Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Systems- Haematology > Anaemia > Flashcards

Anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

What are some of the main symptoms of anaemia?

A 
Fatigue 
Restless legs
Dysponea 
Pallor
Hair loss 
Dizziness 
Headaches 
Tinnitus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are some of the main signs of anaemia?

A 
Glossitis (tongue inflammation)
Angular stomatitis 
Conjunctival pallor
Koiknychia 
Jaundice
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the main investigations to do for anaemia?

A 
Blood films
FBC
Ferritin levels 
RTC
Vit. B12 & folate levels 
DAGT (Coombs test)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does MCV stand for and what does it tell you?

A

Mean corpuscular volume

Tells you the volume of the RBCs, so you can find out if it’s micro, normo or macrocytic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does MCH stand for and what does it show you?

A

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin

Shows the Hb content of the RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

If a blood film comes back that shows microcytic but normoblastic anemia, what should you check that the patient has taken?

A

Alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of Glucose-6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD)?

A

Prevents oxidative damage when RBCs are metabolised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of folate?

A

Increases the production of RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of the protein Ankyrin?

A

Maintains RBC’s membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does Iron do in relation to Hb?

A

Allows oxygen to bind to it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How many chains does Hb have?

A

4

2x alpha chains and 2x beta chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What chromosome number produces the 2 alpha chains of Hb?

A

16

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What chromosome number produces the 2 beta chains of Hb?

A

11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why a intrinsic factor important in amemias?

A

As you need it to absorb vit. B12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What protein transports iron from the duodenum (oral iron obvs) to the blood?

A

Ferroprotein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What chemical transports iron from the blood to the liver, after ferroprotein transports it from the duodenum into the blood?

A

Transferrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which chemical stores iron in the liver?

A

Ferritin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens to Fe levels due to hepicidin?

A

Decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What chemicals are responsible for:

A. Transporting iron from duodenum to blood

B. Transporting iron from blood to liver

C. Stores iron in the liver

A

A. Ferroprotein

B. Transferrin

C. Ferritin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Give 2 bacterial infections that cause of anaemia?

A

TB

Brucella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Give 2 examples of viral infections that cause anaemia

A

EBV

CMV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Give 3 examples of parasitic infections that cause anaemia.

A

Malaria
Schistomiasis
Leishmaniasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Give examples of the following infections that can cause anaemia:

A. Bacterial
B. Viral
C. Parasitic

A

A. TB and Brucella

B. EBV and CMV

C. Malaria, schistosomiasis and leishmaniasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Give an example of a connective tissue disease that can cause anaemia

A

SLE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the name of a storage pool disorder than can cause anaemia?

A

Gaucher’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the 2 man broad types of anaemia?

A

Acquired and congenital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What common stationary utensil are microcytic RBCs suppose to look similar to?

A

Pencils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the main test to do for an acquired anaemia?

A

Blood film

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

If tests to you do for the following blood film results:

A. Microcytic and hypochromic

B. Normocytic and normochromic

C. Macrocytic and macrochronic

A

A. Ferritin levels

B. Reticulocyte count

C. Vit. B12 and folate levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are potential causes of anaemia if the ferritin levels of a microcytic and hypochromic anaemia are:

A. Increased or normal

B. Decreased

A

A. Secondary anaemia or thalassemia

B. Fe deficiency anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are potential causes of anaemia if the reticulocyte count (RTC) of a normocytic and normochromic anaemia are:

A. Increased

B. Decreased/normal

A

A. Haemolysis or acute blood loss

B. Secondary anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are potential causes of a macrocytic and hyperchromic anaemia that show RBCs that are:

A. Megaloblastic

B. Non-megaloblastic

A

A. Vit. B12 or folate deficiency

B. Myelodysplasia or methotrexate use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Apart from showing non-megalobastic, macrocytic and hyperchromic cell’s on a blood film, what are some other signs of myleodysplasia on a blood film?

A

RBCs aniscytosis (unequal sizes)

Hypogranular neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the most common cause of anaemia?

A

Fe deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How is Fe deficiency treated?

A

Oral or IV iron
Dietary changes
Treating the cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

If a female is having anaemia but is still having periods, should you refer to GI to check for a peptic ulcer?

A

Nah mate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are some of the causes of Fe deficiency anaemia?

A 
Peptic ulcer 
Gastritis 
Menorrhagia 
Malabsorption 
Pregnancy 
Poor dietary Fe intake (vegan baby)
38
Q

What are the 2 different types of MCV for secondary anaemia and what is the most common?

A

Microcytic

Normocytic (most common)

39
Q

How would you treat Vit. B12 deficiency anaemia?

A

Vit. B12 or folate supplements

40
Q

If you’ve just diagnosed that the anaemia is due to a Vit. B12 or folate deficiency, do you give them both Vit. B12 and folate supplements?

A

Yes, as you’ve got no idea what the diagnosis is yet bruv

41
Q

If an anaemic patient complains of pins and needles and feels like they are walking on cotton wool, what is the likely cause of their anaemia?

A

Vit. B12 or folate deficiency

42
Q

What are some causes of Vit. B12 deficiency?

A

Pernicious anaemia

GI disease

43
Q

What are some causes of folate deficiency anemia?

A

Dietary issues

Hemolysis

44
Q

Pernicious anaemia is the most common cause of Vit. B12 deficiency. How long does it take to develop?

A

Around 1-2 years

Gradual development

45
Q

What causes pernicious anaemia?

A

Antibodies against intrinsic factor and parietal cells

46
Q

How is pernicious anaemia treated?

A

IM Vit. B12 injections

47
Q

What are the 2 types of pernicious anaemia?

A

Type 1- B12 can’t bind to intrinsic factor

Type 2- B12 can’t be absorbed at the distal ileum

48
Q

For type 2 pernicious anaemia, where in the GI tract can B12 no longer be absorbed?

A

Distal ileum

49
Q

What is the main cause of haemolytic anaemia?

A

Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia

50
Q

Apart from autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, what are some of the other causes of haemolytic anaemia?

A

ABO mismatch
Sickle cell
G6PD deficiency
Infections

51
Q

What type of congenital anaemia is haemolytic anaemia associated with?

A

Hereditary spherocytosis

52
Q

What respiratory disease is haemolytic anaemia associated with?

A

Pneumonia

53
Q

What is the main test to do for haemolytic anaemia?

A

Direct Anti-Globulin Test (DAGT)

54
Q

What is the old fashioned name for DAGT?

A

Coombs test

55
Q

What are the two types of haemolytic anaemia?

A

Non-immune and intravascular

Immune and extravascular

56
Q

Is intravascular and extravascular haemolytic anaemia immune or non-immune?

A

Intra= Non-immune

Extra= Immune

57
Q

What is the function of a DAGT?

A

Differentiates between immune and non-immune haemolytic anaemia

58
Q

If a DAGT is positive, is the haemolytic anaemia immune or non-immune?

A

Immune

59
Q

If a DAGT is negative, is the haemolytic anaemia immune or non-immune?

A

Non-immune

60
Q

What do you check for after you diagnose immune, extravascular haemolytic anaemia?

A

Warm antibodies
Cold antibodies
Alloantibodies

61
Q

For a case of haemolytic anaemia that’s DAGT +ve, if warm antibodies are present, what are the potential causes?

A

Autoimmune disease
CLL
Drugs

62
Q

For a case of haemolytic anaemia that’s DAGT +ve, if cold antibodies are present, what are the potential causes?

A

Cold Haem-agglition Disease (CHAD)

63
Q

For a case of haemolytic anaemia that’s DAGT +ve, if alloantibodies are present, what are the potential causes?

A

Transfusion reaction

64
Q

What are some of the causes of nonimmune, intravascular haemolytic anaemia?

A

Haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)

65
Q

On a blood film, what do the RBCs look like for non-immune haemolytic anaemia?

A

Fragments

66
Q

Congenital anaemia are due to 3 different types of defects. What are the 3?

A

Defects in:
RBCs membrane
RBCs metabolism
Haemoglobin

67
Q

What type of congenital anaemia occurs due to a defect in the RBC’s membrane?

A

Hereditary spherocytosis

68
Q

What type of inheritance is hereditary spherocytosis?

A

Autosomal dominant

69
Q

What type of congenital anaemia is due to a defect in RBC metabolism?

A

G6PD deficiency

70
Q

What mode of inheritance is G6PD deficiency?

A

X-linked recessive

71
Q

What 2 types of congenital anaemia is due to a defect in haemoglobin?

A

Sickle cell disease (SCD)

Thalassaemia

72
Q

What mode of inheritance are both sickle cell and thalassaemia?

A

Autosomal recessive

73
Q

What are some of the classic clinical features (other than anaemia symptoms) of congenital anaemias?

A

Jaundice
Splenomegaly
Pigmented gallstones

74
Q

What sorta gallstones commonly occur along with congenital anaemias?

A

Pigmented gallstones

75
Q

Can G6PD deficiency occur in girls?

A

Nah only boys cause it’s X-linked recessive, so since boys only have one X chromosome they’re buggered

Bros before hoes

76
Q

What shape are the RBCs in hereditary spherocytosis?

A

Spheres (who would’ve ducking thought)

77
Q

What does G6PD stand for?

A

Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

78
Q

Why does a deficiency in G6PD cause anaemia?

A

As G6PD protects RBCs from oxidative damage

79
Q

What parasitic infection are suffers of G6PD protected from?

A

Malaria

80
Q

On a blood film (morphological features) of G6PD deficiency?

A

Bite cells (Suarez)

Blister cells (DofE)

81
Q

What are the 2 main triggers of G6PD deficiency?

A

DKA

Fava beans

82
Q

What sorta beans can trigger G6PD deficiency?

A

Fava

83
Q

For Vit. B12 deficiency, how long would you give the IM Vit. B12 injections?

A

Every 3 months

84
Q

Give examples of the GI causes that result in microcytic anaemia.

A

Oesophageal varices
Peptic-ulcers
Haemorrhoids
IBD

85
Q

Give examples of the non-GI causes that result in microcytic anaemia.

A

Menorrhagia (main)
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
Epitstaxis
Renal carcinoma

86
Q

What is the commonest cause of Fe deficiency in woman?

A

Menorrhagia

87
Q

Malabsorption can cause Fe deficinency anaemia, what can cause this?

A

Coeliacs

88
Q

What must you always consider when Fe deficiency anaemia is likely?

A

Thalassemia

although the ferritin level will be sound ehhhh

89
Q

When would you suspect thalassemia?

A

Microcytic & hypochromic anaemia
Normal ferritin levels
African

90
Q

Alcohol excess causes what type of anaemia?

A

Macrocytic

91
Q

What drug is given to treat Fe deficieincy anaemia to boost Fe levels?

A

Ferrous sulphate

92
Q

How may hereditary spherocytosis, or any congenital anaemia for that matter, first present?

A

Neonatal jaundice

Systems- Haematology (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions