Adversarial strategies during infection

Question 1

1. The largest number of deaths from infectious diseases are caused by:

A AIDS

B Lower respiratory infections

C Diarrheal diseases

D Tuberculosis

E Measles

Answer 1

B Lower respiratory infections

Question 2

2. Which of the following statements is TRUE of histamine?

A Histamine has no effect on the permeability of venules

B Histamine constricts arterioles

C Histamine upregulates adhesion molecules on vascular endothelium

D Histamine upregulates IL-8

E Histamine induces neutrophil chemotaxis

Answer 2

C Histamine upregulates adhesion molecules on vascular endothelium

Question 3

3. P-selectin pairs with:

A LFA-3

B LFA-1

C ICAM-1

D Sialyl Lewisx

E β2 integrin molecules

Answer 3

D Sialyl Lewisx

Question 4

4. Binding of platelet activating factor (PAF) to its receptor on the neutrophil:

A Initiates binding of neutrophils to P-selectin

B Initiates neutrophil rolling

C Produces a chemotactic gradient

D Causes histamine release

E Upregulates LFA-1

Answer 4

E Upregulates LFA-1

Question 5

5. Which of the following statements is TRUE of activated Hageman factor?

A Activated Hageman factor produces a fibrin clot in damaged veins

B Activated Hageman factor is factor X of the intrinsic clotting system

C Activated Hageman factor directly causes thrombus formation

D Activated Hageman factor directly increases vascular permeability

E Activated Hageman factor directly dissolves fibrin clots

Answer 5

A Activated Hageman factor produces a fibrin clot in damaged veins

Question 6

6. Neutrophil chemotaxis is mediated by:

A C5b

B IL-8

C C3a

D CCL2

E E-selectin

Answer 6

B IL-8

Question 7

7. Opsonization of bacteria occurs through coating bacteria just with:

A C3b

B C8

C Membrane attack complex

D F(ab′)2 IgG

E IgM

Answer 7

A C3b

Question 8

8. Extracellular bacteria are optimally killed by:

A Macrophages

B Complement

C Antibody

D Macrophages plus complement

E Macrophages plus antibody plus complement

Answer 8

E Macrophages plus antibody plus complement

Question 9

9. Extracellular bacteria try to avoid killing by:

A Activating neutrophils

B Accelerating complement activation

C Synthesizing capsules

D By deviating complement deposition to the cell membrane

E Limiting variation in their antigens

Answer 9

C Synthesizing capsules

Question 10

10. Toxins are neutralized by:

A Complement

B Antibody

C Toxoids

D PGE2

E Proteolytic enzymes

Answer 10

B Antibody

Question 11

11. CR1 complement receptors on phagocytic cells bind:

A Factor H

B Factor I

C C8

D Only C4b

E C3b

Answer 11

E C3b

Question 12

12. Secretory IgA protects external mucosal surfaces by:

A Triggering mast cells

B Recruiting phagocytic cells

C Preventing microbial adherence to the mucosa

D Binding to epithelial cells

E Its secretory piece

Answer 12

C Preventing microbial adherence to the mucosa

Question 13

13. The pyrogenic streptococcal exotoxins SPE, A, B, and H:

A Are M proteins

B Cause post-streptococcal autoimmune disease

C Produce high titers of anti-streptolysin O

D Have hyaluronidase activity

E Are superantigens

Answer 13

E Are superantigens

Question 14

14. Individuals lacking C8 or C9 are more prone to infection with the following type of bacteria:

A Haemophilus influenzae

B Bacillus anthrax

C Vibrio cholerae

D Neisseria

E Listeria monocytogenes

Answer 14

D Neisseria

Question 15

15. Specific immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice can be transferred to naive histocompatible recipients by:

A B-cells

B T-cells

C Macrophages

D Neutrophils

E IgG

Answer 15

B T-cells

Question 16

16. Lepromatous leprosy is characterized by:

A Poor T-cell responses

B Good cell-mediated immunity

C Good lepromin dermal response

D Poor B-cell responses

E Poor phagocytic ability

Answer 16

A Poor T-cell responses

Question 17

17. The HIV nef protein affects antigen presentation by:

A Causing MHC class I retention in the Golgi

B Containing glycine-alanine repeats that inhibit proteasome-mediated processing of the virus

C Preventing peptide binding to TAP

D Inhibiting tapasin

E Redirecting MHC class I molecules to the cytosol

Answer 17

A Causing MHC class I retention in the Golgi

Question 18

18. What is the feature that best uniquely describes NK cell activity against a virus-infected cell?

A It is cell contact dependent

B Peptides derived from processed viral antigens are recognized

C Apoptosis is induced in the target cell by the perforin–granzyme pathway

D An absence of MHC class I on the target cell is detected

E Engagement of Fas results in target cell death

Answer 18

D An absence of MHC class I on the target cell is detected

Question 19

19. What is the single best answer to the question “Which method is most characteristically used by trypanosomes to escape the immune response?”

A Switching of VSGs (variable surface glycoproteins)

B Production of cytokine or cytokine receptor homologues

C Interference with the TAP proteins

D Antigenic variation

E Complement degradation

Answer 19

A Switching of VSGs (variable surface glycoproteins)

Question 20

20. What is the single most commonly used term to describe the exchange of genetic material between viruses that infect different species?

A Antigenic modulation

B Antigenic drift

C Epitopic evasion

D Antigenic shift

E Epitope divergence

Answer 20

D Antigenic shift