abx Flashcards

1
Q

Penicillins: Mechanism of action: Inhibits bacterial growth by interfering with _____ reaction of bacterial cell wall synthesis

A

transpeptidation

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2
Q

Penicillins: Mechanism of action: β-lactams covalently bind to the active site of penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) which inhibits the transpeptidation reaction, halts ______ synthesis and causes cell death.

A

peptidoglycan

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3
Q

Penicillins: Mechanism of action: _____ covalently bind to the active site of penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) which inhibits the transpeptidation reaction, halts peptidoglycan synthesis and causes cell death.

A

β-lactams

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4
Q

Penicillins: Mechanism of action: β-lactams kill bacterial cells only when they are

A

actively growing and synthesizing cell wall.

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5
Q

Penicillins: Oral dosage forms must be ___ ___ and be readily absorbed from the GI tract

A

acid stable

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6
Q

Penicillins: IV dosage forms that are highly protein bound are ___ available as free drug

A

less

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7
Q

Penicillins: IM dosage forms are formulated to provide ____ tissue and blood concentrations

A

prolonged

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8
Q

Penicillins: Renal excretion: ___ tubular secretion; glomerular filtration - most penicillins

A

90%

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9
Q

Cephalosporins and Cephamycins: Inhibits bacterial growth by interfering with _____ reaction of bacterial cell wall synthesis.

A

transpeptidation

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10
Q

Cephalosporins and Cephamycins: β-lactams covalently bind to the active site of penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) which inhibits the transpeptidation reaction, halts _______ synthesis and causes cell death.

A

peptidoglycan

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11
Q

Cephalosporins and Cephamycins: β-lactams kill bacterial cells only when they are

A

actively growing and synthesizing cell wall.

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12
Q

Cephalosporins and Cephamycins: Less susceptible than

A

penicillins to β-lactamases.

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13
Q

Mechanisms of Resistance: Production of β-lactamase inactivates penicillins ___ ___ cephalosporins

A

more than

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14
Q

Mechanisms of Resistance: AmpC and ESBLs hydrolyze both ____ and _____

A

penicillins and cephalosporins

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15
Q

Mechanisms of Resistance: Metallo β-lactamases and carbapenemases hydrolyze p____, c___, c____

A

penicillins, cephalosporins and carbapenems

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16
Q

Mechanisms of Resistance: Methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus, ampicillin resistant Enterococcus is caused by

A

Alteration of PBP binding site

17
Q

Gram negative organisms can be resistant by

A

increased drug efflux pumps

18
Q

Mechanism: Interfere with bacterial DNA synthesis by inhibiting topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase), especially in the Gram - and topoisomerase IV, especially in the Gram pos

A

Fluoroquinolones

19
Q

Fluoroquinolones: Mechanisms of resistance: Decreased intracellular accumulation of the drug by: Production of ___ pumps

A

efflux

20
Q

Fluoroquinolones: Mechanisms of resistance: Decreased intracellular accumulation of the drug by: Change in ___ structure

A

porin

21
Q

Fluoroquinolones: Mechanisms of resistance: Changes in the sensitivity of the target enzymes via ____ in the antibiotic binding regions

A

mutations

22
Q

Fluoroquinolones: Mechanisms of resistance: Mutations in the ___ gene that encodes DNA gyrase

A

agyrA

23
Q

Tetracyclines: Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to 30S ribosomal subunit and preventing binding of the incoming charged ___

A

tRNA

24
Q

Tetracyclines: resistance mechansim

A

efflux pumps

25
Q

Aminoglycosides have Post-antibiotic effect, meaning

A

Killing action continues even after the serum levels become undetectable

26
Q

Aminoglycosides: Generally not used as

A

monotherapy

27
Q

Aminoglycosides: Generally not used as monotherapy, except with

A

UTI (because there’s a lot of the drug in urine)

28
Q

Aminoglycosides: formulas

A

IV/IM and also as an inhaled solution

29
Q

Trimethoprim is resisted by Increased production of ____ by bacteria

A

PABA