Alcohols

Question 1

where is ethanol absorbed

Answer 1

80% intestines
20% stomach
lungs
percutaneous in infants

Question 2

how is ethanol metabolized

Answer 2

90% alcohol dehydrogenase
10% MEOS
then aldehyde dehydrogenase

Question 3

rate limiting step of ethanol metabolism

Answer 3

alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 4

CNS effects of ethanol

Answer 4

sedative-hypnotic
CNS depressant
affects reticular activation system
enhances endogenous opioid effects (reward)
judgement and attention impairment

Question 5

Mellanby effect

Answer 5

greater effects when BAC is rising

Question 6

peripheral effects of ethanol metabolism

Answer 6

vasodilation
low dose- appetite stimulant
high dose- appetite depressant
erosive gastritis
CYP induction
fatty liver degeneration
increased urine production

Question 7

endocrine effects of ethanol metabolism

Answer 7

fluid-electrolyte imbalance
gynecomastia
testicular atrophy
interference with prolactin, GH, ADH

Question 8

MOA of ethanol

Answer 8

enhances GABA activity at GABAa receptors
inhibits glutamate NMDA receptors
blocks Ca channels

Question 9

signs and sx of acute ethanol intoxication

Answer 9

emesis
anesthesia
coma
hypotension
decreased cardiac contractility
respiratory depression

Question 10

treatment of acute ethanol intoxication

Answer 10

gastric lavage
hemodialysis
supportive care- maintain respiration, fluid balance, perfusion; prevent aspiration

Question 11

consequences of chronic alcoholism

Answer 11

liver cirrhosis
CV issues
nutritional problems
dehydration

Question 12

stage 1 ethanol withdrawal

Answer 12

12-72h initial symptoms

highest risk for seizure

Question 13

stage 2 ethanol withdrawal

Answer 13

24-48h post symptoms

peak effects

Question 14

stage 3 ethanol withdrawal

Answer 14

delirium tremens (severe)
insomnia, tremors, REM rebound, anorexia
delirium, hallucinations, seizures
disorientation

Question 15

drug treatments for ethanol

Answer 15

benzodiazepines
disulfiram
naltrexone
acamprosate

Question 16

benzodiazepine MOA and use

Answer 16

ethanol withdrawal
inhibits nerve excitability
prevents progression to delirium tremens and reduces risk of seizure

Question 17

disulfiram use and MOA

Answer 17

treats dependency
blocks acetylaldehyde dehydrogenase which increases acetylaldehyde in blood causing hangover symptoms
requires close monitoring

Question 18

naltrexone use and MOA

Answer 18

dependency
opioid receptor antagonist
decreases cravings and risk of relapse

Question 19

acamprosate use and MOA

Answer 19

dependency
GABA partial against
NMDA partial antagoinst

Question 20

ADR for acamprosate

Answer 20

NVD
suicidal ideation
teratogenic

Question 21

drug interactions for disulfiram

Answer 21

alcohol containing things
antifungals
amprenavir oral solution
metronidazole

Question 22

facial features of fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 22

prenatal growth retardation
microcephaly
poor coordination
abnormal facial features- flat philtrum, small eyes, small chin

Question 23

immediate symptoms of methanol poisoning

Answer 23

drunk

drowsy

Question 24

initial symptoms methanol poisoning

Answer 24

CNS depression
headache
dizziness
seizures
confusion
coma and death

Question 25

late symptoms of methanol poisoning

Answer 25

visual disturbances
acidosis
respiratory failure

Question 26

treatment of methanol poisoning- before toxic symptoms

Answer 26

reduce processing

fomepizole or ethanol

Question 27

fomepizole

Answer 27

inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 28

treatment of methanol poisoning after toxic symptoms

Answer 28

sodium bicarbonate
magnesium
folic acid (leucovorin)