All Functionalist Youth Culture Studies

Question 1

What concept did Cloward and Ohlin create?

Answer 1

Opportunity structures

Question 2

According to Cloward and Ohlin, which 2 forms of opportunity structures are there?

Answer 2

Legitimate opportunity structures, illegitimate opportunity structures

Question 3

What are legitimate opportunity structures?

Answer 3

Structures in society that allow people to achieve status in an acceptable way

Question 4

What are illegitimate opportunity structures?

Answer 4

Structures in society that allow people to achieve status in an unacceptable way

Question 5

Which class of area are illegitimate opportunity structures more likely to be present?

Answer 5

Working class areas

Question 6

Name 2 types of subcultures Cloward and Ohlin say WC people might join

Answer 6

Conflict subcultures, Retreatist subcultures

Question 7

What happens in conflict subcultures?

Answer 7

Working class people protect their territory

Question 8

What happens in retreatist subcultures?

Answer 8

People do drugs

Question 9

What concept did Cohen create?

Answer 9

Status frustration

Question 10

What did the working class boys in Cohen’s study try to do?

Answer 10

Achieve status in school

Question 11

In Cohen’s study, what caused the working class boys to stop working hard in school?

Answer 11

The work got difficult

Question 12

In Cohen’s study, what did the working class boys experience when they failed in school?

Answer 12

Status frustration

Question 13

What is status frustration?

Answer 13

When working class people feel frustrated they cannot improve their social status due to their social class

Question 14

What form of subcultures did the boys in Cohen’s study turn to when experiencing status frustration?

Answer 14

Anti-school subcultures

Question 15

Name 2 behaviours of the working class boys in Cohen’s status frustration study

Answer 15

Vandalism, Violence

Question 16

How did the working class boys in Cohen’s study achieve status in their anti-school subculture?

Answer 16

They gained status among themselves

Question 17

Who created focal concerns?

Answer 17

Miller

Question 18

What did Miller say?

Answer 18

Working class boys are socialised into inferior norms and values

Question 19

According to Miller, how do working class boys obtain this behaviour?

Answer 19

By copying the behaviour of working class men around them

Question 20

Name a focal concern behaviour

Answer 20

Violence

Question 21

What did Parsons say youth cultures acted like?

Answer 21

A bridge for transition from childhood to adulthood

Question 22

What did Parsons say about the childhood to adulthood transition?

Answer 22

It is stressful

Question 23

According to Parsons, what form of status do children leave when transitioning from childhood to adulthood?

Answer 23

Ascribed status

Question 24

What do youth cultures provide young people in the transition from childhood to adulthood?

Answer 24

A sense of belonging

Question 25

According to Parsons, what will young people do once they complete the transition from childhood to adulthood?

Answer 25

Integrate into mainstream society

Question 26

What did Eisenstadt say the period between childhood and adulthood was?

Answer 26

Limbo

Question 27

What does Limbo mean?

Answer 27

A period of uncertainty

Question 28

According to Eisenstadt, what do youth cultures provide in terms of values?

Answer 28

Shared set of norms and values

Question 29

What do Eisenstadt say young people can do in youth cultures?

Answer 29

Let off steam

Question 30

According to Eisenstadt, what does it mean to “let off steam”?

Answer 30

Get out frustrations in a safe space

Question 31

Which theory did Merton create?

Answer 31

Strain theory

Question 32

What does strain theory say in relation to deviant youth cultures?

Answer 32

Some people experience an economic strain making them join deviant youth cultures

Question 33

What did Merton say people will do if they cannot be conformists?

Answer 33

They will follow one of 4 adaptations

Question 34

What are conformists?

Answer 34

People who try and achieve societys goals in a socially acceptable way

Question 35

What are innovators?

Answer 35

People who try and achieve societys goals in a socially unacceptable way

Question 36

What are retreatists?

Answer 36

People who opt out of society to achieve their own goals

Question 37

Name the goal in American society, according to Merton

Answer 37

The American Dream