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anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

neurocranium (the upper and back part of the skull)

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2
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

viscerocranium

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3
Q

what is highlighted light yellow?

A

ethmoid

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4
Q

what is highlighted light green (on top of the head)?

A

frontal bone

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5
Q

what is highlighted brown?

A

inferior conchae

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6
Q

what is highlighted in the darkest blue (near eye socket)?

A

lacrimal

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7
Q

what is highlighted in the 2nd darkest blue (on mouth part)?

A

mandible

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8
Q

what is highlighted purple?

A

maxilla

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9
Q

what is highlighted khaki green? (nose part)

A

nasal

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10
Q

what is highlighted peach orange? (on the top side)

A

parietal

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11
Q

what is highlighted red/orangy?

A

sphenoid

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12
Q

what is highlighted orange (lower orange)?

A

temporal

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13
Q

what is highlighted dark green? (nose)

A

vomer

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14
Q

what is highlighted light blue?

A

zygomatic

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15
Q

what is highlighted yellow?

A

cribriform plate

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16
Q

what is highlighted light green?

A

frontal

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17
Q

what is highlighted orange?

A

temporal

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18
Q

what is highlighted pinky/purple?

A

occipital

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19
Q

what is highlighted red/dark orange?

A

sphenoid

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20
Q

what is highlighted prach (at the side)?

A

parietal

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21
Q

what is highlighted dark purple?

A

maxilla

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22
Q

what is labelled with the arrows?

A

occipital condyles

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23
Q

what is labelled with the arrow?

A

dens/odontoid process

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24
Q

what is highlighted blue?

A

superior orbital fissure

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25
what is highlighted blue?
foramen rotundum
26
what is highlighted blue?
internal acoustic meatus
27
what is highlighted blue?
hypoglossal canal
28
what is highlighted blue?
cribriform plate of ethmoid
29
what is highlighted blue?
foramen ovale
30
what is highlighted blue?
jugular foramen
31
what is highlighted blue?
foramen magnum
32
what nerve exits the foramen ovale?
``` Trigeminal nerve (CNV) -mandibular nerve (V3) ```
33
what is highlighted blue?
-foramen ovale
34
what is highlighted blue?
external acoustic meatus
35
what is highlighted blue?
stylomastoid foramen
36
what is highlighted blue?
foramen magnum
37
what is highlighted blue?
jugular foramen
38
what is highlighted blue?
lesser palatine foramen
39
what is highlighted blue?
greater palatine Forman
40
what is this circle called?
pterion (very structurally weak due to being the site where the frontal, parietal, sphenoid and temporal bones join)
41
what is highlighted blue?
perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
42
what is highlighted blue?
septal cartilage
43
what is highlighted blue?
vomer
44
what is highlighted blue?
medial pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone
45
what is highlighted blue?
right palatine bone
46
what is highlighted blue?
right maxilla
47
what is highlighted blue?
superior concha
48
what is highlighted blue?
middle concha
49
what is highlighted blue?
inferior concha
50
role of concha?
-rapid warming and humidification of air
51
what are concha without a mucosal membrane called?
turbinates
52
what are a, b, c and d?
a= sphenoethmoidal recess b=superior meatus c=middle meatus d=inferior meatus
53
what are 1, 2 and 3?
1= superior nasal concha 2=middle nasal concha 3=inferior nasal concha
54
how many pairs of bilateral sinuses does the cranium have?
four bilateral pairs of sinuses (paranasal sinuses)
55
role of paranasal sinuses?
- reduce weight of skull | - assist with resonance of voice
56
what is highlighted blue?
ethmoidal air cells
57
what is highlighted blue?
sphenoid sinuses
58
what is highlighted blue?
maxillary sinus
59
what is highlighted blue?
frontal sinus
60
what are sinuses lined with?
-respiratory epithelium
61
what are the 4 bilateral sinuses?
- frontal sinus - ethmoid sinus - maxillary sinus - sphenoid sinus
62
what occurs if the mucosal membrane of your sinuses become inflamed?
sinusitis
63
what are the boudaries of the oropharynx?
from the soft palate to the superior border of the epiglottis
64
what is borders of the nasoparhynx?
-posterior to the nasal cavity (concha) to the soft palate
65
what are the boundaries of the laryngopharynx?
-superior border of the epiglottis to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage
66
what type of function do the nasopharynx, oropharynx and the laryngopharynx have?
nasopharynx= respiratory function oropharynx= digestive function laryngopharynx= digestive function
67
what is the red arrow pointing to?
thyrohyoid membrane
68
what is the yellow circle?
cricothyroid joint
69
what is highlighted blue?
superior horn of the thyroid cartilage
70
what is highlighted blue?
inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage
71
what is highlighted blue?
cricothyroid joint
72
what is highlighted blue?
cricoid cartilage
73
what is highlighted blue?
arytenoid cartilages
74
what is highlighted blue?
cricoarytenoid joint
75
what is highlighted blue?
cricoid cartilage
76
whar is the circle pointing to?
rima glottidis
77
what is highlighted pink and blue?
``` pink= true vocal cord (vocal fold) blue= false vocal cord (vestibular fold) ```
78
what bone do the superior and middle nasal concha form?
ethnoid bone
79
what foramen is located in the ethmoid?
anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramen
80
what is highlighted pink, blue and orange?
pink= anterior and posterior ethmoid foramen orange= incisive foramen blue=sphenopalatine foramen
81
what is this red circle?
- Kisselbach's plexus | - (little's area)
82
what is the role of Kiesselbach's plexus?
-a vascular network formed by 5 arteries that supply the oxygenated blood to the nasal septum
83
which artery do the anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries arise from?
ophthalmic artery
84
what is highlighted blue and what is highlighted orange?
``` blue= posterior ethmoidal artery orange= anterior ethmoidal artery ```
85
how does the anterior ethmoidal artery enter the nasal cavity?
pierces through the ethmoidal bone, enter the nasal cavity and move down the tip of the nose
86
True or False Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries are bi lateral
true - one set goes on lateral wall - one goes onto nasal septum (to join into kiesselbach's plexus)
87
what does the ophalmic artery branch off from?
internal carotid
88
what artery fo the sphenopalatine artery and greater palatine artery come off of?
the maxillary artery
89
what is highlighted pink and what is highlighted blue?
blue= sphenopalatine artery | pink=greater palatine artery
90
True/False The sphenopalatine and greater palatine arteries only cover the lateral nasal wall
False- both are on the lateral side and nasal septum where they make up Kiesselbachs plexus
91
what is the maxillary artery a branch of?
external carotid
92
what branch of the external carotid artery is highlighted pink?
maxillary
93
what is highlighted pink and what is highlighted blue?
``` pink= lateral nasal artery blue= septal branch of superior labial artery ```
94
what artery do the lateral nasal artery and the septal branch of the superior labial artery branch off of?
facial artery
95
which side is the lateral nasal artery on?
lateral side of the face
96
which side is the septal branch of superior labial artery on?
nasal septum side where it contributes to Kiesselbach's plexus
97
what contributes to Kiesselbach's plexus? (5 arteries)
- septal branch of superior labial artery - greater palatine artery - sphenopalatine artery - anterior ethmoidal artery - posterior ethmoidal artery
98
what is highlighted orange and purple?
orange= branch of superior labial artery | purple=facial artery
99
what is highlighted blue?
zygomatic process
100
what is highlighted blue?
squamous portion
101
what is highlighted blue?
petrous portion
102
what is highlighted blue?
external acoustic meatus
103
what is highlighted blue?
mastoid process
104
what is highlighted blue?
styloid process
105
what is highlighted blue?
zygomatic process of temporal bone
106
what is highlighted blue?
glenoid mandibular fossa
107
what is highlighted blue?
styloid process
108
what is highlighted blue?
stylomastoid foramen
109
what is highlighted blue?
mastoid process
110
what is highlighted blue?
extracranial opening into carotid canal
111
what is highlighted blue?
area of intracranial opening of the carotid canal
112
what is highlighted blue?
grooves from the middle meningeal artery
113
what is highlighted blue?
internal acoustic meatus
114
what is highlighted blue?
internal jugular foramen
115
what is highlighted blue?
squamous portion
116
what is the external ear composed of?
- cartilaginous pinna (auricle) | - external acoustic meatus (ear canal)
117
what is the medial end of the external acoustic meatus marked by?
the tympanic membrane
118
what is the cartilaginous pinna (auricle) formed by?
elastic cartilage attached to the temporal bone and encased in skin
119
what is the lateral 1/3rd of the external acoustic meatus formed by?
cartilage
120
what produces ear wax and how?
- the external acoustic meatus does | - it contains ceruminous glands which secrete ear wax
121
what is highlighted?
``` blue= helix purple= anti helix red= anti tragus yellow= ear lobe green= tragus orange= concha ```
122
what nerve conducts pain to the area highlighted purple?
Greater auricular nerve (C2,C3)
123
what nerve conducts pain to the area highlighted yellow?
CNVII (facial nerve)
124
what nerve conducts pain to the area highlighted orange?
CN 2,3 via the lesser occipital nerve
125
what nerve conducts pain to the area highlighted green?
auriculotemporal nerve CNV3 (superior parts of the EAM and most of the tympanic membrane)
126
what nerve conducts pain to the area highlighted blue?
auricular branch of vagus nerve (inferior parts of the EAM & tympanic membrane)
127
what is used to examine the external EAM and tympanic membrane?
an otoscope
128
how does the external acoustic meatus differ in adult vs child?
adult- curved | child- short and straight
129
how would you use a otoscope in an adult vs a child?
Child= EAM short and straight, pull the auricle posteroinferiorly Adult= EAM curved, pull auricle posterosuperiorly
130
what is the thin part of the tympanic membrane called?
pars flaccida
131
what is the thick part of the tympanic membrane called?
pars tensa
132
what is the most inwardly depressed part of the tympanic membrane called?
umbo
133
what part of the ear is this?
malleus
134
what part of the ear is this?
incus
135
what part of the ear is this?
stapes
136
what type of joints connect the auditory ossicles?
-small synovial joints
137
what muscle connects at the stapes?
-stapedius
138
what nerve innervates the stapedius muscle?
CN VII (facial nerve)
139
what muscle inserts in the malleus?
tensor tympani
140
what innervates the tensor tympani?
CN V3 (mandibular nerve)
141
what is the tympanic cavity?
-a narrow air filled chamber in the petrous portion of the temporal bone, containing apparatus for the middle ear
142
what are the two parts of the tympanic cavity?
- tympanic cavity proper | - epitympanic recess
143
what wall of the tympanic cavity is the tympanic membrane found on?
lateral wall
144
what is found on the posterior wall of the tympanic cavity?
-it has an opening in the epitympanic recess, called the mastoid aditus, which opens in to the air cells of the mastoid process
145
what is found on the roof of the tympanic cavity?
-a thin plate of bone separating the tympanic cavity from the middle cranial fossa
146
what is found on the floor of the tympanic cavity?
-closely related to the internal jugular vein
147
what are some features of the medial wall of the tympanic cavity?
- oval window (received footplate of stapes) - round window (dissipates forces from cochlear) - promontory (bump from the basal/first turn of the cochlear) - facial canal (contains facial nerve CN VII)
148
what artery is closesly related ot the anterior wall of the tympanic cavity?
internal carotid artery
149
what are two main features of the tympanic cavity?
- eustachian tube | - chorda tympani
150
where is the eustachian tube located?
-from the tympanic cavity to the nasopharynx, posteriorly to the inferior nasal concha
151
what is the function of the eustachian tube?
-equalise air pressure between the middle ear and nasopharynx
152
what is the eustachain tube formed by?
- the posterior third is formed by bone, while the remaining is cartilage - its cartilaginous section is usually collapsed and only becomes patent during muscular contraction
153
what is the feature of the nasopharynx caused by the cartilaginous opening of the eustachain tube called?
torus tubarius
154
what does the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) provide sensory innervation to the mucosa of?
- middle ear cavity - eustachian tube - nasopharynx - oropharynx - palatine tonsils
155
why can tonsilitis or pharyngitis be referred to the ears causing otalgia (earache)?
because the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) provides sensory innervations to the palatine tonsils and oropharynx as well as middle ear cavity and eustachian tube in the ear
156
why do kids more commonly experience ear infections?
- more susceptible to getting infections due to not fully developed immune system - smaller eustachian tube so infection can travel to ears easier
157
what is otalgia?
ear ache
158
what is the cochlear responsible for?
hearing
159
what is the semicircular canals, utricle and saccule responsible for? (vestibular system)
balance
160
what does the bony labyrynth consist of?
- chochlear - vestibule - semicircular canals
161
how many semicircular canals are there and what are there names?
3 superior (anterior) semicircular canal lateral semicircular canal posterior semicircular canal
162
what is the bony labyrinth filled with?
perilymph
163
what is membranous labyrinth filled with?
endolymph
164
what is highlighted blue?
endolymphatic sac
165
what is highlighted blue?
utricle
166
what is highlighted blue?
saccule
167
what is highlighted blue?
cochlear duct
168
what cells are responsible for the conversion of mechanical to neural stimuli?
specialised mechanoreceptor cells called hair cells
169
where are vestibular apparatus hair cells located?
-in the maculae of the utricle and saccule, and the ampullae of the semicircular ducts
170
what is the role of hair cells?
-convey fluid motion into neural stimuli, which travel to the CNS via the vestibular nerve (a division of the vestibulochlear nerve)
171
where are the cell bodies of the vestibular nerve located in?
vestibular ganglion
172
what is the cochlear divided into?
3 fluid filled channels: - scala vestibuli - scala tympani - cochlear duct (scala media)
173
where are the scala vestibuli and scala tympani continuous with eachother?
-at the apex of the cochlear (helicotrema)
174
what is the apex of the cochlear (smallest part) also called?
helicotrema
175
what is the bony core of the cochlear called?
-the modiolus
176
what does the modiolus (bony coreof the cochlear) contain?
-canals conveying blood vessels and distributing branches of the cochlear nerve
177
what is highlighted orange, blue, green, pink and yellow?
``` orange= scala vestibuli blue= cochlear duct green= organ of corti pink= scala tympani yellow= spiral ganglion ```
178
which part of the cochlear apparatus is a component of the membranous labyrinth?
the cochlear duct
179
where are cochlear hair cells located?
-in a specialised region of the cochlear duct called the organ of corti
180
how are action potentials transmitted in the cochlear apparatus?
- the organ of corti converts fluid vibrations into neural action potentials using the hair cells - these action potentials travel along neurone that form the cochlear nerve, division of the vestibulocochlear. nerve (CN VIII)
181
what is the somatic sensation of the facial nerve?
-minor sensory innervation to the concha of the pinna (external ever)
182
what is the facial nerves special sensation?
-it allows for taste in the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue
183
what are some of the facial nerves roles in supplying somatic motor?
- muscles of facial expression - posterior belly of the digastric muscle and stylohyiod - stapedius
184
what are some of the facial nerves roles in supplying viceral motor?
- parasympathetic supply to lacrimal gland - parasympathetic supply to submandibular and sublingual gland - parasympathetic supply to minor glands of the nasal cavity and palate
185
what is found on the lateral wall of the tympanic cavity?
- tympanic membrane | - lateral wall of epitympanic recess

ENT (33 decks)

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