9.28 Fertilization Flashcards

1
Q

the ability of cells to form the syncytiotrophoblast is due to an ancient viral protein called ________

A

syncytin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Problems with ________ are a common cause of female infertility since they are needed to move the egg down the tube

A

cilia function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

_________ twins occur when there are two ovulations, two fertilizations, and two implantations

A

dizygotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the slow block for polyspermy?

A

Slow block - cortical reaction. space between egg membrane and zone pellucida - perivitelline space. Enzymes secreted here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

upon fusion of the sperm with the oocyte membrane, the second meiosis is ___________ and one set of maternal chromosomes is expelled into a second ___________.

A

completed

polar body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the fast block to block polyspermy?

A

Fast block - change in membrane potential among initial binding that prevents further sperm fusion events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the __________ is a part of the trophoblast with one nucleus per cell.

A

cytotrophoblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

after fertilization, the zygote undergoes cell divisions, making a 8-16 still stage called the ______ stage, where cells are _______ with each other (not too strongly though)

A

morula

associated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

the ___________ digests through the uterine wall, surrounding the ___________ during invasion. Eventually, the ___________ will cover the whole embryo once buried in the uterine wall.

A

syncytiotrophoblast
cytotrophoblast
syncytiotrophoblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

implantations of the zygote anywhere but the uterus. Usually in tube, but sometimes in body cavity

A

ectopic pregnancies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

A group of trophoblast cells close to the inner cell mass form the _____________ – multinuclear cells that lead to invasion of the uterine wall

A

syncytiotrophoblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

If uterine tube becomes ______ or ______, it could prevent access of sperm to egg, or movement of the egg to the uterus.

A

scarred or inflamed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the space called between the ovum membrane and zona pellucida during the cortical reaction?

A

perivitelline space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

attachment of _______________ cells to the uterine wall begins implantation. this is mediated by _______ on the cell surface of the invading cells.

A

syncytiotrophoblast

L-selectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

glycoproteins surrounding the sperm head are removed in a process called _______

A

capacitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cells forming the outer layer of the blastocyst will form the _______

A

trophoblast

17
Q

the stage in which the cells form a sphere around a fluid filled space is called the:

A

blastula

18
Q

around __-__ days after fertilization, implantation occurs

A

5-6

19
Q

At around 100 cells, there is a division into the ________ and _______ cell mass. The inner cell mass becomes the _______ and the outer layers will make the _________ layer.

A

inner, outer cell mass
embryo
trophoblast

20
Q

the sperm must cross the __________ (granulosa cells attached to ovum) and __________ (inner glycoprotein layer) of the egg in order to contact the oocyte membrane. It does this through _________ enzymes released from the sperm tip.

A

corona radiata
zona pellucida
acrosomal

21
Q

___________ twins can be due to splitting to zygote during blastula stage.

A

monozygotic

22
Q

___________ twins can be due to formation of two separate inner cell masses

A

monozygotic

23
Q

The egg with a 1n nucleus and a polar body. Not fertilized, is called the _______.

A

ovum

24
Q

the making of the perivitelline space is called the _______________.

A

cortical reaction

25
Q

A fertilized egg. The fusion between the male and female pronucleus to form a diploid nucleus.
What is this structure not called?

A

zygote