anatomy 2 Flashcards
what are the four parts that the pharynx is made of
a mucus membrane, a fibrous layer - the pharyngobasilar fascia, a muscle layer - the inner levators and outer constrictors, and a fascia layer - the buccopharyngeal fascia
where does the pharynx attach
to the base of the skull via the fibrous part of the pharynx, the pharyngobasilar fascia, this layer sits between the pharyngeal membrane and the superior constrictor muscle
where do all the constrictor muscles of the pharynx attach posteriorly
to the pharyngeal raphe
position and connections of the superior constrictor muscle
sits outside of the pharyngeal fascia and inside the middle constrictor. it attaches to the buccinator anteriorly and the pharyngeal raphe posteriorly
whats the position and the attachments of the middle constrictor muscle
sits outside of the superior constrictor and inside the inferior constrictor and attachs to the hyoid anterior the raphe posteriorly
whats the position and attachments of the inferior constrictor muscle
sits outside of the inferior constrictor, attaches to the thyroid and cricoid cartilages anteriorly and the pharyngeal raphe posteriorly
what are the levator muscles of the pharynx
salpingopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, stylopharyngeus
what are the attachments of the salpingopharyngeus
it attaches to the auditory tube and inserts to the pharynx. this is another muscle that allows us to even the pressure inside the ears when we swallow, along with tensor palati
whats the attachments of the stylopharyngeus
pharynx to the styloid process of the skull
what are the mucosal folds we have in the pharynx and the oral cavity
we have the salpingopharngeal fold which is at the auditory canal opening where the adenoid tonsils (pharyngeal tonsils).
also have the mucus membrane covering palatoglossus and palatopharyngeas to form the palatopharyngeal and palatoglossal folds
also have the valleculae and the piriform fossa
what is the valleculae
this is a fold of space between the posterior tongue and the epiglottis. this is where we put the hook thing when performing laryngoscopy
what is the piriform fossa
folds around the epigottis that act as a chute for food to go down so that it does not go into the epiglottis
what happens in the first stage of swallowing
food is gathered on the dorsum of the tongue, the tongue moves up to the hard palate. this stage is under voluntary control.
what is in stage 2 of vomiting
the soft palate is tensioned and elevated through action of levator palati and tensor palati. larnyx is elevated - with action of the salpingo- stylo- and palato- pharyngeus. constrictors of the pharynx also act during this stage constricting the space in the pharynx to make water move through quikcly to reduce chance it enters epiglottis, the upper oesophageal sphincter is relaxed to allow food through and then once food is passed through it contracts again
what is in stage three of swallowing
oesophageal peristalsis occurs. the lower oesophageal sphincter relaxes and then contracts to allow things through.
what is the length of the esophagus and what are the constrictions along the way
starts at the cricoid cartilage 15cm from mouth then goes down until the lower oesophageal sphincter
constrictions are the cricopharyngeal sphincter or the upper oesophageal sphincter at the top of the oesophagus, then at 22cm down we have the aortic arch forming a constriction, and then we get a diaphragm constriction 38cm from the oral fissure.
