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ENT > anatomy of speech and swallow > Flashcards

anatomy of speech and swallow Flashcards

1
Q

what is highlighted pink and green?

A 
pink= vermillion border of the lips
green= buccal fat bad
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2
Q

what occurs to buccal fat pad when a patient is ill?

A
  • its lost in illness, giving the appearance of ‘sunken cheeks
  • clinical sign of malnutrition
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3
Q

what are the muscles of mastication?

A
  • masseter
  • temporalis
  • lateral pterygoid
  • medial pterygoid
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4
Q

what are the circle and square pointing to?

A

square= lateral pterygoid

circle=medial pterygoid

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5
Q

role of lateral pterygoid?

A
  • one of the muscles of mastication

- plays a role in the opening of the mouth

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6
Q

role of medial pterygoid?

A
  • one of the muscles of mastication

- plays a role in closing the mouth

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7
Q

what are the circle and square?

A

circle= orbicularis oris

square=buccinator

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8
Q

what is the role of the orbicularis oris?

A

-acts as a sphincter around the area of the mouth

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9
Q

what is the role of the buccinator?

A

-assists in aligning a food bolus between the dentition

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10
Q

what role does the temporalis muscle have?

A
  • one of the muscles of mastication

- plays a role in shutting the mouth

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11
Q

what role does the masseter muscle have?

A
  • one of the muscles of mastication

- plays a role in closing the mouth

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12
Q

what is this muscle?

A

temporalis

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13
Q

what is this muscle?

A

masseter

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14
Q

what joint is used in mastication?

A

temporomandibular joint

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15
Q

what makes up the temporomandibular joint?

A
  • mandibular condyle
  • glenoid fossa of temporal bone
  • articular tubercle of temporal bone
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16
Q

what can the muscles of the tongue be divided into?

A

-intrinsic and extrinsic groups of skeletal muscle

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17
Q

what muscles are red, orange, blue and green?

A 
red= palatoglossus
orange= styloglossus
blue= genioglossus
green= hyoglossus
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18
Q

what are the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A
  • palatoglossus (attaches to hard palate)
  • styloglossus (attaches to the styloid process)
  • genioglossus (attaches to geniotubercule)
  • hyoglossus (attaches to hyoid bone)
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19
Q

what nerves innervate the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

CN XII (hypoglossal nerve) innervates hyoglossus, styloglossus and genioglossus

CNX (vagus nerve) innervates the palatoglossus

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20
Q

what extrinsic muscles of the tongue are red and green?

A

green= hyoglossus

red=genioglossus

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21
Q

what do the extrinsic group of muscles do to the tongue?

A

they control movement of tongue around the oral cavity

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22
Q

what do the intrinsic group of muscles do to the tongue?

A

change the shape of the tongue in speech and swallowing

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23
Q

what are the 4 fibre directions associated with intrinsic tongue muscles?

A
  • superior longitudinal
  • inferior longitudinal
  • horizontal
  • vertical
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24
Q

what is the soft palate?

A
  • the movable posterior 1/3 of the palate

- it has no bony skeleton and uses a series of muscles to move and tighten the fibrous palatine aponeurosis

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25
Q

what does the soft palate do to prevent passage of food into the nasal cavity?

A

-elevates and tenses when swallowing

26
Q

what nerve are the skeletal muscles of the soft palate supplied by?

A
  • vagus nerve (CN X)

- except for tensor veli palatini which is supplied by the mandibular portion of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3)

27
Q

what are the skeletal muscles of the soft palate?

A
  • palatoglossus
  • musculus uvulae
  • palatopharyngeus
  • levator veli palatini
  • tensor veli palatini
28
Q

what is the role of the palatoglossus?

A
  • skeletal muscle of soft palate

- depresses soft palate towards tongue

29
Q

what is the role of the musculus uvulae?

A
  • skeletal muscle of the soft palate

- shortens uvula

30
Q

what is the role of the palatorhayngeus?

A

-elevates pharynx and depresses soft palate

31
Q

what muscles of the soft palate are the blue and orange?

A 
blue= palatoglossus
orange= musculus uvulae
32
Q

what muscle of the soft palate is orange?

A

palatopharyngeus

33
Q

what muscles of the soft palate are blue and orange?

A 
blue= tensor veli palatini
orange= levetaro veli palatini
34
Q

what muscles of the soft palate are blue, red, green and yellow?

A

green= musculus uvulae
yellow= palatopharyngeus
red= tensor veli palatini
blue=levator veli palatini

35
Q

what type of tonsils are red, yellow, green and blue?

A 
red= pharyngeal tonsils
yellow= tubal tonsils
green= palatine tonsils
blue= lingual tonsils
36
Q

where is saliva produced from?

A

-the major and minor seromucous glands

37
Q

what controls the production of saliva from the major and minor seromucous glands?

A

parasympathetic nervous system

38
Q

functions of saliva?

A
  • moisten the oral mucosa
  • moisten food to aid swallowing
  • provides a medium for dissolved food to chemically stimulate taste buds
  • initiate digestion of carbohydrates
  • control bacterial flora through lysozyme activity and immunoglobulin A (IgA)
39
Q

what are the major salivary glands?

A
  • parotid gland
  • submandibular gland
  • sublingual gland
40
Q

what contracts to direct a food posto inferiorly towards the oesophagus?

A

muscles of the phraynx

41
Q

how would you describe the histology of the muscles of the pharynx?

A
  • arranged similar to the smooth muscles of the abdominal GI tract
  • comprised of longitudinal and circularly orientated muscle fibres
42
Q

what does the outer circular layer of muscles of the pharynx consist of?

A
  • 3 constrictor muscles
  • skeletal (voluntary)
  • the sequential contraction of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles, from superior to inferior, forces the bolus of food inferiorly
43
Q

what does the inner longitudinal layer of pharyngeal muscles consist of?

A
  • 3 paired vertical muscles
  • skeletal (voluntary)
  • the longitudinal pharyngeal musculature elevates the larynx and shortens the pharynx
44
Q

what are the pharyngeal muscles in red, yellow, green and blue?

A 
red= stylopharyngeus
yellow= superior pharyngeal constrictor
green= middle pharyngeal constrictor
blue= inferior pharyngeal constrictor
45
Q

what nerves innervate the superior, middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles and the stylopharyngeus?

A

superior, middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles innervated by CN X (vagus)

Stylopharyngeus innervated by CN IX (glossopharyngeal nerve)

46
Q

what are the bilateral pairs of longitudinal muscles in the pharynx?

A
  • stylopharyngeus
  • salpinopharyngeus
  • palatopharyngeus
47
Q

what are the bilateral pairs of constrictor muscles in the pharynx?

A
  • superior pharyngeal constrictor
  • middle pharyngeal constrictor
  • inferior pharyngeal constrictor
48
Q

what is the role of the muscles of the larynx?

A
  • they function to control sphincter mechanism of the true vocal cords
  • they abduct, adduct, tense and relax vocal cords to allow the passage of air from respiration and acts as a protective mechanism, preventing aspiration of unwanted material
49
Q

what is in the blue and red?

A 
blue= thyrohyoid membrane
red= cricoathyroid joint
50
Q

what is in the blue, red, green and yellow?

A 
blue= quadrangular membrane (between vestibular ligament and epiglottis)
green= cricoarytenoid joint
yellow= conus elasticus (between cricoid and vocal ligament)
red= vocal ligament
51
Q

what muscle is this?

A

-cricothyroid muscle

52
Q

what is the role of the cricothyroid muscle?

A
  • tenses vocal ligaments, when tensed it makes voice sound more high pitched (like tuning a guitar)
  • acts on cricothyroid joint
53
Q

where does the cricothyroid muscle attach?

A

anterolateral cricoid cartilage to the inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage

54
Q

what is this muscle?

A

-thyroarytenoid muscle

55
Q

what is the role of the thyroarytenoid muscle?

A

-relaxes the vocal ligament by acting on the cricoarytenoid joint

56
Q

where does the thyroarytenoid muscle attach to?

A

posterior thyroid to anterior arytenoid cartilage

57
Q

which are the greater and which are the lesser horns of the hyoid bone?

A

greater= the ones that are at the top of both sides of the ‘u’ shape

lesser=other ones in the curve of the ‘u’ shape

58
Q

which bone is the only bone in the human body not directly connected to another bone?

A

hyoid bone

59
Q

what is the function of the hyoid bone?

A

-to allow attachments of muscles while maintaining the patency of the airway

60
Q

what are the muscles in blue, red, yellow and green?

A 
blue= omohyoid
red= sternohyoid
green= sternothyroid
yellow= thyrohyoid
61
Q

what are the muscles in blue, red, yellow and green?

A 
blue= stylohyoid
yellow= digastric 
red= geniohyoid 
green= mylohyoid
62
Q

what are labelled blue, red, yellow and green?

A 
green= digastric
red= mandible
yellow= mylohyoid
blue= geniohyoid

ENT (33 decks)

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