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Semester 3: Mind and Movement > Anatomy Topic 3 Case 4 > Flashcards

Anatomy Topic 3 Case 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the three parts of the ear

A
  • External ear: auricle / external acoustic meatus
  • Middle ear: Tympanic cavity / epitympanic recess
  • Internal ear: Bony and membranous labyrinths
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2
Q

Identify 6 features of the auricle

A
  • Helix
  • Antihelix
  • Tragus
  • Antitragus
  • Conchae
  • Lobule
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3
Q

Identify the arterial supply of the auricle

A
  • Posterior auricular artery

- Anterior auricular branches of temporal and occipital arteries

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4
Q

Identify the lymphatic drainage of the auricle

A
  • Anteriorly: Parotid nodes

- Posteriorly: Mastoid nodes

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5
Q

Identify the innervation of the auricle

A
  • Superficial: Great auricular nerve

- Deep: Vagus nerve and facial nerve

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6
Q

How is the external acoustic meatus formed?

A
  • Lateral third is from the auricular cartilage

- Medial part is from the petrous part of the temporal bone

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7
Q

Describe the course taken by the external acoustic meatus

A
  • Passes upward anteriorly
  • Turns upward posteriorly
  • Turns downward anteriorly
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8
Q

In what direction should a clinician pull the ear when expecting the external acoustic meatus and tympanic membrane?

A
  • Superiorly
  • Posteriorly
  • Laterally
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9
Q

Identify the innervation of the external acoustic meatus

A
  • Auriculotemporal branch of the mandibular nerve
  • Facial nerve
  • Auricular branch of the vagus nerve
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10
Q

Identify 8 features of the tympanic membrane

A
  • Handle of malleus
  • Lateral process of malleus
  • Umbo
  • Anterior malleolar fold
  • Posterior malleolar fold
  • Pars flaccida
  • Pars tensa
  • Cone of light
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11
Q

Identify features of the tegmental wall of the middle ear

A
  • Tegmen tympani
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12
Q

Identify features of the jugular wall of the middle ear

A
  • Aperture for tympanic branch of glossopharyngeal nerve
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13
Q

Identify features of the anterior wall of the middle ear

A
  • Opening for pharyngotympanic tube
  • Opening for tensor tympani muscle
  • Aperture for chorda tympani nerve
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14
Q

Identify features of the mastoid wall of the middle ear

A
  • Aditus to the mastoid antrum
  • Pyramidal eminence containing stapedius muscle tendon
  • Opening of chorda tympani nerve
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15
Q

Identify features of the membranous wall of the middle ear

A
  • Tympanic membrane
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16
Q

Identify features of the labyrinthine wall of the middle ear

A
  • Promontory and tympanic plexus
  • Oval window
  • Round window
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17
Q

Where is the mastoid area located and what is its clinical significance?

A
  • Posterior to epitympanic recess
  • Contains mastoid air cells
  • Which are covered by mucous membrane that is continuous with that throughout the middle ear
  • Infections can spread from middle ear to mastoid area, mastoiditis
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18
Q

What is the role of the pharyngotympanic tube?

A
  • Equalises pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane
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19
Q

Identify the two parts of the pharyngotympanic tube

A
  • Bony part, one third nearest the middle ear

- Cartilaginous part, two-thirds nearest nasopharynx

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20
Q

Identify the arterial supply of the pharyngotympanic tube

A
  • Ascending pharyngeal artery (branch of external carotid artery)
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21
Q

Identify the venous drainage of the pharyngotympanic tube

A
  • Pterygoid plexus
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22
Q

Identify the innervation of the pharyngotympanic tube

A
  • Tympanic plexus from tympanic nerve (branch of glossopharyngeal nerve)
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23
Q

Identify 3 features of the malleus

A
  • Handle, which attaches to tympanic membrane
  • Head, which attaches to incus
  • Neck, possessing anterior and lateral processes
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24
Q

Identify 3 features of the incus

A
  • Body which attaches to head of malleus
  • Long limb which attaches to stapes
  • Short limb
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25
Identify 3 features of the stapes
- Head which articulates with incus - Two limbs - Base which fits into oval window
26
Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the tensor tympani
- Origin: Cartilaginous part of eustachian tube, greater wing of sphenoid - Insertion: Handle of malleus - Action: Pulls handle of malleus medially, tensing tympanic membrane - Innervation: Branch from mandibular nerve
27
Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the stapedius
- Origin: Pyramidal eminence - Insertion: Neck of stapes - Action: Pulls stapes posteriorly, preventing excessive oscillation - Innervation: Branch from facial nerve
28
Identify the arterial supply of the middle ear
- Tympanic branch of maxillary artery | - Mastoid branch of occipital or posterior auricular arteries
29
Identify the venous drainage of the middle ear
- Pterygoid plexus | - Superior petrosal sinus
30
Identify the innervation of the middle ear
- Tympanic plexus from tympanic nerve (branch of glossopharyngeal nerve) - Tympanic plexus gives off lesser petrosal nerve
31
Where is the internal ear located?
- Petrous part of temporal bone - Between middle ear laterally - And internal acoustic meatus medially
32
What does the bony labyrinth consist of?
- Vestibule - Three semicircular canals - Cochlea - Perilymph
33
What does the membranous labyrinth consist of?
- Semicircular ducts - Cochlear ducts - Utricle and saccule - Endolymph
34
What does the vestibule communicate with?
- Possesses oval window on its lateral wall - Communicates with semicircular canals posterosuperiorly - Communicates with cochlea anteriorly
35
Describe the layout of the semicircular canals
- Three canals: anterior, posterior and lateral - All at right angles with the other two - Each canal forms two thirds of a circle connected at both ends to the vestibule - With one end dilated to form the ampulla
36
Identify features of the cochlea
- Modiolus (central bony column) - Cochlear nerve and spinal ganglia - Cochlear ducts - Scala vestibuli - Scala tympani - Helicotrema (apex)
37
Where are the otolith organs located and how are they connected?
- Utricle is located posterosuperiorly in the vestibule - Saccule is located in anteroinferiorly in the vestibule - Connected by utriculosaccular duct
38
What is the endolymphatic duct?
- Branch of utriculosaccular duct - Emerges on posterior surface of petrous part of temporal bone in posterior cranial fossa - Expands into endolymphatic sac - Which functions in resorption of endolymph
39
What are the sense organs in the otolith organs and semicircular canals?
- Otolith organs: maculae | - Semicircular canals: crista
40
Identify features of the cochlear duct
- Outer wall (spiral ligament) - Roof (vestibular membrane\) - Floor (basilar membrane) - Organ of Corti on the basilar membrane
41
Identify the arterial supply of the inner ear
- Bony labyrinth: Tympanic branch of maxillary artery | - Membranous labyrinth: Labyrinthine artery which divides into cochlear and vestibular vestibular
42
Identify the arterial supply of the inner ear
- Cochlear and vestibular veins | - Which come together to form labyrinthine vein
43
Identify the innervation of the middle ear
- Vestibulocochlear nerve divides into vestibular and cochlea nerves - Facial nerve forms the geniculate ganglion which gives off: - Greater petrosal nerve - Nerve to stapedius - Chorda tympani nerve
44
Identify the parts of the pharynx
- Nasopharynx (via choanae of nasal cavities) - Oropharynx (via oropharyngeal isthmus) - Laryngopharynx (via laryngeal inlet)
45
Where do the pharyngotympanic tubes open into the pharynx?
- Lateral walls of nasopharynx
46
How is the pharynx separated form the vertebral column?
- Retropharyngeal space
47
How does elevation and depression of the soft palate effect the pharynx?
- Elevates to close pharyngeal isthmus and seal off nasopharynx from oropharynx - Depresses to close oropharyngeal isthmus and seal off oral cavity from oropharynx
48
Outline the skeletal framework of the C-shaped pharynx
- Medial plate of pterygoid process of sphenoid - Scaphoid fossa on sphenoid bone - Petrous part of temporal bone - Pharyngeal tubercle of occipital bone
49
Outline the first part of the vertical line of attachment for the lateral pharyngeal walls
- Medial plate of pterygoid process of sphenoid - Inferiorly onto the pterygoid hamulus - Descends along pterygomandibular raphe
50
Outline the second part of the vertical line of attachment for the lateral pharyngeal walls
- Lower aspect of stylohyoid ligament - Continues onto lesser horn of hyoid - Turns and runs along upper surface of greater horn of hyoid
51
Outline the third part of the vertical line of attachment for the lateral pharyngeal walls
- Superior tubercle of thyroid cartilage - Descends along oblique line to inferior tubercle - Continues over cricothyroid muscle to cricoid cartilage
52
Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the superior constrictor
- Origin: Pharyngeal raphe - Insertion: Pterygomandibular raphe - Action: Constriction of pharynx - Innervation: Pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve
53
Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the middle constrictor
- Origin: Pharyngeal raphe - Insertion: Greater and lesser horns of hyoid bone, and stylohyoid ligament - Action: Constriction of pharynx - Innervation: Pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve
54
Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the inferior constrictor
- Origin: Pharyngeal raphe - Insertion: Cricoid cartilage and oblique line of thyroid cartilage - Action: Constriction of pharynx - Innervation: External branch of superior laryngeal branch of vagus nerve
55
Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the stylopharyngeus
- Origin: Medial side of base of styloid process - Insertion: Pharyngeal wall - Action: Elevation of pharynx - Innervation: Glossopharyngeal nerve
56
Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the salpingopharyngeus
- Origin: Inferior aspect of pharyngotympanic tube - Insertion: Pharyngeal wall - Action: Elevation of pharynx - Innervation: Vagus nerve
57
Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the palatopharyngeus
- Origin: Upper surface of palatine aponeurosis - Insertion: Pharyngeal wall - Action: Elevation of pharynx - Innervation: Vagus nerve
58
What does the buccopharyngeal fascia cover?
- Outside of the muscular part of the wall | - It is a component of the pretracheal layer of cervical fascia
59
What does the pharyngobasilar fascia?
- Lines the inner surface of the wall
60
What does the oropharyngeal triangle enable?
- Stylopharyngeus to slip into the pharyngeal wall - Muscles, nerves and vessels to pass between regions lateral to the pharyngeal wall and oral cavity, particularly the tongue
61
Outline the arterial supply of the pharynx
- Ascending pharyngeal artery - Ascending palatine branch of the facial artery - Tonsilar branches of the facial artery - All of which arise from the external
62
Outline the venous drainage of the pharynx
- Pterygoid plexus
63
Outline the lymphatic drainage of the pharynx
- Retropharyngeal nodes - Paratracheal nodes - Infrahyoid nodes
64
Outline the innervation of the pharynx
- Muscles are innervated by vagus except stylopharyngeus which is innervated by glossopharyngeal - Nasopharynx is innervated by maxillary nerve - Oropharynx is innervated by glossopharyngeal nerve - Laryngopharynx is innervated by vagus nerve
65
Where are the pharyngeal tonsils located?
- Midline of the roof of the nasopharynx
66
Where are the palatine tonsils located?
- Between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches
67
Where are the lingual tonsils located?
- Posterior third of the tongue
68
Outline the arterial supply of the tonsils
- Tonsillar branch of facial artery
69
Outline the lymphatic drainage of the tonsils
- Jugodigastric nodes
70
Identify the two functions of the larynx
- Sphincter to close respiratory tract | - Produce sound
71
At which vertebral level is the cricoid cartilage located?
- C6
72
Identify features of the cricoid cartilage
- Lamina - Arches - Facet for articulation with arytenoid cartilage - Facet for articulation with inferior horn of thyroid cartilage
73
At which vertebral level is the thyroid cartilage located?
- C4/C5
74
Identify features of the thyroid cartilage
- Superior horns - Laminae - Laryngeal prominence - Superior thyroid notch - Inferior thyroid notch - Inferior thyroid tubercle - Oblique line - Inferior horns
75
Identify features of the epiglottis cartilage
- Epiglottic tubercle
76
Identify features of the arytenoid cartilage
- Apex - Base - Medial surface - Anterolateral surface - Vocal process
77
Outline the attachments of the thyrohyoid membrane?
- Runs between superior margin of thyroid laminae and greater horns of the body of the hyoid bone
78
Outline the attachments of the hyo-epiglottic membrane?
- Runs between midline of epiglottis to body of hyoid bone
79
Outline the attachments of the cricotracheal membrane
- Runs between lower body of cricoid cartilage and upper border of first tracheal cartilage
80
Outline the attachments of the cricothyroid ligament
- Arch of cricoid cartilage, extends superiorly, attaching - Anteriorly: Thyroid cartilage - Posteriorly: Vocal processes of arytenoid cartilage
81
What are the vocal ligaments?
- Free margin of cricothyroid ligament - Between thyroid cartilage and vocal processes of arytenoid cartilage - Which is thickened to form vocal ligament - Under the vocal fold -
82
Outline the attachments of the quadrangular membrane
- Between lateral margins of epiglottis and the anterolateral surface of the arytenoid cartilage
83
What are the vestibular ligaments?
- Free margin of the quadrangular membrane - Which is thickened to form vestibular ligament - Under the vestibular fold -
84
What is the vestibule of the larynx?
- Upper chamber between laryngeal inlet and the vestibular folds
85
What is the middle chamber of the larynx?
- Chamber between vestibular folds above and vocal folds below
86
What is the infraglottic space of the larynx?
- Space between the vocal folds and inferior opening of larynx
87
What is the laryngeal ventricle?
- Trough shaped space on each side | - Between mucosa of middle cavity
88
What is the laryngeal saccule?
- Elongated tubular extension of each ventricle which projects anterosuperiorly between the vestibular fold and thyroid cartilage.
89
What is the rima vestibuli?
- Triangular opening that occurs between the two adjacent vestibular folds at the entrance to the middle chamber of the laryngeal cavity
90
What is the rima glottidis?
- Narrow triangular opening that occurs between the two vocal folds
91
Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the cricothyroid muscle?
- Origin: Anterolateral aspect of arch of cricoid cartilage - Insertion: Inferior of thyroid cartilage - Action: Lengthens vocal folds (raising pitch of voice) - Innervation: Superior laryngeal nerve (from vagus nerve)
92
Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the transverse arytenoid?
- Origin: Posterior surface of arytenoid cartilage - Insertion: Posterior surface of opposite arytenoid cartilage - Action: Closes rima glottidis by adduction of arytenoid cartilage - Innervation: Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve
93
Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the oblique arytenoid?
- Origin: Muscular processes of arytenoid cartilage - Insertion: Apex of adjacent arytenoid cartilage - Action: Closes rima glottidis by adduction of arytenoid cartilage - Innervation: Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve
94
Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the posterior cricoarytenoid?
- Origin: Posterior surface of lamina of cricoid cartilage - Insertion: Posterior surface of muscular processes of arytenoid cartilage - Action: Opens the rima glottidis by abduction of arytenoid - Innervation: Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve
95
Identify the origin, insertion, action and innervation of the aryepiglottic muscle?
- Origin: Apex of arytenoid - Insertion: Lateral surface of arytenoid - Action: Closes the laryngeal inlet - Innervation: Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve
96
Outline the arterial supply of the larynx
- Superior laryngeal artery - Inferior laryngeal artery - Branches of the superior thyroid artery from external carotid artery
97
Outline the venous drainage of the larynx
- Superior laryngeal veins | - Inferior laryngeal veins
98
Outline the lymphatic drainage of the larynx
- Deep cervical nodes
99
Outline the innervation of the larynx
- Superior laryngeal nerve supplying cricothyroid muscle and sensory innervation above vocal folds - Recurrent laryngeal nerve, sensory innervation below the vocal folds and all other muscles
100
Outline the four suprahyoid muscles
- Stylohyoid - Digastric - Mylohyoid - Geniohyoid
101
What is the function of the suprahyoid muscles?
- Pull hyoid bone upwards | - To elevate the larynx during swallowing
102
Outline the four infrahyoid muscles
- Sternohyoid - Omohyoid - Thyrohyoid - Sternothyroid
103
What is the function of the infrahyoid muscles?
- Pull hyoid bone downwards | - To depress the larynx during swallowing
104
What does the chorda tympani innervate?
- Taste to anterior 2/3 of the tongue
105
What does the greater petrosal nerve innervate?
- Lacrimal gland - Mucous glands of nasal cavity - Maxillary sinus
106
How many turns does the cochlea take?
-2.75
107
Where is the vestibular membrane located and what is its role?
- Roof of cochlear duct between it and the scala vestibuli | - Separates endolymph of cochlear duct from perilymph of scala vestibuli
108
Where is the basilar membrane located and what is its role?
- Floor of cochlear duct between it and the scala tympani - Separates endolymph of cochlear duct from perilymph of scala tympani - Houses Organ of Corti
109
Where is the stria vascularis located and what is its role?
- Located on outer wall of cochlear duct | - Produces endolymph
110
Where is the spiral ligament located?
- Outer wall of cochlear duct (base of cochlear duct)
111
Where is the spiral lamina located?
- Inner wall of cochlear duct (apex of cochlear duct)
112
The labyrinthine artery is a branch of which artery? What does it supply?
- Basilar artery | - Membranous labyrinths

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