Advanced Histology of the Cell and the Skin Flashcards
part of the blood cell line and formed from the polychromatic normablast, this cell (8-10 micrometers in diameter) loses its nucleus at this stage
acidophillic normoblasts
a protein in a muscle fiber that, together with myosin, is responsible for contraction and relaxation
actin
filaments connected to the caternins that help stabilize cell adherance
actin filaments
a process that requires expenditure of ATP energy to move molecules across a cell membrane; also called facillitated transport
active transport
a multifunctional nucleotide that transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism and coverts oxygen to carbon dioxide
adenosine triphosphate
junctions that provide strong mechanical attachments between adjacent cells
adherens junctions
leading or bearing toward some organ, such as nerves conducting impulses toward the brain or blood vessels carrying blood toward an organ; opposite of efferent
afferent
a pathway used as an intermediate signal as part of the DNA signaling cascade
Akt
organic acids that form the building blocks of proteins; 20 amino acids are used within the human body; 9 of these are essential amino acids and must be supplied by the diet
amino acids
a system that ties the plaque to the cytoplasm through the cytoskeleton; located inside the cell behind the plasma membrane
anchoring system
components of the immune system that neutralizes antigens
antibodies
(1) modified type of serum globulin synthesized by lymphoid tissue in response to antigenic stimulus (2) any material that elicits an immune response
antigens
genetically determined cell death; programmed cell death
apoptosis
type of lymphcyte derived from bone marrow stem cells that matures into an immunologically competent cell (under the influence of the bursa of fabricius in chickens, and the bone marrow in nonavian species); following interaction with antigen, it becomes a plasma cell, which synthesizes and secretes antibody molecules incolved in humoral immunity
B cell or B lymphocyte
a cell that manufactures antibodies involved in immunity
B lymphocyte
white blood cell characterized by the presence of blue cytoplasmic granules that become stained by a basophillic dye
basophil
blue colored cell formed from the division of the pronormoblast; this cell (6-18 micrometers in diameter) produces polychromatic normoblasts
basophillic normoblast
a fluid filled or yolk filled cavity surrounded by a blastoderm
blastocoel
an early stage in the development of an embryo; consists of a sphere of cells enclosing a fluid filled ca
blastula
primary epithelium formed in early embryonic development of many arthopods when the nucleui migrate to the periphery and undergo superficial cleavage; usually encloses the central yolk mass
blastoderm
transmembrane proteins that go from cell to cell and bind to each other
cadherins
A protein important in stabilizing cell adherence to avoid abnormal spread of cells
catenin
the regular sequence of events in the life of a cell, during which the cell grows, prepates for division, duplicates its contents, and divides to form two daughter cells
cell cycles
the rigid outermost later of the cells found in plants, some protists ( a type of single cell organism), and most bacteria, found in plants composed principally of cellulose; not found in animal cells
cell wall
the part of the immune system that destroys viruses using T cells instead of using antibodies
cell mediated immunity
the proteoglycan found in the dermis
chondroitin suffate
early mitotic and cytoplasmic divisions of an embryo
cleavage
a cluster of cells in which all cells are coated with antigenic substances; each of the more thatn 160 clusters has a different chemical molecule that coats the surface; every T and B cell has about 10^5 molecules on its surface
cluster of differentiation
a complex series of enzymes in the blood that coats microbes with special molecules, making them more suscpetible to phagocytes
complement system
transmembrane proteins that permit the flow of ions that cause contraction of the heart muscle and stron contraction of the uterus during labor
connexins
the deep layer of the skin; dermis
corium
highly cross linked layer of proteins found in the stratum corneum
cornified envelope
nerve endings in the subcutaneous tissues of the human finger that detect stretching of connective tissue and send slow coninuous signals when stimulated; they are also heat detectors and are also known as organs of ruffini
corpuscles of ruffini
pertaining to the skin
cutaneous
a repeating unit that makes uo the pattern of biological rhythms
cycle
a protein important in the control of the cell division cycle and mitosis
cyclin
an enzyme that adds phosphate to a protein along with cyclins and is a major control switch for the cell cycle
cyclin dependent kinase
molecule secreted by an activated or stimulated cell that causes chemical immune responses in certain other cells
cytokine
special type of T cell activated during cell mediated immune reponses that recognizes and destroys virus infected cells
cytotoxic T cell
cell that results after division of a stem cell
daughter cell
cells that fix and process cutaneous antigens; contains large granules called Birbeck granules
dendritic cell
a glycosaminoglycans; complex carbohydrate in the dermis
dermatan sulfate
a member of the desmosome family; projects proteins, is calcium dependent, and extends from the plaques that interlock with idential proteins from the adjacent cell
desmocollins
member of the desmosome family; projects cadherin proteins, is calcium binding, and extends from the plaques that interlock with identical proteins from the adjacent cell
desmogliens
one of the two proteins that make up the plaques in the cell membrane
desmoplakin
a complex process that reproduces the critical information in each cell for proper functioning and reproduction
DNA synthesis
the outer layer of cells of an early embryo; one of the germ layers, also sometimes used to include tissues derived from the ectoderm
ectoderm
leading or conveying away from some organ, such as nerve impulses conducted away from the brain, or blood conveyed away from an organ; contrast with afferent
efferent
elastin type fiber found in the dermis, beleived to be an intermediate form of elastin
elaunin
the first stage of human life; starts with fertilization of a woman’s egg by a male’s sperm
embryo
thermoreceptors that detect cold found in the skinm the conjuctiva of the eye, the mucous membranes of the lips and tongue, the penis and clitoris, and the fingertips
end-bulbs of Krause
the deep primary germ layer of the embryo; gives rise to the linings of the pharnyx , respiratory tree, digestive tract, urinary bladder, and urethra
endoderm
cytoplasmic organelle composed of a system of interconnected membranous tubules and vesicles; rough ER has ribosomes aattached to the side of the membrane facing the cytoplasm and smooth ER doesnt; rough ER functions in protein synthesis; smoothe ER functions in lipid synthesis
endoplasmic reticulum
white blood cell characterized by the presence of cytoplasmic granules that become stained by an acid (eosin) dye
eosinophil
blistering congenital disease caused by defects in keratins 5 and 14 in the basal layer
epidermolysis bullosa
cellular tissue covering a free surface or lining a tube or cavity; it consisits of cells joined by small amounts of cementing substances. this tissue is classified into types based on how many layers deep it is and the shape of the superficial cells
epithelium
a red blood cell that has hemoglobin to carry oxygen from lungs to tissues; during their formation in mammals, these lose their nuclei, but these of other vertebrates retain their nuclei
eythrocyte
a layer of the ectoderm germ layer that supplies the skin
eternal ectoderm
composite material having both solid and liquid protein structures that serve as support materials and monitoring systems in the skin
extracellular matric (ECM)
strand of protoplasm produced by a cell and lying within the cell
fibril
peptide that stimulates fibroblasts to grow fibrocytes
fibroblast growth factor
cell that is not fully differentiated, makes the most abundant protein in the body called collagen, and originates from the mesenchymal tissye also known as a fibroblast
fibrocyte
the component of the ectoderm known as the neural crest
fourth germ layer
a lipid component of the stratum corneum
free fatty acids
nerve endings in the skin without myelin sheathes
free nerve terminals
a stage of DNA synthesis; the resting cell
G0
the part of interphase that is the time of active metabolism in the cell cycle; also known as Gap 1
G1
the part of interphase after the synthesis of DNA and before the start of nuclear division; also known as GAp 2
G2
intercellular channels that allow free passage between the cells of ions and small molecules to pass between cells
gap junctions
the name of an embryo during the gastrulation process
gastrula
a process during which the cells migrate to the interior of the blastula and frirm 3 germ layers
gastrulation
in the animal embryo, one of three basic layers (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm) from which the carious organs adn tissues arise in the multicellular animal
germ layer
supportive cells closely associated with neurons
glial cells
an organelle of membranous, hollow sacs arranged in a stack; functions in modification, storage, and packaging of secretion materials; maye be called dictyosome in plants; also known as golgi complex
golgi apparatus
white blood cells bearing granules in their cytoplasm that stain deeply
granulocytes
cells that serve as managers and direct the immune responsel they also secrete lymphokines
helper T cells
a structure that binds the basal layer to the basement membrane through different types of proteins
hemidesmosome
part of the blood cell line, this multipotential cell can form white blood cells, red blood cells, and any other cells in the blood
hemocytoblast
one of seven glycosaminoglycans that make up the proteoglycans found in the skin
heparan sulfate
one of seven glycosaminoglycans that make up the proteoglycans in the skin
heparin
the process of feedback and regulation that keeps the body in a state of equilibrium within its environment
homeostasis
pertaining to an endocrine secretion
humoral
chlorine bleach; HOCl
hypochlorous acid
a bodily system made up of lymph, lymph nodes, the thymus gland, the spleen, and lymph vessels; protectsthe body from disease by developing immunities and destroying disease causng microorganisms as well as draining the tissues of excess interstitial fluids to the blood. this system carries waste and impurities away from the cells
immune system
growth regulating cytokine thought to be responsible for initiating proliferation of fibroblasts and other connective tissue cells
insulin-like growth factor
protein that holds the plaque to the basal lamina
integrin
a cytokine produced by macrophages that stimulates T helper lymphocytes
inerleukin-1
complex fibers that help maintain cell shape, but also add strength to cells and hold them together
intermediate filaments
cells that makes insuline and are responsible for biabetes when they fail to function
islet of langerhans cells in the pancreas
a pathway used as an intermediate signal as part of the DNA signaling cascade
JNK
proteins that are made in the skin and hair that resist water and friction
keratin proteins
a proteoglycan found in the dermis
keratin sulfate
stem cells that do not have a high rate of mitosis but do produce a transient amplifying cell
keratinocytoblast
both horny and hyaline, distinguishing feature of the cells in the granular layer
keratinohyaline granules
a cell that fixes and processes cutaneous antigens; it contains large granules called Birbeck grandules; also known as dentritic cells
langerhans cell
an enzyme that accelerates the hydrolysis, or synthesis, of fats
lipase
a molecular structure composed of hydrophillic and hydrophobic components
lipid bilayer
a type of white blood cell; a component of the immune system produced by tem cells in the bone marrow; important to the immune system for its ability to digest foreign invaders
lymphocyte
a molecule secreted by an activated or stimulated lymphocyte that caused physiological changes in certain other cells
lymphokine
substances that, when released by cytotoxic or killer T cells, cause cell lysis
lymphotoxins
a cytoplasmic, membrane bounded organelle that contains digestive and hydrolytic enzymes, which are typically most active at the acid pH found in the lumen of lysosomes; digests foreign matter considered potentially threatening to the body
lysosome
an enzyme capable of dissolving and digesting many types of biochemicals
lysozyme
a phagocytic cell type in vertebrates that performs crucil functions in the immune response and inflammation, such as presenting antigens to T cells and producing several cytokines
macrophage
a pathway used as an intermediate signal as part of the DNA signaling cascade
MAPK
a type of cell in various tissues that releases pharmacologically active substances with a role in inflammation
mast cell
a protein that initiates part of cellular division known as mitosis. it initiates the prophase of mitosis and also functions in the process of mitosis by activating other proteins through the mechanism of phophorylation; adds phosphorus to the protein, thereby making it an active protein
maturation promoting factor (MPF)
circular or ovoid structures with a distinct connective tissue capsule that transmit touch, pressure, and cold
miessner’s corpuscles
cell that produces pigment granules/melanin in the nasal layer of the epidermis
melanocyte
a hormone that stimulates melanocytes to make melanin
melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
the process of making the pigment melanin inside the melanocyte
melanogenesis
in living organisms, a phospholipid bilayer impregnated with protein and certain other compounds that is differentially permeable
membrane
cells that are programmed to recognize and recognize and respond to a pathogen once it has been invaded and repelled
memory T cells
ivy shaped discs, sometimes called heiderform endings, that are in the epidermal tissue; each disc includes receptors and consists of a modified epidermal, or Merkel cell, and its disc shaped terminal; these discs discriminate touch, shape, and texture
merkel’s discs
embryonic connective tissue
mesenchymal tissue
the third germ layer, formed in the gastrula between the ectoderm and endoderm; gives rise to connective tissues, muscle, urogenital and vascular systems, and the peritoneum; tissue from this is called mesenchymal tissue
mesoderm
protein strands made of actin; they are responsible for cell movement and cell shape
microfilaments
tiny, cylindrical tubes composed of a protein called tubulin; its major function is to separate chromosomes during cellular division
microtubules
in eukaryotes, subcellular organlles that conduct cellular respirtion and produce most of the ATP in aerobic respiration (oxidative phosphorylation)
mitochondria
a large white blood cell, or leukocyte, that travels the bloodstream neutralizing pathogens; it becomesa phagocytic cell (macrophage) after moving into tissues
monocyte
a cell capable of multiple divisions, also known as a stem cell
mother cell
fatty material forming the medullary sheath of nerve fibers
myelin
an enzyme used in the killing actionof neutrophils
myeloperoxidase
a large protein of contactile tissue that forms the thick myofilaments of striated muscle, during contraction, it combines with actin to form actomyosin
myosin
early nerve tissue in the embryo; the site of origin for melanocytes and a layer of the ectoderm layer
neural crest
a lauer of the ectoderm germ layer; provides most of the central nervous system
neural tube
an intermediate filament found in nerve cells
neurofilament
cells that provide support and nutrition to the tissues
neuroglia
the most abundant polymorphonuclear leukocytes; phagocytic white blood cells
neutrophils
the membrane surrounding the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
nuclear membrane
a deeply staining body within the nucleus of a cell that contains RNA; nucleoli are specialized portions of certain chromosomes that carry multiple copies of the information to synthesis
nucleolus
an elatin type fiber found in the dermis that contains only microfibrils and is 10 to 12 nm in diameter
oxytalan
a protein that binds to cyclin and Cdk, blocking entry into the S phase
p27 protein
a tumor suppressor protein with critical functions in normal cells; a mutation in the gene that encodes it, this can result in loss of control over cell division and, thus, cancer
p53 protein
a sensory in skin, muscles, body joints, body organs, and tendones that is involved with the vibratory sense and firm pressure on the skin; also called a lamellated corpuscle
pacinian corpuscle
any cell that engulfs and devours microorganisms or other particles
phagocyte
compounds that contain fatty acid and phosphoric acid groups
phospholipids
one of the two proteins that make up the plaques in the cell membrane
plakoglobin
locateed in the cell membrane; they are made up of two proteins: desmoplakin and plakoglobin
plauqes
same as cellular membrane
plasma membrane
a growth regulating cytokine thought to be responsible for initiating proliferation of fibroblasts and other connective tissue cells
platelet-derives growth factor (PDGF)
a cell at the start of the blood cell line that is programmed to form all the other cells in the bloodstream
pluripotential stem cell
a cell that is part of the blood cell line adn forms from the basophilic normoblast; it is 9 to 12 micrometers in diameter; starts to make hemoglobin, but can no longer divide
polychromatic normoblast
granulocytes
polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs)
an inactive form of chymotropic enzyme found in the lamellar bodies of the stratum granulosum
pro-enzyme
a cell that is part of the blood cell line and forms from the division of the hemocytoblast; it is 20 micrometers in diameter; starts to make hemoglobin, but can no longer divide
pronormoblast
the action of a complex enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residures. there are 91 identified PTK enzymes, which are involved in cellular signaling pathways and regulate key cell functions such as proliferation, differentiation, anti-apoptotic signalling, and neurite outgrowth. unregulated activation of these enzymes, through mechanisms such as point mutations or overexpression, can lead to various forms of cancer as well as benign proliferative conditions. the importance of these in health and disease is further underscored by the existence of aberrations in PTK signaling occuring in inflammatory diseases and diabetes. in short, this is a very important enzyme that activates other enzymes
protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) activity
a special class of glycoproteins found in the extracellular substance; they vary in size depending on the glycosaminoglycans chains attached to them
proteoglycans
the act of breaking the desmosomal bonds of connecting proteins
proteolysis
a special protein on a cell’s surface or within the cell that binds to specific ligands
receptor
a protein on the cell membrane, within the cytoplasm, or on the cell nucleus that binds to a specific nodule (a ligand), such as a neurotransmitter, hormone, or other substance and initiates the cellular response
receptor site
a structure that is critical to the autonomic nervous system (ANS). it has two parts: the sensory arm and the motor arm
reflex arc
a process that uses oxygen in the killing action of neutrophils
respiratory burst
a cell that is part of the blood cell line and forms from the acidophilic normoblast; it is 8 micrometes in diameter and contians mitochondria
reticulocyte
small dense organelles that assemble proteins in cells
ribosomes
the ability of the plasma membrane to let some substances in and keep others out; permeable to small molecules, usually H2O and CO2, but not permable to larger molecules or ions
selective permeability
a cell arrested in G1 that cannot advance or go backward and in some cases is destroyed; a major cause of aging
senescent cell
a nerve that carries impulses or messages from the sense organs to the breain, where sensations of touch, cold, heath, sight, heating, taste, smell, pain, and pressure are experienced
sensory (afferent) neuron
a cell capable of multiple divisions, also known as the mother cell
stem cell
an unstable, reactive single oxygen atom
superoxide
cells that inhibit the production of cytotoxic cells once they are no longer needed so they do not cause more damage than necessary
suppresor T cells
a type of lymphocyte with a vital regulatory rolse in immune response; so called because they are processed through the thymus. subsets of these mau ne stimulatory or inhibitory; they communicate with other cells by protein hormones called cytokines
T cell
fragments produced by damaged DNA, triggering the release of MSH, which can then bind to melanocytes to produce melanin
thymidine dinycleotide fragments
a region of actual fusion of cell membranes between two adjacent cells
tight junction
the time it takes for cells to move through the epidermal stage of growth
transit time
the main sensory nerve of the face; has three major branches
trigeminal nerve
a protein that forms parts of the microtubules
tubulin
membrane bound compartments within some eukaryotic cells that can serve a variety of secretory, excretory, and storage functions
vacuoles
a proteoglycan found in the dermis; provides turgor and tautness to the skin by interacting with elastin and hyaluronic
versican sulfate
an intermediate filament found in fibroblasts
vimentin
a blood cell responsible for the body’s defense mechanisms; these act by destroying disease causing germs; also called white corpuscles
white blood cell (leukocytes)
a diploid cell produced by the fusion of an egg and sperm; a fertilized egg cell
zygote
