Anatomy midterm study guide Flashcards
superior
toward the head
inferior
away from the head
anterior
front of the body
posterior
back of the body
ventral
toward the stomach
dorsal
toward the back
proximal
closer to the point of attachment
distal
away from the point of attachment
medial
toward the midline of the body
medial
toward the midline of the body
lateral
away from the midline of the body
superficial
toward the surface of the body
deep
away from the surface of the body
stimulus
its a signal which an organism responds to
receptor
it monitors the valuable of the variable
control center
establishes the set point
effector
can change the variable
what is an organelle
specialized structure that preforms important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell
nucleus
control center of the cell
ribosome
site of protein synathasis
smooth ER
site of lipid synthasis participates in detoxification
Rough ER
many ribosomes attached site of lipid synthasis
golgi apparatus
stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages protein from the endoplasmic reticulum
lysosome
cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials
vacuole
stores nutrients and water that the cell can rely on
mitochondria
powerhouse of the cell and produces ATP energy
vacuole
stores nutrients and water that the cell can rely on
what are the components of the cell membrane
1.composed of a phospholipid bilayer
2.cholestral
3.protein carrier molecules
4.enzymes
5.carbohydrates
what are the function of the protiens in the cell membrane
1.to form the outer boundary of the cell
2.determine what enters and extits the cell
3. provides cell communication and identification
what are the three types of passive transport
Diffusion, facilitated diffusion and omsosis
what is diffusion
is a movement of molecules from an are of higher concentration to an area of a lower concentration
what is facilitated diffusion
is the transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient
what is osmosis
diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
endocytes
process in which a cell engulfs extracellular material through an inward folding of its plasma membrane
exocytosis
a release of substances out of a cell by the fusion of a vesicle within the membrane
is active transport against or down the concentration gradient
against
what is a hypotonic solution
the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes
what is a isotonic solution
when the concentration gradient is the same
what is a hypertonic solution
the solution with the greater concentration of solutes
what are the phases of mitosis in order?
1interphase
2 early prophase
3 late prohase
4 metaphase
5 anaphase
6 telophase
what is interphase?
period of the cell cycle between cell divisions
what is prophase
chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelope dissolves, and spindle form
what is metaphase
chromosomes line up in the middle
what is anaphase
phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
what is telophase
the final phase of cell division, 2 nuclei are formed
what are tissues
a group of similar cells that preform a specific function
list the main types of tissues in the human body
1.epithelial tissue
2 connective tissue
3muscle tissue
4 nervous tissue
what are the 5 functions of the epithelia
- protect underlying structures,
- act as a barrier
- permits the passage of substances
- secrete substances
5 and absorb substances
what does squamous mean?
flat
what does cuboidal mean
cube shaped
what does columnar mean
column shaped
simple squamous
single layer of flat cells
simple cuboidal
single layer of square shaped cells
simple columnar
single layer of column shaped cells
stratefied squamous
multiple layers of flat cells
stratefied cuboidal
multiple layers of square cells
stratefied columnar
is multiple layers of column shaped cells
pseudostratified columnar
a single layer of of thin column shaped cells where the nuclei don’t line up
endocrine gland
is a ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the blood stream
exocrine gland
a gland that releases secretion external or at the surface of an organ by mean of canal or duct
what is connective tissue
connective tissue provides support for the body and collects all its parts
how is connective tissue classified
type ,proportion of cells and extracellular matrix
what are the 7 functions of connective tissue
- enclosing and separating other tissues
- connecting tissues to another
- supporting and moving parts of the body
4.storing compounds
5.cushioning and insolating - transporting
7.protecting
extracellular matrix
the substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consisting of protiens and pollysaccarides
what are the types of connective tissue
1.bone
2.blood
3. loose areolar
4. adipose
5.dense regular
6. hyaline cartilage
function and location of loose areolar
1.throughout the body, under the epithelial layer, basement membrane s between glands , muscles,nerves, and under the skin
2.it makes the skin elastic and helps it to withstand pulling pain.
hyaline cartilage
1.allows growth of long bones
2. provides rigidity with some flexibility in the trachea
3. in the bronchii ,ribs and nose
elastic cartilage
provides rigidity with even more more flexibility then hyaline cartilage because elastic fibers go back to their original shape after being stretched
adipose
- to pack material
- thermal insolater
- energy storage
- protection of organs against injury from being bumped or jarred
blood
- transports oxygen,carbon dioxide, hormones nutrients waste products and other substances
- protect the body from infection
3.involved temperature regulation
bone
1.provides great stregnth 2.supports and protects internal organs such as the brin
3.bone also provides attachment sites for muscles and ligaments
fibroblasts
in connective tissue cells that secretes protein of fibers
chondrocytes
a cartilage cell
osteocytes
bone forming cell
osteoblasts
1.cells that form bone tissue
2. grow and heal existing ones
osteoclasts
breaks it down for remodeling
what is muscle tissue
muscle tissue is composed of cells that have the ability to shorten and contract in order to produce movment of the body parts
skeletal muscle
- volunatary movement
2.striated - attached to bone or other connective tissue
- it controls the movement of the body
cardiac muscle
- has involuntary movement
2.striated
3.it is found in the heart
4.it pumps the blood
smooth muscle
1.involuntary
2. it is smooth
3.found in hollow organs such as the stomach, intestines,skin,eyes
4. it forces fluid throughout tubes
5.control the amount of light entering the eye
what are the 3 muscle tissues?
smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscle
what are the functions of the integrementary system
- protection
- sensation.
- temperature regulation
- excretion
what is the epidermis?
the top layer of the skin (the part you can see)
keratinization
the process lay which cells form fibrils of keratin and hardin
stratum basale
deepest epidermil layer made of a single row of cells that undergo rapid cell division
stratum corneum
the most superficial layer of the epidermis consisting of dead cells
melanin
a pigment that gives the skin color
freckles
flat melanized patches that vary with hereditary and exposure to the sun
what is the dermis
it is the inner layer of the skin
nail
1.outgrowth of the skin
2.composed of keratin
3. at the end of each finger and toe
hair shaft
visible part of the hair
cuticle
the outermost layer of the hair
follicle
tube like depression or pocket in the skin or scalp that contains the hair root
sebaceous gland
oil glands in the skin
dermal papillae
1.found in the upper layer of the dermis
2. creates your fingerprints
fingerprints
the papillary layer is responsible
what are the 2 types of sweat glands
eccrine and apocrine
eccrine
1.it is mecrine secretion
2.far more numerous and abundant on palms, soles of feet, and forehead
3.each is a simple coiled tubular gland
apocrine
associated with hair follicles in the armpits and genital region
burn
injury to the skin due to heat, cold, and friction
cyanosis
a bluish discoleration to the skin due to poor circulation or inadequate oxegenation of the blood
jaundice
yellowing of the skin and whites of eyes due to an accumilation of bile pigment (bilirubin) in the blood
age spots
discoloration caused by sun exposure
goosebumps
occurs when the tiny muscle contract called the arrector pilli muscle
albinism
a genetic condition charecterized by a deficiancy or the absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and irises of the eyes
basal cell carcinoma
1.most common
2.least severe type of skin cancer
3. being with cells in the stratum basale and extends into the dermis
4.often charecterized by light of pearly nodules
malignant melanoma
- most serious form of skin cancer
2.melanocytes often charecterized by black or dark brown patches on the skin - may appear as uneven in texture
- jagged or raised
what are the function of the skeletal system
1.providing major support and structure for the body
2.protect internal organs
3.provides a place for muscle to attach via tendon
4.facilitates movement
5.stores and releases minerals
6. stores fat needed by the body(calcium)
7. bone marrow gives rise to blood cells
what is hydroxyapatite
hardy crystals consisting of calcium and phosphate that forms the bone matrix
diaphysis
short of a long bone
epiphysis
end of a long bone
articular cartilage
hyaline cartilage that cover the ends of bones in synovial joints
medullary cavity
cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow
yellow marrow
soft fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones
red marrow
produces red blood cells
periosteum
double layer of connective tissue that covers and nueroshes the bone
endosteum
membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone
tuberosity
large rounded knob of a bone
compact bone
dense hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum
spongey bone
1.layer of bone tissue that has many small spaces
2.it is found just inside that layer of compact bone
lamellae
1.rings around the central canal
2.site of lacunae
lacunae
small cavities in the bone that contain osteocytes
canaliculi
hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal
haversion canal
channels In the bone that contain blood vessels and nerves
trabeculae
supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongey) bone
what is bone ossification
formation of bone
name and describe 2 types of ossification
1.intramembranous ossification which occurs in connective tissue membrane it begins in areas called ossification centers
2.endochondral ossification occurs within cartilage, the chondrocytes increase in number,then enlarge and die
4 steps of the bone repair
- hematoma formation
2.calus formation,
3.callus ossification
4.bone remodeling
which hormones are involved in calcium homeostasis
pth (parathyroid hormone)
which hormone stimulates osteoclasts
Pth(parathyroid hormone)
what hormone inhibits osteoclasts
calcitonin
3 parts of the axial skeleton
skull, ribs and the vertebral column
main parts of the appendicular skeleton
1.upper limbs
2.lower limps
3.pectoral girdle
4.pelvic girdle
what are the 3 major joints
fibrous, cartiliginous, synovial
fibrous joints
consists of 2 bones united by fibrous tissue that exhibit little or no movment
cartiliginous joints
consists of 2 bones united by cartilage that exhibit slight movement
synovial joints
freely movable joint that contain fluid in a cavity surrounding the ends of articulating bones
3 types of synovial joints
1.plane joint(between the metacarpal bones) with slight movement
2.hinge joint(found in the knee) some movement
3.ball and socket (be found in hip)full movement
osteoporosis
pores are larger in bone which then leads to brittle bone
scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
carpal tunnel
1.cause by compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel
2.charecterized by weakness,pain,disturbances of sensation in the hand and fingers
myofilaments
the contractile protiens, actin, myosin of muscle cells
sarcoplasmic reticulum
specialized endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells
sarcolemma
plasma membrane of a cell
endomysium
connective tissue surrounding a muscle fiber
perimysium
the connective tissue that surrounds fasicles
epimysium
a sheath of fibrous elastic tissue surrounding a muscle
describe the sliding filament model
it is when actin slides past myosin filaments during contraction
steps of the sliding filament model
1.signal travels down the motor neuron
2. calcium is released
3. actin changes shape
4. the cross bridges form
5.ATP creates a power stroke
6.shortening actin filament
neuromuscular junction
point of contact between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell
acetocholine
a neurotransmitter that triggers muscle contraction
action potenial
the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle or nerve cell
actin
the contractile protiens that makes up the thin filaments
myosin
the contractile protien that makes up the thick filaments
