9: Bandura - Social Learning Flashcards
first book published by Bandura in collaboration with his first graduate student, Richard Walters
Adolescent Aggression
Bandura’s concept that while environment causes behavior, behavior causes environment as well
reciprocal determinism
Bandura’s study in which he showed a film of a woman beating up a clown doll to kindergarteners and observed them imitating the behaviors in a play room
bobo doll studies
Bandura’s theory concerning the phenomenon of observational learning / modeling
social learning theory
AKA modeling - changing your behavior based on observations of others, without needing to be rewarded for approximations of that behavior
observational learning
step 1 of modeling process - level of focus on the model that determines how much you will observationally learn from it (less if you are distracted/sleepy, more if model is colorful/attractive, etc.)
attention
step 2 of modeling process - ability to remember model (storing model through mental images, verbal descriptions)
retention
step 3 of modeling process - ability to translate mental images of model’s behavior into your own actual behavior (act on them)
reproduction
step 4 of modeling process - desire to imitate a model’s behavior, reason for doing so (past reinforcement, promised reinforcement, vicarious reinforcement)
motivation
form of motivation that aligns with traditional behaviorism, in which you are motivated to imitate a model because you have been rewarded for it previously
past reinforcement
form of motivation based on potential rewards that we can imagine (incentives)
promised reinforcement
form of motivation based on seeing and recalling a model being rewarded for the behavior
vicarious reinforcement
form of negative motivation in which you are discouraged from imitating a behavior because you have been punished for it previously
past punishment
form of negative motivation based on potential punishment that we can imagine (threats)
promised punishment
form of negative motivation based on seeing and recalling a model being punished for the behavior
vicarious punishment
Bandura’s term for our ability to control our own behavior, the other “workhorse” of human personality
self-regulation
step 1 of self-regulation - looking at yourself and your behavior, keeping tabs on it
self-observation
step 2 of self-regulation - comparing our behavior to standards of behavior (etiquette, peers, personal goals)
judgment
step 3 of self-regulation - reaction to whether we did well or poorly based on our standards (ex. rewarding yourself with ice cream for succeeding, feeling shame/guilt for failing)
self-response
AKA self-esteem - whether or not you have a positive or negative view of yourself based on punishments/rewards and your own self-assessment
self-concept
result of excessive self-punishment - making up for it with a superiority complex, delusions of grandeur, etc.
compensation
result of excessive self-punishment - reacting with apathy, boredom, depression
inactivity
result of excessive self-punishment - covering it up with drugs/alcohol, excessive fantasy, or even suicide
escape
Bandura’s first recommendation for people with low self-esteem - ensuring you understand yourself and have an accurate picture of your behavior
regarding self-observation
Bandura’s second recommendation for people with low self-esteem - ensuring your self-expectations aren’t too high and setting you up for failure, or too low and not allowing for growth
regarding standards
Bandura’s third recommendation for people with low self-esteem - ensuring you use self-rewards and not self-punishments, celebrating victories rather than dwelling on failures
regarding self-response
form of therapy built on Bandura’s concept of self-regulation - useful for addressing relatively simple problems of habit
self-control therapy
step 1 of self-control therapy - keeping close tabs on your behavior, both before you begin treatment and after
behavioral charts
form of behavioral chart in which you keep track of the details of your behavior on a daily basis to observe changes, cues, etc.
behavioral diary
step 2 of self-control therapy - altering your environment based on behavioral charts to minimize cues for problem behaviors, and allow the right cues for alternative behaviors
environmental planning
step 3 of self-control therapy - arranging to reward yourself when you adhere to your plan and possibly punish yourself when you do not (should be spelled out explicitly and witnessed by others)
self-contracts
Bandura’s most famous form of therapy - allowing someone with a psychological disorder to observe someone dealing with the same issues in a more productive manner, encouraging observational learning
modeling therapy
people with a neurotic fear of snakes, on whom Bandura conducted his original research for modeling therapy
herpephobics
behavior that induces failure, in which people put off projects and responsibilities rather than addressing / working on them
procrastination
behavior that induces failure, in which people choose to work in ways that make it difficult to succeed
self-handicapping
an individual’s tools for self-regulation
self-system
words that signify objects in the environment, used to guide behavior
verbal representation
mental images conjured by a person that resemble objects in the environment, used to guide behavior
imaginal representation
a learned behavior resurfacing by watching a model perform that behavior
response facilitation
active process of exploring, manipulating, and influencing one’s environment in order to obtain desired outcomes (self-efficacy, collective efficacy, proxy agents)
human agency
beliefs that one can or cannot produce certain behaviors
efficacy expectations
term for building, short-term goals used by people with high self-efficacy in pursuit of their ultimate distal goal
proximal goals
term for a long-term goal that people with high self-efficacy work towards through proximal goals
distal goal
a source of self-efficacy - successes breed feelings of competence (with high self-efficacy, this isn’t dampened by failures)
performance accomplishments
a source of self-efficacy - motivation received from others’ words (ridicule, criticism etc. reduces self-efficacy)
verbal persuasions
a source of self-efficacy - seeing someone else succeed at something improves self-efficacy (modeling)
vicarious experiences
a source of self-efficacy - level of emotional/physical reactivity (panic generates feelings of failure, relaxation generates feelings of success)
states of arousal
belief in whether or not an outcome will occur once a behavior is completed - relates to self-efficacy
outcome expectations
future consequences people adopt from observing others in the environment
vicarious expectations
second mode of human agency - idea that in collaboration with others, we can overcome individual/group issues and achieve difficult goals
collective efficacy
third mode of human agency - any method of acquiring a goal without actually performing the task
proxy agent
concept defined by doing no harm to others and proactively helping others, actions which are not automated
moral agency
Bandura’s term for removing yourself from the consequences of your actions or inactions as a means of justifying them
disengagement of internal control
failure to regulate one’s own behavior to live up to high moral standards (ex. cheating because “well, everyone does it”)
moral disengagement
redefining an immoral behavior by attempting to explain it as morally justified
moral justification
redefining an immoral behavior by comparing it to the behaviors of others (“___ has done worse things”)
palliative comparisons
redefining an immoral behavior by using terms with lesser emotional connotations (ex. calling genocide the “final solution”)
euphemistic labeling
therapy procedure in which models show study participants how to successfully tolerate increasingly threatening interactions with dreaded things and guide participants through them until they overcome fear
guided participation modeling
therapy procedure in which individuals watch themselves behave in a situationally-appropriate manner via video and then show same behaviors later on
self-modeling
