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Advanced Esthetics Vocabulary > Advanced Histology of the Cell and the Skin > Flashcards

Advanced Histology of the Cell and the Skin Flashcards

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1
Q

part of the blood cell line and formed from the polychromatic normablast, this cell (8-10 micrometers in diameter) loses its nucleus at this stage

A

acidophillic normoblasts

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2
Q

a protein in a muscle fiber that, together with myosin, is responsible for contraction and relaxation

A

actin

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3
Q

filaments connected to the caternins that help stabilize cell adherance

A

actin filaments

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4
Q

a process that requires expenditure of ATP energy to move molecules across a cell membrane; also called facillitated transport

A

active transport

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5
Q

a multifunctional nucleotide that transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism and coverts oxygen to carbon dioxide

A

adenosine triphosphate

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6
Q

junctions that provide strong mechanical attachments between adjacent cells

A

adherens junctions

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7
Q

leading or bearing toward some organ, such as nerves conducting impulses toward the brain or blood vessels carrying blood toward an organ; opposite of efferent

A

afferent

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8
Q

a pathway used as an intermediate signal as part of the DNA signaling cascade

A

Akt

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9
Q

organic acids that form the building blocks of proteins; 20 amino acids are used within the human body; 9 of these are essential amino acids and must be supplied by the diet

A

amino acids

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10
Q

a system that ties the plaque to the cytoplasm through the cytoskeleton; located inside the cell behind the plasma membrane

A

anchoring system

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11
Q

components of the immune system that neutralizes antigens

A

antibodies

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12
Q

(1) modified type of serum globulin synthesized by lymphoid tissue in response to antigenic stimulus (2) any material that elicits an immune response

A

antigens

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13
Q

genetically determined cell death; programmed cell death

A

apoptosis

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14
Q

type of lymphcyte derived from bone marrow stem cells that matures into an immunologically competent cell (under the influence of the bursa of fabricius in chickens, and the bone marrow in nonavian species); following interaction with antigen, it becomes a plasma cell, which synthesizes and secretes antibody molecules incolved in humoral immunity

A

B cell or B lymphocyte

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15
Q

a cell that manufactures antibodies involved in immunity

A

B lymphocyte

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16
Q

white blood cell characterized by the presence of blue cytoplasmic granules that become stained by a basophillic dye

A

basophil

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17
Q

blue colored cell formed from the division of the pronormoblast; this cell (6-18 micrometers in diameter) produces polychromatic normoblasts

A

basophillic normoblast

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18
Q

a fluid filled or yolk filled cavity surrounded by a blastoderm

A

blastocoel

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19
Q

an early stage in the development of an embryo; consists of a sphere of cells enclosing a fluid filled ca

A

blastula

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20
Q

primary epithelium formed in early embryonic development of many arthopods when the nucleui migrate to the periphery and undergo superficial cleavage; usually encloses the central yolk mass

A

blastoderm

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21
Q

transmembrane proteins that go from cell to cell and bind to each other

A

cadherins

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22
Q

A protein important in stabilizing cell adherence to avoid abnormal spread of cells

A

catenin

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23
Q

the regular sequence of events in the life of a cell, during which the cell grows, prepates for division, duplicates its contents, and divides to form two daughter cells

A

cell cycles

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24
Q

the rigid outermost later of the cells found in plants, some protists ( a type of single cell organism), and most bacteria, found in plants composed principally of cellulose; not found in animal cells

A

cell wall

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25
Q

the part of the immune system that destroys viruses using T cells instead of using antibodies

A

cell mediated immunity

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26
Q

the proteoglycan found in the dermis

A

chondroitin suffate

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27
Q

early mitotic and cytoplasmic divisions of an embryo

A

cleavage

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28
Q

a cluster of cells in which all cells are coated with antigenic substances; each of the more thatn 160 clusters has a different chemical molecule that coats the surface; every T and B cell has about 10^5 molecules on its surface

A

cluster of differentiation

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29
Q

a complex series of enzymes in the blood that coats microbes with special molecules, making them more suscpetible to phagocytes

A

complement system

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30
Q

transmembrane proteins that permit the flow of ions that cause contraction of the heart muscle and stron contraction of the uterus during labor

A

connexins

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31
Q

the deep layer of the skin; dermis

A

corium

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32
Q

highly cross linked layer of proteins found in the stratum corneum

A

cornified envelope

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33
Q

nerve endings in the subcutaneous tissues of the human finger that detect stretching of connective tissue and send slow coninuous signals when stimulated; they are also heat detectors and are also known as organs of ruffini

A

corpuscles of ruffini

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34
Q

pertaining to the skin

A

cutaneous

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35
Q

a repeating unit that makes uo the pattern of biological rhythms

A

cycle

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36
Q

a protein important in the control of the cell division cycle and mitosis

A

cyclin

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37
Q

an enzyme that adds phosphate to a protein along with cyclins and is a major control switch for the cell cycle

A

cyclin dependent kinase

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38
Q

molecule secreted by an activated or stimulated cell that causes chemical immune responses in certain other cells

A

cytokine

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39
Q

special type of T cell activated during cell mediated immune reponses that recognizes and destroys virus infected cells

A

cytotoxic T cell

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40
Q

cell that results after division of a stem cell

A

daughter cell

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41
Q

cells that fix and process cutaneous antigens; contains large granules called Birbeck granules

A

dendritic cell

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42
Q

a glycosaminoglycans; complex carbohydrate in the dermis

A

dermatan sulfate

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43
Q

a member of the desmosome family; projects proteins, is calcium dependent, and extends from the plaques that interlock with idential proteins from the adjacent cell

A

desmocollins

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44
Q

member of the desmosome family; projects cadherin proteins, is calcium binding, and extends from the plaques that interlock with identical proteins from the adjacent cell

A

desmogliens

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45
Q

one of the two proteins that make up the plaques in the cell membrane

A

desmoplakin

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46
Q

a complex process that reproduces the critical information in each cell for proper functioning and reproduction

A

DNA synthesis

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47
Q

the outer layer of cells of an early embryo; one of the germ layers, also sometimes used to include tissues derived from the ectoderm

A

ectoderm

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48
Q

leading or conveying away from some organ, such as nerve impulses conducted away from the brain, or blood conveyed away from an organ; contrast with afferent

A

efferent

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49
Q

elastin type fiber found in the dermis, beleived to be an intermediate form of elastin

A

elaunin

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50
Q

the first stage of human life; starts with fertilization of a woman’s egg by a male’s sperm

A

embryo

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51
Q

thermoreceptors that detect cold found in the skinm the conjuctiva of the eye, the mucous membranes of the lips and tongue, the penis and clitoris, and the fingertips

A

end-bulbs of Krause

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52
Q

the deep primary germ layer of the embryo; gives rise to the linings of the pharnyx , respiratory tree, digestive tract, urinary bladder, and urethra

A

endoderm

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53
Q

cytoplasmic organelle composed of a system of interconnected membranous tubules and vesicles; rough ER has ribosomes aattached to the side of the membrane facing the cytoplasm and smooth ER doesnt; rough ER functions in protein synthesis; smoothe ER functions in lipid synthesis

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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54
Q

white blood cell characterized by the presence of cytoplasmic granules that become stained by an acid (eosin) dye

A

eosinophil

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55
Q

blistering congenital disease caused by defects in keratins 5 and 14 in the basal layer

A

epidermolysis bullosa

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56
Q

cellular tissue covering a free surface or lining a tube or cavity; it consisits of cells joined by small amounts of cementing substances. this tissue is classified into types based on how many layers deep it is and the shape of the superficial cells

A

epithelium

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57
Q

a red blood cell that has hemoglobin to carry oxygen from lungs to tissues; during their formation in mammals, these lose their nuclei, but these of other vertebrates retain their nuclei

A

eythrocyte

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58
Q

a layer of the ectoderm germ layer that supplies the skin

A

eternal ectoderm

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59
Q

composite material having both solid and liquid protein structures that serve as support materials and monitoring systems in the skin

A

extracellular matric (ECM)

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60
Q

strand of protoplasm produced by a cell and lying within the cell

A

fibril

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61
Q

peptide that stimulates fibroblasts to grow fibrocytes

A

fibroblast growth factor

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62
Q

cell that is not fully differentiated, makes the most abundant protein in the body called collagen, and originates from the mesenchymal tissye also known as a fibroblast

A

fibrocyte

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63
Q

the component of the ectoderm known as the neural crest

A

fourth germ layer

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64
Q

a lipid component of the stratum corneum

A

free fatty acids

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65
Q

nerve endings in the skin without myelin sheathes

A

free nerve terminals

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66
Q

a stage of DNA synthesis; the resting cell

A

G0

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67
Q

the part of interphase that is the time of active metabolism in the cell cycle; also known as Gap 1

A

G1

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68
Q

the part of interphase after the synthesis of DNA and before the start of nuclear division; also known as GAp 2

A

G2

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69
Q

intercellular channels that allow free passage between the cells of ions and small molecules to pass between cells

A

gap junctions

70
Q

the name of an embryo during the gastrulation process

A

gastrula

71
Q

a process during which the cells migrate to the interior of the blastula and frirm 3 germ layers

A

gastrulation

72
Q

in the animal embryo, one of three basic layers (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm) from which the carious organs adn tissues arise in the multicellular animal

A

germ layer

73
Q

supportive cells closely associated with neurons

A

glial cells

74
Q

an organelle of membranous, hollow sacs arranged in a stack; functions in modification, storage, and packaging of secretion materials; maye be called dictyosome in plants; also known as golgi complex

A

golgi apparatus

75
Q

white blood cells bearing granules in their cytoplasm that stain deeply

A

granulocytes

76
Q

cells that serve as managers and direct the immune responsel they also secrete lymphokines

A

helper T cells

77
Q

a structure that binds the basal layer to the basement membrane through different types of proteins

A

hemidesmosome

78
Q

part of the blood cell line, this multipotential cell can form white blood cells, red blood cells, and any other cells in the blood

A

hemocytoblast

79
Q

one of seven glycosaminoglycans that make up the proteoglycans found in the skin

A

heparan sulfate

80
Q

one of seven glycosaminoglycans that make up the proteoglycans in the skin

A

heparin

81
Q

the process of feedback and regulation that keeps the body in a state of equilibrium within its environment

A

homeostasis

82
Q

pertaining to an endocrine secretion

A

humoral

83
Q

chlorine bleach; HOCl

A

hypochlorous acid

84
Q

a bodily system made up of lymph, lymph nodes, the thymus gland, the spleen, and lymph vessels; protectsthe body from disease by developing immunities and destroying disease causng microorganisms as well as draining the tissues of excess interstitial fluids to the blood. this system carries waste and impurities away from the cells

A

immune system

85
Q

growth regulating cytokine thought to be responsible for initiating proliferation of fibroblasts and other connective tissue cells

A

insulin-like growth factor

86
Q

protein that holds the plaque to the basal lamina

A

integrin

87
Q

a cytokine produced by macrophages that stimulates T helper lymphocytes

A

inerleukin-1

88
Q

complex fibers that help maintain cell shape, but also add strength to cells and hold them together

A

intermediate filaments

89
Q

cells that makes insuline and are responsible for biabetes when they fail to function

A

islet of langerhans cells in the pancreas

90
Q

a pathway used as an intermediate signal as part of the DNA signaling cascade

A

JNK

91
Q

proteins that are made in the skin and hair that resist water and friction

A

keratin proteins

92
Q

a proteoglycan found in the dermis

A

keratin sulfate

93
Q

stem cells that do not have a high rate of mitosis but do produce a transient amplifying cell

A

keratinocytoblast

94
Q

both horny and hyaline, distinguishing feature of the cells in the granular layer

A

keratinohyaline granules

95
Q

a cell that fixes and processes cutaneous antigens; it contains large granules called Birbeck grandules; also known as dentritic cells

A

langerhans cell

96
Q

an enzyme that accelerates the hydrolysis, or synthesis, of fats

A

lipase

97
Q

a molecular structure composed of hydrophillic and hydrophobic components

A

lipid bilayer

98
Q

a type of white blood cell; a component of the immune system produced by tem cells in the bone marrow; important to the immune system for its ability to digest foreign invaders

A

lymphocyte

99
Q

a molecule secreted by an activated or stimulated lymphocyte that caused physiological changes in certain other cells

A

lymphokine

100
Q

substances that, when released by cytotoxic or killer T cells, cause cell lysis

A

lymphotoxins

101
Q

a cytoplasmic, membrane bounded organelle that contains digestive and hydrolytic enzymes, which are typically most active at the acid pH found in the lumen of lysosomes; digests foreign matter considered potentially threatening to the body

A

lysosome

102
Q

an enzyme capable of dissolving and digesting many types of biochemicals

A

lysozyme

103
Q

a phagocytic cell type in vertebrates that performs crucil functions in the immune response and inflammation, such as presenting antigens to T cells and producing several cytokines

A

macrophage

104
Q

a pathway used as an intermediate signal as part of the DNA signaling cascade

A

MAPK

105
Q

a type of cell in various tissues that releases pharmacologically active substances with a role in inflammation

A

mast cell

106
Q

a protein that initiates part of cellular division known as mitosis. it initiates the prophase of mitosis and also functions in the process of mitosis by activating other proteins through the mechanism of phophorylation; adds phosphorus to the protein, thereby making it an active protein

A

maturation promoting factor (MPF)

107
Q

circular or ovoid structures with a distinct connective tissue capsule that transmit touch, pressure, and cold

A

miessner’s corpuscles

108
Q

cell that produces pigment granules/melanin in the nasal layer of the epidermis

A

melanocyte

109
Q

a hormone that stimulates melanocytes to make melanin

A

melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

110
Q

the process of making the pigment melanin inside the melanocyte

A

melanogenesis

111
Q

in living organisms, a phospholipid bilayer impregnated with protein and certain other compounds that is differentially permeable

A

membrane

112
Q

cells that are programmed to recognize and recognize and respond to a pathogen once it has been invaded and repelled

A

memory T cells

113
Q

ivy shaped discs, sometimes called heiderform endings, that are in the epidermal tissue; each disc includes receptors and consists of a modified epidermal, or Merkel cell, and its disc shaped terminal; these discs discriminate touch, shape, and texture

A

merkel’s discs

114
Q

embryonic connective tissue

A

mesenchymal tissue

115
Q

the third germ layer, formed in the gastrula between the ectoderm and endoderm; gives rise to connective tissues, muscle, urogenital and vascular systems, and the peritoneum; tissue from this is called mesenchymal tissue

A

mesoderm

116
Q

protein strands made of actin; they are responsible for cell movement and cell shape

A

microfilaments

117
Q

tiny, cylindrical tubes composed of a protein called tubulin; its major function is to separate chromosomes during cellular division

A

microtubules

118
Q

in eukaryotes, subcellular organlles that conduct cellular respirtion and produce most of the ATP in aerobic respiration (oxidative phosphorylation)

A

mitochondria

119
Q

a large white blood cell, or leukocyte, that travels the bloodstream neutralizing pathogens; it becomesa phagocytic cell (macrophage) after moving into tissues

A

monocyte

120
Q

a cell capable of multiple divisions, also known as a stem cell

A

mother cell

121
Q

fatty material forming the medullary sheath of nerve fibers

A

myelin

122
Q

an enzyme used in the killing actionof neutrophils

A

myeloperoxidase

123
Q

a large protein of contactile tissue that forms the thick myofilaments of striated muscle, during contraction, it combines with actin to form actomyosin

A

myosin

124
Q

early nerve tissue in the embryo; the site of origin for melanocytes and a layer of the ectoderm layer

A

neural crest

125
Q

a lauer of the ectoderm germ layer; provides most of the central nervous system

A

neural tube

126
Q

an intermediate filament found in nerve cells

A

neurofilament

127
Q

cells that provide support and nutrition to the tissues

A

neuroglia

128
Q

the most abundant polymorphonuclear leukocytes; phagocytic white blood cells

A

neutrophils

129
Q

the membrane surrounding the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

A

nuclear membrane

130
Q

a deeply staining body within the nucleus of a cell that contains RNA; nucleoli are specialized portions of certain chromosomes that carry multiple copies of the information to synthesis

A

nucleolus

131
Q

an elatin type fiber found in the dermis that contains only microfibrils and is 10 to 12 nm in diameter

A

oxytalan

132
Q

a protein that binds to cyclin and Cdk, blocking entry into the S phase

A

p27 protein

133
Q

a tumor suppressor protein with critical functions in normal cells; a mutation in the gene that encodes it, this can result in loss of control over cell division and, thus, cancer

A

p53 protein

134
Q

a sensory in skin, muscles, body joints, body organs, and tendones that is involved with the vibratory sense and firm pressure on the skin; also called a lamellated corpuscle

A

pacinian corpuscle

135
Q

any cell that engulfs and devours microorganisms or other particles

A

phagocyte

136
Q

compounds that contain fatty acid and phosphoric acid groups

A

phospholipids

137
Q

one of the two proteins that make up the plaques in the cell membrane

A

plakoglobin

138
Q

locateed in the cell membrane; they are made up of two proteins: desmoplakin and plakoglobin

A

plauqes

139
Q

same as cellular membrane

A

plasma membrane

140
Q

a growth regulating cytokine thought to be responsible for initiating proliferation of fibroblasts and other connective tissue cells

A

platelet-derives growth factor (PDGF)

141
Q

a cell at the start of the blood cell line that is programmed to form all the other cells in the bloodstream

A

pluripotential stem cell

142
Q

a cell that is part of the blood cell line adn forms from the basophilic normoblast; it is 9 to 12 micrometers in diameter; starts to make hemoglobin, but can no longer divide

A

polychromatic normoblast

143
Q

granulocytes

A

polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs)

144
Q

an inactive form of chymotropic enzyme found in the lamellar bodies of the stratum granulosum

A

pro-enzyme

145
Q

a cell that is part of the blood cell line and forms from the division of the hemocytoblast; it is 20 micrometers in diameter; starts to make hemoglobin, but can no longer divide

A

pronormoblast

146
Q

the action of a complex enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residures. there are 91 identified PTK enzymes, which are involved in cellular signaling pathways and regulate key cell functions such as proliferation, differentiation, anti-apoptotic signalling, and neurite outgrowth. unregulated activation of these enzymes, through mechanisms such as point mutations or overexpression, can lead to various forms of cancer as well as benign proliferative conditions. the importance of these in health and disease is further underscored by the existence of aberrations in PTK signaling occuring in inflammatory diseases and diabetes. in short, this is a very important enzyme that activates other enzymes

A

protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) activity

147
Q

a special class of glycoproteins found in the extracellular substance; they vary in size depending on the glycosaminoglycans chains attached to them

A

proteoglycans

148
Q

the act of breaking the desmosomal bonds of connecting proteins

A

proteolysis

149
Q

a special protein on a cell’s surface or within the cell that binds to specific ligands

A

receptor

150
Q

a protein on the cell membrane, within the cytoplasm, or on the cell nucleus that binds to a specific nodule (a ligand), such as a neurotransmitter, hormone, or other substance and initiates the cellular response

A

receptor site

151
Q

a structure that is critical to the autonomic nervous system (ANS). it has two parts: the sensory arm and the motor arm

A

reflex arc

152
Q

a process that uses oxygen in the killing action of neutrophils

A

respiratory burst

153
Q

a cell that is part of the blood cell line and forms from the acidophilic normoblast; it is 8 micrometes in diameter and contians mitochondria

A

reticulocyte

154
Q

small dense organelles that assemble proteins in cells

A

ribosomes

155
Q

the ability of the plasma membrane to let some substances in and keep others out; permeable to small molecules, usually H2O and CO2, but not permable to larger molecules or ions

A

selective permeability

156
Q

a cell arrested in G1 that cannot advance or go backward and in some cases is destroyed; a major cause of aging

A

senescent cell

157
Q

a nerve that carries impulses or messages from the sense organs to the breain, where sensations of touch, cold, heath, sight, heating, taste, smell, pain, and pressure are experienced

A

sensory (afferent) neuron

158
Q

a cell capable of multiple divisions, also known as the mother cell

A

stem cell

159
Q

an unstable, reactive single oxygen atom

A

superoxide

160
Q

cells that inhibit the production of cytotoxic cells once they are no longer needed so they do not cause more damage than necessary

A

suppresor T cells

161
Q

a type of lymphocyte with a vital regulatory rolse in immune response; so called because they are processed through the thymus. subsets of these mau ne stimulatory or inhibitory; they communicate with other cells by protein hormones called cytokines

A

T cell

162
Q

fragments produced by damaged DNA, triggering the release of MSH, which can then bind to melanocytes to produce melanin

A

thymidine dinycleotide fragments

163
Q

a region of actual fusion of cell membranes between two adjacent cells

A

tight junction

164
Q

the time it takes for cells to move through the epidermal stage of growth

A

transit time

165
Q

the main sensory nerve of the face; has three major branches

A

trigeminal nerve

166
Q

a protein that forms parts of the microtubules

A

tubulin

167
Q

membrane bound compartments within some eukaryotic cells that can serve a variety of secretory, excretory, and storage functions

A

vacuoles

168
Q

a proteoglycan found in the dermis; provides turgor and tautness to the skin by interacting with elastin and hyaluronic

A

versican sulfate

169
Q

an intermediate filament found in fibroblasts

A

vimentin

170
Q

a blood cell responsible for the body’s defense mechanisms; these act by destroying disease causing germs; also called white corpuscles

A

white blood cell (leukocytes)

171
Q

a diploid cell produced by the fusion of an egg and sperm; a fertilized egg cell

A

zygote

Advanced Esthetics Vocabulary (29 decks)

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