anatomy of speech and swallow Flashcards
what is highlighted pink and green?
pink= vermillion border of the lips green= buccal fat bad
what occurs to buccal fat pad when a patient is ill?
- its lost in illness, giving the appearance of ‘sunken cheeks
- clinical sign of malnutrition
what are the muscles of mastication?
- masseter
- temporalis
- lateral pterygoid
- medial pterygoid
what are the circle and square pointing to?
square= lateral pterygoid
circle=medial pterygoid
role of lateral pterygoid?
- one of the muscles of mastication
- plays a role in the opening of the mouth
role of medial pterygoid?
- one of the muscles of mastication
- plays a role in closing the mouth
what are the circle and square?
circle= orbicularis oris
square=buccinator
what is the role of the orbicularis oris?
-acts as a sphincter around the area of the mouth
what is the role of the buccinator?
-assists in aligning a food bolus between the dentition
what role does the temporalis muscle have?
- one of the muscles of mastication
- plays a role in shutting the mouth
what role does the masseter muscle have?
- one of the muscles of mastication
- plays a role in closing the mouth
what is this muscle?
temporalis
what is this muscle?
masseter
what joint is used in mastication?
temporomandibular joint
what makes up the temporomandibular joint?
- mandibular condyle
- glenoid fossa of temporal bone
- articular tubercle of temporal bone
what can the muscles of the tongue be divided into?
-intrinsic and extrinsic groups of skeletal muscle
what muscles are red, orange, blue and green?
red= palatoglossus orange= styloglossus blue= genioglossus green= hyoglossus
what are the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
- palatoglossus (attaches to hard palate)
- styloglossus (attaches to the styloid process)
- genioglossus (attaches to geniotubercule)
- hyoglossus (attaches to hyoid bone)
what nerves innervate the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
CN XII (hypoglossal nerve) innervates hyoglossus, styloglossus and genioglossus
CNX (vagus nerve) innervates the palatoglossus
what extrinsic muscles of the tongue are red and green?
green= hyoglossus
red=genioglossus
what do the extrinsic group of muscles do to the tongue?
they control movement of tongue around the oral cavity
what do the intrinsic group of muscles do to the tongue?
change the shape of the tongue in speech and swallowing
what are the 4 fibre directions associated with intrinsic tongue muscles?
- superior longitudinal
- inferior longitudinal
- horizontal
- vertical
what is the soft palate?
- the movable posterior 1/3 of the palate
- it has no bony skeleton and uses a series of muscles to move and tighten the fibrous palatine aponeurosis
what does the soft palate do to prevent passage of food into the nasal cavity?
-elevates and tenses when swallowing
what nerve are the skeletal muscles of the soft palate supplied by?
- vagus nerve (CN X)
- except for tensor veli palatini which is supplied by the mandibular portion of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3)
what are the skeletal muscles of the soft palate?
- palatoglossus
- musculus uvulae
- palatopharyngeus
- levator veli palatini
- tensor veli palatini
what is the role of the palatoglossus?
- skeletal muscle of soft palate
- depresses soft palate towards tongue
what is the role of the musculus uvulae?
- skeletal muscle of the soft palate
- shortens uvula
what is the role of the palatorhayngeus?
-elevates pharynx and depresses soft palate
what muscles of the soft palate are the blue and orange?
blue= palatoglossus orange= musculus uvulae
what muscle of the soft palate is orange?
palatopharyngeus
what muscles of the soft palate are blue and orange?
blue= tensor veli palatini orange= levetaro veli palatini
what muscles of the soft palate are blue, red, green and yellow?
green= musculus uvulae
yellow= palatopharyngeus
red= tensor veli palatini
blue=levator veli palatini
what type of tonsils are red, yellow, green and blue?
red= pharyngeal tonsils yellow= tubal tonsils green= palatine tonsils blue= lingual tonsils
where is saliva produced from?
-the major and minor seromucous glands
what controls the production of saliva from the major and minor seromucous glands?
parasympathetic nervous system
functions of saliva?
- moisten the oral mucosa
- moisten food to aid swallowing
- provides a medium for dissolved food to chemically stimulate taste buds
- initiate digestion of carbohydrates
- control bacterial flora through lysozyme activity and immunoglobulin A (IgA)
what are the major salivary glands?
- parotid gland
- submandibular gland
- sublingual gland
what contracts to direct a food posto inferiorly towards the oesophagus?
muscles of the phraynx
how would you describe the histology of the muscles of the pharynx?
- arranged similar to the smooth muscles of the abdominal GI tract
- comprised of longitudinal and circularly orientated muscle fibres
what does the outer circular layer of muscles of the pharynx consist of?
- 3 constrictor muscles
- skeletal (voluntary)
- the sequential contraction of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles, from superior to inferior, forces the bolus of food inferiorly
what does the inner longitudinal layer of pharyngeal muscles consist of?
- 3 paired vertical muscles
- skeletal (voluntary)
- the longitudinal pharyngeal musculature elevates the larynx and shortens the pharynx
what are the pharyngeal muscles in red, yellow, green and blue?
red= stylopharyngeus yellow= superior pharyngeal constrictor green= middle pharyngeal constrictor blue= inferior pharyngeal constrictor
what nerves innervate the superior, middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles and the stylopharyngeus?
superior, middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles innervated by CN X (vagus)
Stylopharyngeus innervated by CN IX (glossopharyngeal nerve)
what are the bilateral pairs of longitudinal muscles in the pharynx?
- stylopharyngeus
- salpinopharyngeus
- palatopharyngeus
what are the bilateral pairs of constrictor muscles in the pharynx?
- superior pharyngeal constrictor
- middle pharyngeal constrictor
- inferior pharyngeal constrictor
what is the role of the muscles of the larynx?
- they function to control sphincter mechanism of the true vocal cords
- they abduct, adduct, tense and relax vocal cords to allow the passage of air from respiration and acts as a protective mechanism, preventing aspiration of unwanted material
what is in the blue and red?
blue= thyrohyoid membrane red= cricoathyroid joint
what is in the blue, red, green and yellow?
blue= quadrangular membrane (between vestibular ligament and epiglottis) green= cricoarytenoid joint yellow= conus elasticus (between cricoid and vocal ligament) red= vocal ligament
what muscle is this?
-cricothyroid muscle
what is the role of the cricothyroid muscle?
- tenses vocal ligaments, when tensed it makes voice sound more high pitched (like tuning a guitar)
- acts on cricothyroid joint
where does the cricothyroid muscle attach?
anterolateral cricoid cartilage to the inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage
what is this muscle?
-thyroarytenoid muscle
what is the role of the thyroarytenoid muscle?
-relaxes the vocal ligament by acting on the cricoarytenoid joint
where does the thyroarytenoid muscle attach to?
posterior thyroid to anterior arytenoid cartilage
which are the greater and which are the lesser horns of the hyoid bone?
greater= the ones that are at the top of both sides of the ‘u’ shape
lesser=other ones in the curve of the ‘u’ shape
which bone is the only bone in the human body not directly connected to another bone?
hyoid bone
what is the function of the hyoid bone?
-to allow attachments of muscles while maintaining the patency of the airway
what are the muscles in blue, red, yellow and green?
blue= omohyoid red= sternohyoid green= sternothyroid yellow= thyrohyoid
what are the muscles in blue, red, yellow and green?
blue= stylohyoid yellow= digastric red= geniohyoid green= mylohyoid
what are labelled blue, red, yellow and green?
green= digastric red= mandible yellow= mylohyoid blue= geniohyoid
