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ENT > anatomy > Flashcards

anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

neurocranium (the upper and back part of the skull)

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2
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

viscerocranium

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3
Q

what is highlighted light yellow?

A

ethmoid

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4
Q

what is highlighted light green (on top of the head)?

A

frontal bone

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5
Q

what is highlighted brown?

A

inferior conchae

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6
Q

what is highlighted in the darkest blue (near eye socket)?

A

lacrimal

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7
Q

what is highlighted in the 2nd darkest blue (on mouth part)?

A

mandible

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8
Q

what is highlighted purple?

A

maxilla

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9
Q

what is highlighted khaki green? (nose part)

A

nasal

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10
Q

what is highlighted peach orange? (on the top side)

A

parietal

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11
Q

what is highlighted red/orangy?

A

sphenoid

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12
Q

what is highlighted orange (lower orange)?

A

temporal

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13
Q

what is highlighted dark green? (nose)

A

vomer

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14
Q

what is highlighted light blue?

A

zygomatic

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15
Q

what is highlighted yellow?

A

cribriform plate

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16
Q

what is highlighted light green?

A

frontal

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17
Q

what is highlighted orange?

A

temporal

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18
Q

what is highlighted pinky/purple?

A

occipital

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19
Q

what is highlighted red/dark orange?

A

sphenoid

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20
Q

what is highlighted prach (at the side)?

A

parietal

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21
Q

what is highlighted dark purple?

A

maxilla

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22
Q

what is labelled with the arrows?

A

occipital condyles

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23
Q

what is labelled with the arrow?

A

dens/odontoid process

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24
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

superior orbital fissure

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25
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

foramen rotundum

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26
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

internal acoustic meatus

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27
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

hypoglossal canal

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28
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

cribriform plate of ethmoid

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29
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

foramen ovale

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30
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

jugular foramen

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31
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

foramen magnum

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32
Q

what nerve exits the foramen ovale?

A 
Trigeminal nerve (CNV)
-mandibular nerve (V3)
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33
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

-foramen ovale

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34
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

external acoustic meatus

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35
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

stylomastoid foramen

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36
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

foramen magnum

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37
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

jugular foramen

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38
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

lesser palatine foramen

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39
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

greater palatine Forman

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40
Q

what is this circle called?

A

pterion (very structurally weak due to being the site where the frontal, parietal, sphenoid and temporal bones join)

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41
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

perpendicular plate of the ethmoid

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42
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

septal cartilage

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43
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

vomer

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44
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

medial pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone

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45
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

right palatine bone

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46
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

right maxilla

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47
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

superior concha

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48
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

middle concha

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49
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

inferior concha

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50
Q

role of concha?

A

-rapid warming and humidification of air

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51
Q

what are concha without a mucosal membrane called?

A

turbinates

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52
Q

what are a, b, c and d?

A

a= sphenoethmoidal recess

b=superior meatus

c=middle meatus

d=inferior meatus

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53
Q

what are 1, 2 and 3?

A

1= superior nasal concha

2=middle nasal concha

3=inferior nasal concha

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54
Q

how many pairs of bilateral sinuses does the cranium have?

A

four bilateral pairs of sinuses (paranasal sinuses)

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55
Q

role of paranasal sinuses?

A
  • reduce weight of skull

- assist with resonance of voice

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56
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

ethmoidal air cells

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57
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

sphenoid sinuses

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58
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

maxillary sinus

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59
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

frontal sinus

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60
Q

what are sinuses lined with?

A

-respiratory epithelium

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61
Q

what are the 4 bilateral sinuses?

A
  • frontal sinus
  • ethmoid sinus
  • maxillary sinus
  • sphenoid sinus
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62
Q

what occurs if the mucosal membrane of your sinuses become inflamed?

A

sinusitis

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63
Q

what are the boudaries of the oropharynx?

A

from the soft palate to the superior border of the epiglottis

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64
Q

what is borders of the nasoparhynx?

A

-posterior to the nasal cavity (concha) to the soft palate

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65
Q

what are the boundaries of the laryngopharynx?

A

-superior border of the epiglottis to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage

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66
Q

what type of function do the nasopharynx, oropharynx and the laryngopharynx have?

A

nasopharynx= respiratory function

oropharynx= digestive function

laryngopharynx= digestive function

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67
Q

what is the red arrow pointing to?

A

thyrohyoid membrane

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68
Q

what is the yellow circle?

A

cricothyroid joint

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69
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

superior horn of the thyroid cartilage

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70
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage

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71
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

cricothyroid joint

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72
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

cricoid cartilage

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73
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

arytenoid cartilages

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74
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

cricoarytenoid joint

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75
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

cricoid cartilage

76
Q

whar is the circle pointing to?

A

rima glottidis

77
Q

what is highlighted pink and blue?

A 
pink= true vocal cord (vocal fold)
blue= false vocal cord (vestibular fold)
78
Q

what bone do the superior and middle nasal concha form?

A

ethnoid bone

79
Q

what foramen is located in the ethmoid?

A

anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramen

80
Q

what is highlighted pink, blue and orange?

A

pink= anterior and posterior ethmoid foramen

orange= incisive foramen

blue=sphenopalatine foramen

81
Q

what is this red circle?

A
  • Kisselbach’s plexus

- (little’s area)

82
Q

what is the role of Kiesselbach’s plexus?

A

-a vascular network formed by 5 arteries that supply the oxygenated blood to the nasal septum

83
Q

which artery do the anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries arise from?

A

ophthalmic artery

84
Q

what is highlighted blue and what is highlighted orange?

A 
blue= posterior ethmoidal artery
orange= anterior ethmoidal artery
85
Q

how does the anterior ethmoidal artery enter the nasal cavity?

A

pierces through the ethmoidal bone, enter the nasal cavity and move down the tip of the nose

86
Q

True or False

Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries are bi lateral

A

true

  • one set goes on lateral wall
  • one goes onto nasal septum (to join into kiesselbach’s plexus)
87
Q

what does the ophalmic artery branch off from?

A

internal carotid

88
Q

what artery fo the sphenopalatine artery and greater palatine artery come off of?

A

the maxillary artery

89
Q

what is highlighted pink and what is highlighted blue?

A

blue= sphenopalatine artery

pink=greater palatine artery

90
Q

True/False

The sphenopalatine and greater palatine arteries only cover the lateral nasal wall

A

False- both are on the lateral side and nasal septum where they make up Kiesselbachs plexus

91
Q

what is the maxillary artery a branch of?

A

external carotid

92
Q

what branch of the external carotid artery is highlighted pink?

A

maxillary

93
Q

what is highlighted pink and what is highlighted blue?

A 
pink= lateral nasal artery
blue= septal branch of superior labial artery
94
Q

what artery do the lateral nasal artery and the septal branch of the superior labial artery branch off of?

A

facial artery

95
Q

which side is the lateral nasal artery on?

A

lateral side of the face

96
Q

which side is the septal branch of superior labial artery on?

A

nasal septum side where it contributes to Kiesselbach’s plexus

97
Q

what contributes to Kiesselbach’s plexus? (5 arteries)

A
  • septal branch of superior labial artery
  • greater palatine artery
  • sphenopalatine artery
  • anterior ethmoidal artery
  • posterior ethmoidal artery
98
Q

what is highlighted orange and purple?

A

orange= branch of superior labial artery

purple=facial artery

99
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

zygomatic process

100
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

squamous portion

101
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

petrous portion

102
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

external acoustic meatus

103
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

mastoid process

104
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

styloid process

105
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

zygomatic process of temporal bone

106
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

glenoid mandibular fossa

107
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

styloid process

108
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

stylomastoid foramen

109
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

mastoid process

110
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

extracranial opening into carotid canal

111
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

area of intracranial opening of the carotid canal

112
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

grooves from the middle meningeal artery

113
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

internal acoustic meatus

114
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

internal jugular foramen

115
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

squamous portion

116
Q

what is the external ear composed of?

A
  • cartilaginous pinna (auricle)

- external acoustic meatus (ear canal)

117
Q

what is the medial end of the external acoustic meatus marked by?

A

the tympanic membrane

118
Q

what is the cartilaginous pinna (auricle) formed by?

A

elastic cartilage attached to the temporal bone and encased in skin

119
Q

what is the lateral 1/3rd of the external acoustic meatus formed by?

A

cartilage

120
Q

what produces ear wax and how?

A
  • the external acoustic meatus does

- it contains ceruminous glands which secrete ear wax

121
Q

what is highlighted?

A 
blue= helix
purple= anti helix
red= anti tragus
yellow= ear lobe
green= tragus
orange= concha
122
Q

what nerve conducts pain to the area highlighted purple?

A

Greater auricular nerve (C2,C3)

123
Q

what nerve conducts pain to the area highlighted yellow?

A

CNVII (facial nerve)

124
Q

what nerve conducts pain to the area highlighted orange?

A

CN 2,3 via the lesser occipital nerve

125
Q

what nerve conducts pain to the area highlighted green?

A

auriculotemporal nerve CNV3 (superior parts of the EAM and most of the tympanic membrane)

126
Q

what nerve conducts pain to the area highlighted blue?

A

auricular branch of vagus nerve (inferior parts of the EAM & tympanic membrane)

127
Q

what is used to examine the external EAM and tympanic membrane?

A

an otoscope

128
Q

how does the external acoustic meatus differ in adult vs child?

A

adult- curved

child- short and straight

129
Q

how would you use a otoscope in an adult vs a child?

A

Child= EAM short and straight, pull the auricle posteroinferiorly

Adult= EAM curved, pull auricle posterosuperiorly

130
Q

what is the thin part of the tympanic membrane called?

A

pars flaccida

131
Q

what is the thick part of the tympanic membrane called?

A

pars tensa

132
Q

what is the most inwardly depressed part of the tympanic membrane called?

A

umbo

133
Q

what part of the ear is this?

A

malleus

134
Q

what part of the ear is this?

A

incus

135
Q

what part of the ear is this?

A

stapes

136
Q

what type of joints connect the auditory ossicles?

A

-small synovial joints

137
Q

what muscle connects at the stapes?

A

-stapedius

138
Q

what nerve innervates the stapedius muscle?

A

CN VII (facial nerve)

139
Q

what muscle inserts in the malleus?

A

tensor tympani

140
Q

what innervates the tensor tympani?

A

CN V3 (mandibular nerve)

141
Q

what is the tympanic cavity?

A

-a narrow air filled chamber in the petrous portion of the temporal bone, containing apparatus for the middle ear

142
Q

what are the two parts of the tympanic cavity?

A
  • tympanic cavity proper

- epitympanic recess

143
Q

what wall of the tympanic cavity is the tympanic membrane found on?

A

lateral wall

144
Q

what is found on the posterior wall of the tympanic cavity?

A

-it has an opening in the epitympanic recess, called the mastoid aditus, which opens in to the air cells of the mastoid process

145
Q

what is found on the roof of the tympanic cavity?

A

-a thin plate of bone separating the tympanic cavity from the middle cranial fossa

146
Q

what is found on the floor of the tympanic cavity?

A

-closely related to the internal jugular vein

147
Q

what are some features of the medial wall of the tympanic cavity?

A
  • oval window (received footplate of stapes)
  • round window (dissipates forces from cochlear)
  • promontory (bump from the basal/first turn of the cochlear)
  • facial canal (contains facial nerve CN VII)
148
Q

what artery is closesly related ot the anterior wall of the tympanic cavity?

A

internal carotid artery

149
Q

what are two main features of the tympanic cavity?

A
  • eustachian tube

- chorda tympani

150
Q

where is the eustachian tube located?

A

-from the tympanic cavity to the nasopharynx, posteriorly to the inferior nasal concha

151
Q

what is the function of the eustachian tube?

A

-equalise air pressure between the middle ear and nasopharynx

152
Q

what is the eustachain tube formed by?

A
  • the posterior third is formed by bone, while the remaining is cartilage
  • its cartilaginous section is usually collapsed and only becomes patent during muscular contraction
153
Q

what is the feature of the nasopharynx caused by the cartilaginous opening of the eustachain tube called?

A

torus tubarius

154
Q

what does the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) provide sensory innervation to the mucosa of?

A
  • middle ear cavity
  • eustachian tube
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • palatine tonsils
155
Q

why can tonsilitis or pharyngitis be referred to the ears causing otalgia (earache)?

A

because the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) provides sensory innervations to the palatine tonsils and oropharynx as well as middle ear cavity and eustachian tube in the ear

156
Q

why do kids more commonly experience ear infections?

A
  • more susceptible to getting infections due to not fully developed immune system
  • smaller eustachian tube so infection can travel to ears easier
157
Q

what is otalgia?

A

ear ache

158
Q

what is the cochlear responsible for?

A

hearing

159
Q

what is the semicircular canals, utricle and saccule responsible for? (vestibular system)

A

balance

160
Q

what does the bony labyrynth consist of?

A
  • chochlear
  • vestibule
  • semicircular canals
161
Q

how many semicircular canals are there and what are there names?

A

3
superior (anterior) semicircular canal
lateral semicircular canal
posterior semicircular canal

162
Q

what is the bony labyrinth filled with?

A

perilymph

163
Q

what is membranous labyrinth filled with?

A

endolymph

164
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

endolymphatic sac

165
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

utricle

166
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

saccule

167
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

cochlear duct

168
Q

what cells are responsible for the conversion of mechanical to neural stimuli?

A

specialised mechanoreceptor cells called hair cells

169
Q

where are vestibular apparatus hair cells located?

A

-in the maculae of the utricle and saccule, and the ampullae of the semicircular ducts

170
Q

what is the role of hair cells?

A

-convey fluid motion into neural stimuli, which travel to the CNS via the vestibular nerve (a division of the vestibulochlear nerve)

171
Q

where are the cell bodies of the vestibular nerve located in?

A

vestibular ganglion

172
Q

what is the cochlear divided into?

A

3 fluid filled channels:

  • scala vestibuli
  • scala tympani
  • cochlear duct (scala media)
173
Q

where are the scala vestibuli and scala tympani continuous with eachother?

A

-at the apex of the cochlear (helicotrema)

174
Q

what is the apex of the cochlear (smallest part) also called?

A

helicotrema

175
Q

what is the bony core of the cochlear called?

A

-the modiolus

176
Q

what does the modiolus (bony coreof the cochlear) contain?

A

-canals conveying blood vessels and distributing branches of the cochlear nerve

177
Q

what is highlighted orange, blue, green, pink and yellow?

A 
orange= scala vestibuli
blue= cochlear duct
green= organ of corti
pink= scala tympani
yellow= spiral ganglion
178
Q

which part of the cochlear apparatus is a component of the membranous labyrinth?

A

the cochlear duct

179
Q

where are cochlear hair cells located?

A

-in a specialised region of the cochlear duct called the organ of corti

180
Q

how are action potentials transmitted in the cochlear apparatus?

A
  • the organ of corti converts fluid vibrations into neural action potentials using the hair cells
  • these action potentials travel along neurone that form the cochlear nerve, division of the vestibulocochlear. nerve (CN VIII)
181
Q

what is the somatic sensation of the facial nerve?

A

-minor sensory innervation to the concha of the pinna (external ever)

182
Q

what is the facial nerves special sensation?

A

-it allows for taste in the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue

183
Q

what are some of the facial nerves roles in supplying somatic motor?

A
  • muscles of facial expression
  • posterior belly of the digastric muscle and stylohyiod
  • stapedius
184
Q

what are some of the facial nerves roles in supplying viceral motor?

A
  • parasympathetic supply to lacrimal gland
  • parasympathetic supply to submandibular and sublingual gland
  • parasympathetic supply to minor glands of the nasal cavity and palate
185
Q

what is found on the lateral wall of the tympanic cavity?

A
  • tympanic membrane

- lateral wall of epitympanic recess

ENT (33 decks)

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