9.12 Cell Growth, Differentiation, Adaptation 1 and 2

Question 1

define labile cells

Answer 1

cells that are continuously dividing and always in the cell cycle

Question 2

give examples of labile cells

Answer 2

stratified squamous of epithelium, columnar epithelium of GI

Question 3

define stable cells

Answer 3

quiescent, normally at low replication level but may be stimulated to divide by reaction to injury

Question 4

give examples of stable cells

Answer 4

hepatocytes, vascular endothelial cells

Question 5

define permanent cells

Answer 5

non-dividing cells, have permanently left cell cycle and can’t undergo mitotic division

Question 6

give an example of a permanent cell

Answer 6

CNS neuron

Question 7

make new cells with the same cell type you lost:

Answer 7

regeneration

Question 8

make new cells with a different cell type (ex: CT and fibrosis)

Answer 8

replacement

Question 9

what is absolutely needed for regeneration?

Answer 9

an intact basement membrane

Question 10

EGF, VEGF, FGF, TGF-beta, and PDGF are all substrates that react on what category of receptor?

Answer 10

rTKs

Receptor tyrosine kinases

Question 11

in a ___________, malignant cells produce VEGF and PDGF, causing proliferation of vascular cells

Answer 11

glioblastoma

Question 12

in ___________________, there is progressive fibrosis of the skin and organs caused by damaged blood vessels releasing TGF-beta and PDGF

Answer 12

systemic sclerosis

Question 13

define the potential mechanism behind systemic sclerosis

Answer 13

autoimmune –> cytokines –> damaged blood vessels –> release of TGF-beta and PDGF –> fibrosis

Question 14

in glioblasomas, malignant astrocytes release _____ and ____ in response to hypoxia, causing what?

Answer 14

VEGF and PDGF

proliferation of vascular cells

Question 15

describe the properties of cytokine receptors?

Answer 15

no inherent tyrosine kinase activity

use janus kinase (JAK) to phosphorylate

Question 16

ILs and INFs and erythropoietin are examples of what?

Answer 16

cytokines

Question 17

when a receptor is activated that does not have inhered tyrosine kinase activity, ___________ are recruited. What do they do?

Answer 17

janus kinases (JAK)
phosphorylate the receptor and some other enzymes

Question 18

what disease can be associated with cytokine signaling and receptors with non-inherent tyrosine kinase activity? cancer of plasma cells

Answer 18

multiple myeloma

Question 19

in multiple myeloma, plasma cell neoplasms cause in increase in ________, stimulating _________ to absorb bone. This can lead to hyper-_________. What pathway is this?

Answer 19

IL-6
osteoclasts
hyper-calcemia
JAK/STAT

Question 20

what are 3 important features of the ECM?

Answer 20

1. sequesters water and minerals
2. reservoir of growth factors
3. provides BASEMENT MEMBRANE

Question 21

in increase in number of cells is called ___________

Answer 21

hyperplasia

Question 22

what can cause hyperplasia?

Answer 22

hormonal changes or increase in functional damand

Question 23

provide an example of physiological hyperplasia

Answer 23

period

Question 24

provide an example of compensatory hyperplasia

Answer 24

losing some of your liver

Question 25

provide an example of pathologic hyperplasia

Answer 25

hormones causing increase in prostate in older men

Question 26

in increase in the size of cells is called _________

Answer 26

hypertrophy

Question 27

what can cause hypertrophy of cells?

Answer 27

increased functional demand or hormonal changes

Question 28

provide an example of physiologic hypertrophy

Answer 28

increase in smooth muscle size of uterus because of pregnancy

Question 29

provide an example of pathologic hypertrophy

Answer 29

a hypertrophic heart, increase in myocardial volume due to high pressures

Question 30

the emergence of one differentiated cell type where another type should be is an example of ___________

Answer 30

metaplasia

Question 31

in metaplasia, the cells look _______.

Answer 31

they look normal

they are just in the wrong location

Question 32

in Barrett esophagus, the normal ___________ cells of the esophagus are replaced by __________________. . What is this an example of?

Answer 32

squamous epithelium
intestinal-like columnar epithelium
metaplasia

Question 33

is metaplasia reversible?

Answer 33

yes, potentially

Question 34

loss of control of normal cell growth that is still potentially reversible is called __________

Answer 34

dysplasia

Question 35

cells with dysplasia show difference in size and shape, called _________

Answer 35

pleomorphism

Question 36

dysplasia usually follows tissues that have had ___________, but not always

Answer 36

metaplasia

Question 37

if you see a tissue with incorrect architecture, pleomorphism, mitotic figures, increased chromosome density, but is still reversible…. this is _________

Answer 37

dysplasia