • Lower aspect of stylohyoid ligament
  • Continues onto lesser horn of hyoid
  • Turns and runs along upper surface of greater horn of hyoid
51
Q

Outline the third part of the vertical line of attachment for the lateral pharyngeal walls

A
  • Superior tubercle of thyroid cartilage
  • Descends along oblique line to inferior tubercle
  • Continues over cricothyroid muscle to cricoid cartilage
52
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the superior constrictor

A
  • Origin: Pharyngeal raphe
  • Insertion: Pterygomandibular raphe
  • Action: Constriction of pharynx
  • Innervation: Pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve
53
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the middle constrictor

A
  • Origin: Pharyngeal raphe
  • Insertion: Greater and lesser horns of hyoid bone, and stylohyoid ligament
  • Action: Constriction of pharynx
  • Innervation: Pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve
54
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the inferior constrictor

A
  • Origin: Pharyngeal raphe
  • Insertion: Cricoid cartilage and oblique line of thyroid cartilage
  • Action: Constriction of pharynx
  • Innervation: External branch of superior laryngeal branch of vagus nerve
55
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the stylopharyngeus

A
  • Origin: Medial side of base of styloid process
  • Insertion: Pharyngeal wall
  • Action: Elevation of pharynx
  • Innervation: Glossopharyngeal nerve
56
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the salpingopharyngeus

A
  • Origin: Inferior aspect of pharyngotympanic tube
  • Insertion: Pharyngeal wall
  • Action: Elevation of pharynx
  • Innervation: Vagus nerve
57
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the palatopharyngeus

A
  • Origin: Upper surface of palatine aponeurosis
  • Insertion: Pharyngeal wall
  • Action: Elevation of pharynx
  • Innervation: Vagus nerve
58
Q

What does the buccopharyngeal fascia cover?

A
  • Outside of the muscular part of the wall

- It is a component of the pretracheal layer of cervical fascia

59
Q

What does the pharyngobasilar fascia?

A
  • Lines the inner surface of the wall
60
Q

What does the oropharyngeal triangle enable?

A
  • Stylopharyngeus to slip into the pharyngeal wall
  • Muscles, nerves and vessels to pass between regions lateral to the pharyngeal wall and oral cavity, particularly the tongue
61
Q

Outline the arterial supply of the pharynx

A
  • Ascending pharyngeal artery
  • Ascending palatine branch of the facial artery
  • Tonsilar branches of the facial artery
  • All of which arise from the external
62
Q

Outline the venous drainage of the pharynx

A
  • Pterygoid plexus
63
Q

Outline the lymphatic drainage of the pharynx

A
  • Retropharyngeal nodes
  • Paratracheal nodes
  • Infrahyoid nodes
64
Q

Outline the innervation of the pharynx

A
  • Muscles are innervated by vagus except stylopharyngeus which is innervated by glossopharyngeal
  • Nasopharynx is innervated by maxillary nerve
  • Oropharynx is innervated by glossopharyngeal nerve
  • Laryngopharynx is innervated by vagus nerve
65
Q

Where are the pharyngeal tonsils located?

A
  • Midline of the roof of the nasopharynx
66
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils located?

A
  • Between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches
67
Q

Where are the lingual tonsils located?

A
  • Posterior third of the tongue
68
Q

Outline the arterial supply of the tonsils

A
  • Tonsillar branch of facial artery
69
Q

Outline the lymphatic drainage of the tonsils

A
  • Jugodigastric nodes
70
Q

Identify the two functions of the larynx

A
  • Sphincter to close respiratory tract

- Produce sound

71
Q

At which vertebral level is the cricoid cartilage located?

A
  • C6
72
Q

Identify features of the cricoid cartilage

A
  • Lamina
  • Arches
  • Facet for articulation with arytenoid cartilage
  • Facet for articulation with inferior horn of thyroid cartilage
73
Q

At which vertebral level is the thyroid cartilage located?

A
  • C4/C5
74
Q

Identify features of the thyroid cartilage

A
  • Superior horns
  • Laminae
  • Laryngeal prominence
  • Superior thyroid notch
  • Inferior thyroid notch
  • Inferior thyroid tubercle
  • Oblique line
  • Inferior horns
75
Q

Identify features of the epiglottis cartilage

A
  • Epiglottic tubercle
76
Q

Identify features of the arytenoid cartilage

A
  • Apex
  • Base
  • Medial surface
  • Anterolateral surface
  • Vocal process
77
Q

Outline the attachments of the thyrohyoid membrane?

A
  • Runs between superior margin of thyroid laminae and greater horns of the body of the hyoid bone
78
Q

Outline the attachments of the hyo-epiglottic membrane?

A
  • Runs between midline of epiglottis to body of hyoid bone
79
Q

Outline the attachments of the cricotracheal membrane

A
  • Runs between lower body of cricoid cartilage and upper border of first tracheal cartilage
80
Q

Outline the attachments of the cricothyroid ligament

A
  • Arch of cricoid cartilage, extends superiorly, attaching
  • Anteriorly: Thyroid cartilage
  • Posteriorly: Vocal processes of arytenoid cartilage
81
Q

What are the vocal ligaments?

A
  • Free margin of cricothyroid ligament
  • Between thyroid cartilage and vocal processes of arytenoid cartilage
  • Which is thickened to form vocal ligament
  • Under the vocal fold

-

82
Q

Outline the attachments of the quadrangular membrane

A
  • Between lateral margins of epiglottis and the anterolateral surface of the arytenoid cartilage
83
Q

What are the vestibular ligaments?

A
  • Free margin of the quadrangular membrane
  • Which is thickened to form vestibular ligament
  • Under the vestibular fold

-

84
Q

What is the vestibule of the larynx?

A
  • Upper chamber between laryngeal inlet and the vestibular folds
85
Q

What is the middle chamber of the larynx?

A
  • Chamber between vestibular folds above and vocal folds below
86
Q

What is the infraglottic space of the larynx?

A
  • Space between the vocal folds and inferior opening of larynx
87
Q

What is the laryngeal ventricle?

A
  • Trough shaped space on each side

- Between mucosa of middle cavity

88
Q

What is the laryngeal saccule?

A
  • Elongated tubular extension of each ventricle which projects anterosuperiorly between the vestibular fold and thyroid cartilage.
89
Q

What is the rima vestibuli?

A
  • Triangular opening that occurs between the two adjacent vestibular folds at the entrance to the middle chamber of the laryngeal cavity
90
Q

What is the rima glottidis?

A
  • Narrow triangular opening that occurs between the two vocal folds
91
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the cricothyroid muscle?

A
  • Origin: Anterolateral aspect of arch of cricoid cartilage
  • Insertion: Inferior of thyroid cartilage
  • Action: Lengthens vocal folds (raising pitch of voice)
  • Innervation: Superior laryngeal nerve (from vagus nerve)
92
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the transverse arytenoid?

A
  • Origin: Posterior surface of arytenoid cartilage
  • Insertion: Posterior surface of opposite arytenoid cartilage
  • Action: Closes rima glottidis by adduction of arytenoid cartilage
  • Innervation: Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve
93
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the oblique arytenoid?

A
  • Origin: Muscular processes of arytenoid cartilage
  • Insertion: Apex of adjacent arytenoid cartilage
  • Action: Closes rima glottidis by adduction of arytenoid cartilage
  • Innervation: Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve
94
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the posterior cricoarytenoid?

A
  • Origin: Posterior surface of lamina of cricoid cartilage
  • Insertion: Posterior surface of muscular processes of arytenoid cartilage
  • Action: Opens the rima glottidis by abduction of arytenoid
  • Innervation: Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve
95
Q

Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the aryepiglottic muscle?

A
  • Origin: Apex of arytenoid
  • Insertion: Lateral surface of arytenoid
  • Action: Closes the laryngeal inlet
  • Innervation: Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve
96
Q

Outline the arterial supply of the larynx

A
  • Superior laryngeal artery
  • Inferior laryngeal artery
  • Branches of the superior thyroid artery from external carotid artery
97
Q

Outline the venous drainage of the larynx

A
  • Superior laryngeal veins

- Inferior laryngeal veins

98
Q

Outline the lymphatic drainage of the larynx

A
  • Deep cervical nodes
99
Q

Outline the innervation of the larynx

A
  • Superior laryngeal nerve supplying cricothyroid muscle and sensory innervation above vocal folds
  • Recurrent laryngeal nerve, sensory innervation below the vocal folds and all other muscles
100
Q

Outline the four suprahyoid muscles

A
  • Stylohyoid
  • Digastric
  • Mylohyoid
  • Geniohyoid
101
Q

What is the function of the suprahyoid muscles?

A
  • Pull hyoid bone upwards

- To elevate the larynx during swallowing

102
Q

Outline the four infrahyoid muscles

A
  • Sternohyoid
  • Omohyoid
  • Thyrohyoid
  • Sternothyroid
103
Q

What is the function of the infrahyoid muscles?

A
  • Pull hyoid bone downwards

- To depress the larynx during swallowing

104
Q

What does the chorda tympani innervate?

A
  • Taste to anterior 2/3 of the tongue
105
Q

What does the greater petrosal nerve innervate?

A
  • Lacrimal gland
  • Mucous glands of nasal cavity
  • Maxillary sinus
106
Q

How many turns does the cochlea take?

A

-2.75

107
Q

Where is the vestibular membrane located and what is its role?

A
  • Roof of cochlear duct between it and the scala vestibuli

- Separates endolymph of cochlear duct from perilymph of scala vestibuli

108
Q

Where is the basilar membrane located and what is its role?

A
  • Floor of cochlear duct between it and the scala tympani
  • Separates endolymph of cochlear duct from perilymph of scala tympani
  • Houses Organ of Corti
109
Q

Where is the stria vascularis located and what is its role?

A
  • Located on outer wall of cochlear duct

- Produces endolymph

110
Q

Where is the spiral ligament located?

A
  • Outer wall of cochlear duct (base of cochlear duct)
111
Q

Where is the spiral lamina located?

A
  • Inner wall of cochlear duct (apex of cochlear duct)
112
Q

The labyrinthine artery is a branch of which artery? What does it supply?

A
  • Basilar artery

- Membranous labyrinths

Semester 3: Mind and Movement (21 decks)

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