9.7 Gene Regulation 1 Flashcards
the type of DNA binding domain that consists of protein structure surrounding a zinc is called a ________. Some residues form an _______ structure, which contacts the _____ groove of DNA. This is sequence ______ (specific, non specific?)
zinc finger
alpha-helix
major
specific
acetylation of histones ________ transcription while methylation of histones ________ transcription
increases, decreases
_______________________ stabilize the interaction between RNA polymerase II and the transcription initiation complex
enhancer binding proteins (positive regulatory proteins)
One of the alpha helices in the helix-turn-helix binding domain fits in the _____ groove of DNA. the binding is _____ (specific or non specific?)
major
specific
any protein domain that can act to _________ the preinitatnion complex can function as a repressor.
destabilize
the presence of ________ decreases the level of transcription from an adjacent promoter
repressors
is a promoter gene specific or gene general?
gene general. it binds general transcription factors
enhancer binding proteins loop and can interact with the _____________________ (proteins around promoter region)
transcription initiation complex
positive regulatory proteins bind _________
enhancers
in ________ syndrome, there are defects in neural crest cells and inner ear development, intestinal defects, deadness, and abnormal pigmentation. It is caused by defects in what transcription factor?
Waardenburg syndrome
SOX10 transcription factor.
transcription regulatory proteins have two domains:
DNA binding domain
transcription activating/repressing domain
most genes have ______ regulatory elements (enhancer regions) - amount
many
transcription can begin ONLY when the binding between _______ and __________ is complete and stable.
RNA polymerase and the transcription initiation complex (usually this is unstable)
helix-turn-helix binding domains usually form ______. If these are identical, the binding sites are _______.
dimers
symmetrical
in the protein alpha helix binding domain, the binding is ______ (specific, non-specific)? Why?
specific
specific amino acids in side chains of the alpha helix can contact specific base pairs in DNA.
what homeodomain TF can cause congenital heart defects (mainly underdeveloped L ventricle) if function of one copy of the gene is lost?
NKX2-5
the presence of an ________ increases the level of transcription from an adjacent promoter
enhancer
the binding domain characterized by a short region of two alpha-helices separated by a short loop region
helix-turn-helix
enhancer binding proteins stabilize RNA polymerase binding at the ________ (region)
promoter
unlike DNA binding domains, transcription activating domains are completely _________.
interchangeable
Defects in the SOX10 transcription factor is a major cause of _______________
Waardenburg syndrome
TATA box, CCAT box, and GC box are all examples of
general promoter sequences
diseases in transcription factors: the homeodomain transcription factor _______ is essential for embryonic heart development. loss of function of one copy of gene leads to congenital heart defects.
NKX2-5
homeodomain proteins have the _________ DNA binding domain.
helix-turn-helix
the general transcription factors in addition to the RNA polymerase 2 on the promoter region is called:
transcription initiation complex
a region of DNA close to the site of transcription that helps build the transcription initiation complex of proteins is called the:
promoter
the TATA box is the recognition sequence for a protein called _____, which bends the DNA to allow for transcription
TF2D
the protein alpha helix structure is a DNA _____ domain. It fits in the ______ groove of the DNA double helix. The binding is ______ (specific, non-specific)? Why?
binding
major
transcription of different genes in different types of cells is called: _____ ______
gene regulation
Any protein domain that can positively interact with the RNA polymerase complex will ___________ the preinitiation complex and ultimately ______ the levels of transcription.
stabilize
increase
zinc fingers can line up, with their ____ chains binding DNA. This increases __________
alpha
specificity
