Anatomy midterm study guide Flashcards
1
Q
superior
A
toward the head
2
Q
inferior
A
away from the head
3
Q
anterior
A
front of the body
4
Q
posterior
A
back of the body
5
Q
ventral
A
toward the stomach
6
Q
dorsal
A
toward the back
7
Q
proximal
A
closer to the point of attachment
8
Q
distal
A
away from the point of attachment
9
Q
medial
A
toward the midline of the body
10
Q
medial
A
toward the midline of the body
11
Q
lateral
A
away from the midline of the body
12
Q
superficial
A
toward the surface of the body
13
Q
deep
A
away from the surface of the body
14
Q
stimulus
A
its a signal which an organism responds to
15
Q
receptor
A
it monitors the valuable of the variable
16
Q
control center
A
establishes the set point
17
Q
effector
A
can change the variable
18
Q
what is an organelle
A
specialized structure that preforms important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell
19
Q
nucleus
A
control center of the cell
20
Q
ribosome
A
site of protein synathasis
21
Q
smooth ER
A
site of lipid synthasis participates in detoxification
22
Q
Rough ER
A
many ribosomes attached site of lipid synthasis
23
Q
golgi apparatus
A
stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages protein from the endoplasmic reticulum
24
Q
lysosome
A
cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials
25
vacuole
stores nutrients and water that the cell can rely on
26
mitochondria
powerhouse of the cell and produces ATP energy
27
vacuole
stores nutrients and water that the cell can rely on
28
what are the components of the cell membrane
1.composed of a phospholipid bilayer
2.cholestral
3.protein carrier molecules
4.enzymes
5.carbohydrates
29
what are the function of the protiens in the cell membrane
1.to form the outer boundary of the cell
2.determine what enters and extits the cell
3. provides cell communication and identification
30
what are the three types of passive transport
Diffusion, facilitated diffusion and omsosis
31
what is diffusion
is a movement of molecules from an are of higher concentration to an area of a lower concentration
32
what is facilitated diffusion
is the transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient
33
what is osmosis
diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
34
endocytes
process in which a cell engulfs extracellular material through an inward folding of its plasma membrane
35
exocytosis
a release of substances out of a cell by the fusion of a vesicle within the membrane
36
is active transport against or down the concentration gradient
against
37
what is a hypotonic solution
the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes
38
what is a isotonic solution
when the concentration gradient is the same
39
what is a hypertonic solution
the solution with the greater concentration of solutes
40
what are the phases of mitosis in order?
1interphase
2 early prophase
3 late prohase
4 metaphase
5 anaphase
6 telophase
41
what is interphase?
period of the cell cycle between cell divisions
42
what is prophase
chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelope dissolves, and spindle form
43
what is metaphase
chromosomes line up in the middle
44
what is anaphase
phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
45
what is telophase
the final phase of cell division, 2 nuclei are formed
46
what are tissues
a group of similar cells that preform a specific function
47
list the main types of tissues in the human body
1.epithelial tissue
2 connective tissue
3muscle tissue
4 nervous tissue
48
what are the 5 functions of the epithelia
1. protect underlying structures,
2. act as a barrier
3. permits the passage of substances
4. secrete substances
5 and absorb substances
49
what does squamous mean?
flat
50
what does cuboidal mean
cube shaped
51
what does columnar mean
column shaped
52
simple squamous
single layer of flat cells
53
simple cuboidal
single layer of square shaped cells
54
simple columnar
single layer of column shaped cells
55
stratefied squamous
multiple layers of flat cells
56
stratefied cuboidal
multiple layers of square cells
57
stratefied columnar
is multiple layers of column shaped cells
58
pseudostratified columnar
a single layer of of thin column shaped cells where the nuclei don't line up
59
endocrine gland
is a ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the blood stream
60
exocrine gland
a gland that releases secretion external or at the surface of an organ by mean of canal or duct
61
what is connective tissue
connective tissue provides support for the body and collects all its parts
62
how is connective tissue classified
type ,proportion of cells and extracellular matrix
63
what are the 7 functions of connective tissue
1. enclosing and separating other tissues
2. connecting tissues to another
3. supporting and moving parts of the body
4.storing compounds
5.cushioning and insolating
6. transporting
7.protecting
64
extracellular matrix
the substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consisting of protiens and pollysaccarides
65
what are the types of connective tissue
1.bone
2.blood
3. loose areolar
4. adipose
5.dense regular
6. hyaline cartilage
66
function and location of loose areolar
1.throughout the body, under the epithelial layer, basement membrane s between glands , muscles,nerves, and under the skin
2.it makes the skin elastic and helps it to withstand pulling pain.
67
hyaline cartilage
1.allows growth of long bones
2. provides rigidity with some flexibility in the trachea
3. in the bronchii ,ribs and nose
68
elastic cartilage
provides rigidity with even more more flexibility then hyaline cartilage because elastic fibers go back to their original shape after being stretched
69
adipose
1. to pack material
2. thermal insolater
3. energy storage
4. protection of organs against injury from being bumped or jarred
70
blood
1. transports oxygen,carbon dioxide, hormones nutrients waste products and other substances
2. protect the body from infection
3.involved temperature regulation
71
bone
1.provides great stregnth 2.supports and protects internal organs such as the brin
3.bone also provides attachment sites for muscles and ligaments
72
fibroblasts
in connective tissue cells that secretes protein of fibers
73
chondrocytes
a cartilage cell
74
osteocytes
bone forming cell
75
osteoblasts
1.cells that form bone tissue
2. grow and heal existing ones
76
osteoclasts
breaks it down for remodeling
77
what is muscle tissue
muscle tissue is composed of cells that have the ability to shorten and contract in order to produce movment of the body parts
78
skeletal muscle
1. volunatary movement
2.striated
3. attached to bone or other connective tissue
4. it controls the movement of the body
79
cardiac muscle
1. has involuntary movement
2.striated
3.it is found in the heart
4.it pumps the blood
80
smooth muscle
1.involuntary
2. it is smooth
3.found in hollow organs such as the stomach, intestines,skin,eyes
4. it forces fluid throughout tubes
5.control the amount of light entering the eye
81
what are the 3 muscle tissues?
smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscle
82
what are the functions of the integrementary system
1. protection
2. sensation.
3. temperature regulation
4. excretion
83
what is the epidermis?
the top layer of the skin (the part you can see)
84
keratinization
the process lay which cells form fibrils of keratin and hardin
85
stratum basale
deepest epidermil layer made of a single row of cells that undergo rapid cell division
86
stratum corneum
the most superficial layer of the epidermis consisting of dead cells
87
melanin
a pigment that gives the skin color
88
freckles
flat melanized patches that vary with hereditary and exposure to the sun
89
what is the dermis
it is the inner layer of the skin
90
nail
1.outgrowth of the skin
2.composed of keratin
3. at the end of each finger and toe
91
hair shaft
visible part of the hair
92
cuticle
the outermost layer of the hair
93
follicle
tube like depression or pocket in the skin or scalp that contains the hair root
94
sebaceous gland
oil glands in the skin
95
dermal papillae
1.found in the upper layer of the dermis
2. creates your fingerprints
96
fingerprints
the papillary layer is responsible
97
what are the 2 types of sweat glands
eccrine and apocrine
98
eccrine
1.it is mecrine secretion
2.far more numerous and abundant on palms, soles of feet, and forehead
3.each is a simple coiled tubular gland
99
apocrine
associated with hair follicles in the armpits and genital region
100
burn
injury to the skin due to heat, cold, and friction
101
cyanosis
a bluish discoleration to the skin due to poor circulation or inadequate oxegenation of the blood
102
jaundice
yellowing of the skin and whites of eyes due to an accumilation of bile pigment (bilirubin) in the blood
103
age spots
discoloration caused by sun exposure
104
goosebumps
occurs when the tiny muscle contract called the arrector pilli muscle
105
albinism
a genetic condition charecterized by a deficiancy or the absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and irises of the eyes
106
basal cell carcinoma
1.most common
2.least severe type of skin cancer
3. being with cells in the stratum basale and extends into the dermis
4.often charecterized by light of pearly nodules
107
malignant melanoma
1. most serious form of skin cancer
2.melanocytes often charecterized by black or dark brown patches on the skin
3. may appear as uneven in texture
4. jagged or raised
108
what are the function of the skeletal system
1.providing major support and structure for the body
2.protect internal organs
3.provides a place for muscle to attach via tendon
4.facilitates movement
5.stores and releases minerals
6. stores fat needed by the body(calcium)
7. bone marrow gives rise to blood cells
109
what is hydroxyapatite
hardy crystals consisting of calcium and phosphate that forms the bone matrix
110
diaphysis
short of a long bone
111
epiphysis
end of a long bone
112
articular cartilage
hyaline cartilage that cover the ends of bones in synovial joints
113
medullary cavity
cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow
114
yellow marrow
soft fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones
115
red marrow
produces red blood cells
116
periosteum
double layer of connective tissue that covers and nueroshes the bone
117
endosteum
membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone
118
tuberosity
large rounded knob of a bone
119
compact bone
dense hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum
120
spongey bone
1.layer of bone tissue that has many small spaces
2.it is found just inside that layer of compact bone
121
lamellae
1.rings around the central canal
2.site of lacunae
122
lacunae
small cavities in the bone that contain osteocytes
123
canaliculi
hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal
124
haversion canal
channels In the bone that contain blood vessels and nerves
125
trabeculae
supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongey) bone
126
what is bone ossification
formation of bone
127
name and describe 2 types of ossification
1.intramembranous ossification which occurs in connective tissue membrane it begins in areas called ossification centers
2.endochondral ossification occurs within cartilage, the chondrocytes increase in number,then enlarge and die
128
4 steps of the bone repair
1. hematoma formation
2.calus formation,
3.callus ossification
4.bone remodeling
129
which hormones are involved in calcium homeostasis
pth (parathyroid hormone)
130
which hormone stimulates osteoclasts
Pth(parathyroid hormone)
131
what hormone inhibits osteoclasts
calcitonin
132
3 parts of the axial skeleton
skull, ribs and the vertebral column
133
main parts of the appendicular skeleton
1.upper limbs
2.lower limps
3.pectoral girdle
4.pelvic girdle
134
what are the 3 major joints
fibrous, cartiliginous, synovial
135
fibrous joints
consists of 2 bones united by fibrous tissue that exhibit little or no movment
136
cartiliginous joints
consists of 2 bones united by cartilage that exhibit slight movement
137
synovial joints
freely movable joint that contain fluid in a cavity surrounding the ends of articulating bones
138
3 types of synovial joints
1.plane joint(between the metacarpal bones) with slight movement
2.hinge joint(found in the knee) some movement
3.ball and socket (be found in hip)full movement
139
osteoporosis
pores are larger in bone which then leads to brittle bone
140
scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
141
carpal tunnel
1.cause by compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel
2.charecterized by weakness,pain,disturbances of sensation in the hand and fingers
142
myofilaments
the contractile protiens, actin, myosin of muscle cells
143
sarcoplasmic reticulum
specialized endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells
144
sarcolemma
plasma membrane of a cell
145
endomysium
connective tissue surrounding a muscle fiber
146
perimysium
the connective tissue that surrounds fasicles
147
epimysium
a sheath of fibrous elastic tissue surrounding a muscle
148
describe the sliding filament model
it is when actin slides past myosin filaments during contraction
148
steps of the sliding filament model
1.signal travels down the motor neuron
2. calcium is released
3. actin changes shape
4. the cross bridges form
5.ATP creates a power stroke
6.shortening actin filament
149
neuromuscular junction
point of contact between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell
150
acetocholine
a neurotransmitter that triggers muscle contraction
151
action potenial
the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle or nerve cell
152
actin
the contractile protiens that makes up the thin filaments
153
myosin
the contractile protien that makes up the thick filaments
