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Quiz study guides > Anatomy midterm study guide > Flashcards

Anatomy midterm study guide Flashcards

1
Q

superior

A

toward the head

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2
Q

inferior

A

away from the head

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3
Q

anterior

A

front of the body

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4
Q

posterior

A

back of the body

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5
Q

ventral

A

toward the stomach

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6
Q

dorsal

A

toward the back

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7
Q

proximal

A

closer to the point of attachment

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8
Q

distal

A

away from the point of attachment

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9
Q

medial

A

toward the midline of the body

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10
Q

medial

A

toward the midline of the body

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11
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline of the body

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12
Q

superficial

A

toward the surface of the body

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13
Q

deep

A

away from the surface of the body

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14
Q

stimulus

A

its a signal which an organism responds to

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15
Q

receptor

A

it monitors the valuable of the variable

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16
Q

control center

A

establishes the set point

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17
Q

effector

A

can change the variable

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18
Q

what is an organelle

A

specialized structure that preforms important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell

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19
Q

nucleus

A

control center of the cell

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20
Q

ribosome

A

site of protein synathasis

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21
Q

smooth ER

A

site of lipid synthasis participates in detoxification

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22
Q

Rough ER

A

many ribosomes attached site of lipid synthasis

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23
Q

golgi apparatus

A

stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages protein from the endoplasmic reticulum

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24
Q

lysosome

A

cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials

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25
Q

vacuole

A

stores nutrients and water that the cell can rely on

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26
Q

mitochondria

A

powerhouse of the cell and produces ATP energy

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27
Q

vacuole

A

stores nutrients and water that the cell can rely on

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28
Q

what are the components of the cell membrane

A

1.composed of a phospholipid bilayer
2.cholestral
3.protein carrier molecules
4.enzymes
5.carbohydrates

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29
Q

what are the function of the protiens in the cell membrane

A

1.to form the outer boundary of the cell
2.determine what enters and extits the cell
3. provides cell communication and identification

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30
Q

what are the three types of passive transport

A

Diffusion, facilitated diffusion and omsosis

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31
Q

what is diffusion

A

is a movement of molecules from an are of higher concentration to an area of a lower concentration

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32
Q

what is facilitated diffusion

A

is the transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient

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33
Q

what is osmosis

A

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

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34
Q

endocytes

A

process in which a cell engulfs extracellular material through an inward folding of its plasma membrane

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35
Q

exocytosis

A

a release of substances out of a cell by the fusion of a vesicle within the membrane

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36
Q

is active transport against or down the concentration gradient

A

against

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37
Q

what is a hypotonic solution

A

the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes

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38
Q

what is a isotonic solution

A

when the concentration gradient is the same

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39
Q

what is a hypertonic solution

A

the solution with the greater concentration of solutes

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40
Q

what are the phases of mitosis in order?

A

1interphase
2 early prophase
3 late prohase
4 metaphase
5 anaphase
6 telophase

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41
Q

what is interphase?

A

period of the cell cycle between cell divisions

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42
Q

what is prophase

A

chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelope dissolves, and spindle form

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43
Q

what is metaphase

A

chromosomes line up in the middle

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44
Q

what is anaphase

A

phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

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45
Q

what is telophase

A

the final phase of cell division, 2 nuclei are formed

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46
Q

what are tissues

A

a group of similar cells that preform a specific function

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47
Q

list the main types of tissues in the human body

A

1.epithelial tissue
2 connective tissue
3muscle tissue
4 nervous tissue

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48
Q

what are the 5 functions of the epithelia

A
  1. protect underlying structures,
  2. act as a barrier
  3. permits the passage of substances
  4. secrete substances
    5 and absorb substances
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49
Q

what does squamous mean?

A

flat

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50
Q

what does cuboidal mean

A

cube shaped

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51
Q

what does columnar mean

A

column shaped

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52
Q

simple squamous

A

single layer of flat cells

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53
Q

simple cuboidal

A

single layer of square shaped cells

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54
Q

simple columnar

A

single layer of column shaped cells

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55
Q

stratefied squamous

A

multiple layers of flat cells

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56
Q

stratefied cuboidal

A

multiple layers of square cells

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57
Q

stratefied columnar

A

is multiple layers of column shaped cells

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58
Q

pseudostratified columnar

A

a single layer of of thin column shaped cells where the nuclei don’t line up

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59
Q

endocrine gland

A

is a ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the blood stream

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60
Q

exocrine gland

A

a gland that releases secretion external or at the surface of an organ by mean of canal or duct

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61
Q

what is connective tissue

A

connective tissue provides support for the body and collects all its parts

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62
Q

how is connective tissue classified

A

type ,proportion of cells and extracellular matrix

63
Q

what are the 7 functions of connective tissue

A
  1. enclosing and separating other tissues
  2. connecting tissues to another
  3. supporting and moving parts of the body
    4.storing compounds
    5.cushioning and insolating
  4. transporting
    7.protecting
64
Q

extracellular matrix

A

the substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consisting of protiens and pollysaccarides

65
Q

what are the types of connective tissue

A

1.bone
2.blood
3. loose areolar
4. adipose
5.dense regular
6. hyaline cartilage

66
Q

function and location of loose areolar

A

1.throughout the body, under the epithelial layer, basement membrane s between glands , muscles,nerves, and under the skin
2.it makes the skin elastic and helps it to withstand pulling pain.

67
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

1.allows growth of long bones
2. provides rigidity with some flexibility in the trachea
3. in the bronchii ,ribs and nose

68
Q

elastic cartilage

A

provides rigidity with even more more flexibility then hyaline cartilage because elastic fibers go back to their original shape after being stretched

69
Q

adipose

A
  1. to pack material
  2. thermal insolater
  3. energy storage
  4. protection of organs against injury from being bumped or jarred
70
Q

blood

A
  1. transports oxygen,carbon dioxide, hormones nutrients waste products and other substances
  2. protect the body from infection
    3.involved temperature regulation
71
Q

bone

A

1.provides great stregnth 2.supports and protects internal organs such as the brin
3.bone also provides attachment sites for muscles and ligaments

72
Q

fibroblasts

A

in connective tissue cells that secretes protein of fibers

73
Q

chondrocytes

A

a cartilage cell

74
Q

osteocytes

A

bone forming cell

75
Q

osteoblasts

A

1.cells that form bone tissue
2. grow and heal existing ones

76
Q

osteoclasts

A

breaks it down for remodeling

77
Q

what is muscle tissue

A

muscle tissue is composed of cells that have the ability to shorten and contract in order to produce movment of the body parts

78
Q

skeletal muscle

A
  1. volunatary movement
    2.striated
  2. attached to bone or other connective tissue
  3. it controls the movement of the body
79
Q

cardiac muscle

A
  1. has involuntary movement
    2.striated
    3.it is found in the heart
    4.it pumps the blood
80
Q

smooth muscle

A

1.involuntary
2. it is smooth
3.found in hollow organs such as the stomach, intestines,skin,eyes
4. it forces fluid throughout tubes
5.control the amount of light entering the eye

81
Q

what are the 3 muscle tissues?

A

smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscle

82
Q

what are the functions of the integrementary system

A
  1. protection
  2. sensation.
  3. temperature regulation
  4. excretion
83
Q

what is the epidermis?

A

the top layer of the skin (the part you can see)

84
Q

keratinization

A

the process lay which cells form fibrils of keratin and hardin

85
Q

stratum basale

A

deepest epidermil layer made of a single row of cells that undergo rapid cell division

86
Q

stratum corneum

A

the most superficial layer of the epidermis consisting of dead cells

87
Q

melanin

A

a pigment that gives the skin color

88
Q

freckles

A

flat melanized patches that vary with hereditary and exposure to the sun

89
Q

what is the dermis

A

it is the inner layer of the skin

90
Q

nail

A

1.outgrowth of the skin
2.composed of keratin
3. at the end of each finger and toe

91
Q

hair shaft

A

visible part of the hair

92
Q

cuticle

A

the outermost layer of the hair

93
Q

follicle

A

tube like depression or pocket in the skin or scalp that contains the hair root

94
Q

sebaceous gland

A

oil glands in the skin

95
Q

dermal papillae

A

1.found in the upper layer of the dermis
2. creates your fingerprints

96
Q

fingerprints

A

the papillary layer is responsible

97
Q

what are the 2 types of sweat glands

A

eccrine and apocrine

98
Q

eccrine

A

1.it is mecrine secretion
2.far more numerous and abundant on palms, soles of feet, and forehead
3.each is a simple coiled tubular gland

99
Q

apocrine

A

associated with hair follicles in the armpits and genital region

100
Q

burn

A

injury to the skin due to heat, cold, and friction

101
Q

cyanosis

A

a bluish discoleration to the skin due to poor circulation or inadequate oxegenation of the blood

102
Q

jaundice

A

yellowing of the skin and whites of eyes due to an accumilation of bile pigment (bilirubin) in the blood

103
Q

age spots

A

discoloration caused by sun exposure

104
Q

goosebumps

A

occurs when the tiny muscle contract called the arrector pilli muscle

105
Q

albinism

A

a genetic condition charecterized by a deficiancy or the absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and irises of the eyes

106
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

1.most common
2.least severe type of skin cancer
3. being with cells in the stratum basale and extends into the dermis
4.often charecterized by light of pearly nodules

107
Q

malignant melanoma

A
  1. most serious form of skin cancer
    2.melanocytes often charecterized by black or dark brown patches on the skin
  2. may appear as uneven in texture
  3. jagged or raised
108
Q

what are the function of the skeletal system

A

1.providing major support and structure for the body
2.protect internal organs
3.provides a place for muscle to attach via tendon
4.facilitates movement
5.stores and releases minerals
6. stores fat needed by the body(calcium)
7. bone marrow gives rise to blood cells

109
Q

what is hydroxyapatite

A

hardy crystals consisting of calcium and phosphate that forms the bone matrix

110
Q

diaphysis

A

short of a long bone

111
Q

epiphysis

A

end of a long bone

112
Q

articular cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage that cover the ends of bones in synovial joints

113
Q

medullary cavity

A

cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow

114
Q

yellow marrow

A

soft fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones

115
Q

red marrow

A

produces red blood cells

116
Q

periosteum

A

double layer of connective tissue that covers and nueroshes the bone

117
Q

endosteum

A

membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone

118
Q

tuberosity

A

large rounded knob of a bone

119
Q

compact bone

A

dense hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum

120
Q

spongey bone

A

1.layer of bone tissue that has many small spaces
2.it is found just inside that layer of compact bone

121
Q

lamellae

A

1.rings around the central canal
2.site of lacunae

122
Q

lacunae

A

small cavities in the bone that contain osteocytes

123
Q

canaliculi

A

hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal

124
Q

haversion canal

A

channels In the bone that contain blood vessels and nerves

125
Q

trabeculae

A

supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongey) bone

126
Q

what is bone ossification

A

formation of bone

127
Q

name and describe 2 types of ossification

A

1.intramembranous ossification which occurs in connective tissue membrane it begins in areas called ossification centers
2.endochondral ossification occurs within cartilage, the chondrocytes increase in number,then enlarge and die

128
Q

4 steps of the bone repair

A
  1. hematoma formation
    2.calus formation,
    3.callus ossification
    4.bone remodeling
129
Q

which hormones are involved in calcium homeostasis

A

pth (parathyroid hormone)

130
Q

which hormone stimulates osteoclasts

A

Pth(parathyroid hormone)

131
Q

what hormone inhibits osteoclasts

A

calcitonin

132
Q

3 parts of the axial skeleton

A

skull, ribs and the vertebral column

133
Q

main parts of the appendicular skeleton

A

1.upper limbs
2.lower limps
3.pectoral girdle
4.pelvic girdle

134
Q

what are the 3 major joints

A

fibrous, cartiliginous, synovial

135
Q

fibrous joints

A

consists of 2 bones united by fibrous tissue that exhibit little or no movment

136
Q

cartiliginous joints

A

consists of 2 bones united by cartilage that exhibit slight movement

137
Q

synovial joints

A

freely movable joint that contain fluid in a cavity surrounding the ends of articulating bones

138
Q

3 types of synovial joints

A

1.plane joint(between the metacarpal bones) with slight movement
2.hinge joint(found in the knee) some movement
3.ball and socket (be found in hip)full movement

139
Q

osteoporosis

A

pores are larger in bone which then leads to brittle bone

140
Q

scoliosis

A

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

141
Q

carpal tunnel

A

1.cause by compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel
2.charecterized by weakness,pain,disturbances of sensation in the hand and fingers

142
Q

myofilaments

A

the contractile protiens, actin, myosin of muscle cells

143
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

specialized endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells

144
Q

sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane of a cell

145
Q

endomysium

A

connective tissue surrounding a muscle fiber

146
Q

perimysium

A

the connective tissue that surrounds fasicles

147
Q

epimysium

A

a sheath of fibrous elastic tissue surrounding a muscle

148
Q

describe the sliding filament model

A

it is when actin slides past myosin filaments during contraction

148
Q

steps of the sliding filament model

A

1.signal travels down the motor neuron
2. calcium is released
3. actin changes shape
4. the cross bridges form
5.ATP creates a power stroke
6.shortening actin filament

149
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

point of contact between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell

150
Q

acetocholine

A

a neurotransmitter that triggers muscle contraction

151
Q

action potenial

A

the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle or nerve cell

152
Q

actin

A

the contractile protiens that makes up the thin filaments

153
Q

myosin

A

the contractile protien that makes up the thick filaments

Quiz study guides (11 decks)

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