9: Bandura - Social Learning

Question 1

first book published by Bandura in collaboration with his first graduate student, Richard Walters

Answer 1

Adolescent Aggression

Question 2

Bandura’s concept that while environment causes behavior, behavior causes environment as well

Answer 2

reciprocal determinism

Question 3

Bandura’s study in which he showed a film of a woman beating up a clown doll to kindergarteners and observed them imitating the behaviors in a play room

Answer 3

bobo doll studies

Question 4

Bandura’s theory concerning the phenomenon of observational learning / modeling

Answer 4

social learning theory

Question 5

AKA modeling - changing your behavior based on observations of others, without needing to be rewarded for approximations of that behavior

Answer 5

observational learning

Question 6

step 1 of modeling process - level of focus on the model that determines how much you will observationally learn from it (less if you are distracted/sleepy, more if model is colorful/attractive, etc.)

Answer 6

attention

Question 7

step 2 of modeling process - ability to remember model (storing model through mental images, verbal descriptions)

Answer 7

retention

Question 8

step 3 of modeling process - ability to translate mental images of model’s behavior into your own actual behavior (act on them)

Answer 8

reproduction

Question 9

step 4 of modeling process - desire to imitate a model’s behavior, reason for doing so (past reinforcement, promised reinforcement, vicarious reinforcement)

Answer 9

motivation

Question 10

form of motivation that aligns with traditional behaviorism, in which you are motivated to imitate a model because you have been rewarded for it previously

Answer 10

past reinforcement

Question 11

form of motivation based on potential rewards that we can imagine (incentives)

Answer 11

promised reinforcement

Question 12

form of motivation based on seeing and recalling a model being rewarded for the behavior

Answer 12

vicarious reinforcement

Question 13

form of negative motivation in which you are discouraged from imitating a behavior because you have been punished for it previously

Answer 13

past punishment

Question 14

form of negative motivation based on potential punishment that we can imagine (threats)

Answer 14

promised punishment

Question 15

form of negative motivation based on seeing and recalling a model being punished for the behavior

Answer 15

vicarious punishment

Question 16

Bandura’s term for our ability to control our own behavior, the other “workhorse” of human personality

Answer 16

self-regulation

Question 17

step 1 of self-regulation - looking at yourself and your behavior, keeping tabs on it

Answer 17

self-observation

Question 18

step 2 of self-regulation - comparing our behavior to standards of behavior (etiquette, peers, personal goals)

Answer 18

judgment

Question 19

step 3 of self-regulation - reaction to whether we did well or poorly based on our standards (ex. rewarding yourself with ice cream for succeeding, feeling shame/guilt for failing)

Answer 19

self-response

Question 20

AKA self-esteem - whether or not you have a positive or negative view of yourself based on punishments/rewards and your own self-assessment

Answer 20

self-concept

Question 21

result of excessive self-punishment - making up for it with a superiority complex, delusions of grandeur, etc.

Answer 21

compensation

Question 22

result of excessive self-punishment - reacting with apathy, boredom, depression

Answer 22

inactivity

Question 23

result of excessive self-punishment - covering it up with drugs/alcohol, excessive fantasy, or even suicide

Answer 23

escape

Question 24

Bandura’s first recommendation for people with low self-esteem - ensuring you understand yourself and have an accurate picture of your behavior

Answer 24

regarding self-observation

Question 25

Bandura's second recommendation for people with low self-esteem - ensuring your self-expectations aren't too high and setting you up for failure, or too low and not allowing for growth

Answer 25

regarding standards

Question 26

Bandura's third recommendation for people with low self-esteem - ensuring you use self-rewards and not self-punishments, celebrating victories rather than dwelling on failures

Answer 26

regarding self-response

Question 27

form of therapy built on Bandura's concept of self-regulation - useful for addressing relatively simple problems of habit

Answer 27

self-control therapy

Question 28

step 1 of self-control therapy - keeping close tabs on your behavior, both before you begin treatment and after

Answer 28

behavioral charts

Question 29

form of behavioral chart in which you keep track of the details of your behavior on a daily basis to observe changes, cues, etc.

Answer 29

behavioral diary

Question 30

step 2 of self-control therapy - altering your environment based on behavioral charts to minimize cues for problem behaviors, and allow the right cues for alternative behaviors

Answer 30

environmental planning

Question 31

step 3 of self-control therapy - arranging to reward yourself when you adhere to your plan and possibly punish yourself when you do not (should be spelled out explicitly and witnessed by others)

Answer 31

self-contracts

Question 32

Bandura's most famous form of therapy - allowing someone with a psychological disorder to observe someone dealing with the same issues in a more productive manner, encouraging observational learning

Answer 32

modeling therapy

Question 33

people with a neurotic fear of snakes, on whom Bandura conducted his original research for modeling therapy

Answer 33

herpephobics

Question 34

behavior that induces failure, in which people put off projects and responsibilities rather than addressing / working on them

Answer 34

procrastination

Question 35

behavior that induces failure, in which people choose to work in ways that make it difficult to succeed

Answer 35

self-handicapping

Question 36

an individual's tools for self-regulation

Answer 36

self-system

Question 37

words that signify objects in the environment, used to guide behavior

Answer 37

verbal representation

Question 38

mental images conjured by a person that resemble objects in the environment, used to guide behavior

Answer 38

imaginal representation

Question 39

a learned behavior resurfacing by watching a model perform that behavior

Answer 39

response facilitation

Question 40

active process of exploring, manipulating, and influencing one's environment in order to obtain desired outcomes (self-efficacy, collective efficacy, proxy agents)

Answer 40

human agency

Question 41

beliefs that one can or cannot produce certain behaviors

Answer 41

efficacy expectations

Question 42

term for building, short-term goals used by people with high self-efficacy in pursuit of their ultimate distal goal

Answer 42

proximal goals

Question 43

term for a long-term goal that people with high self-efficacy work towards through proximal goals

Answer 43

distal goal

Question 44

a source of self-efficacy - successes breed feelings of competence (with high self-efficacy, this isn't dampened by failures)

Answer 44

performance accomplishments

Question 45

a source of self-efficacy - motivation received from others' words (ridicule, criticism etc. reduces self-efficacy)

Answer 45

verbal persuasions

Question 46

a source of self-efficacy - seeing someone else succeed at something improves self-efficacy (modeling)

Answer 46

vicarious experiences

Question 47

a source of self-efficacy - level of emotional/physical reactivity (panic generates feelings of failure, relaxation generates feelings of success)

Answer 47

states of arousal

Question 48

belief in whether or not an outcome will occur once a behavior is completed - relates to self-efficacy

Answer 48

outcome expectations

Question 49

future consequences people adopt from observing others in the environment

Answer 49

vicarious expectations

Question 50

second mode of human agency - idea that in collaboration with others, we can overcome individual/group issues and achieve difficult goals

Answer 50

collective efficacy

Question 51

third mode of human agency - any method of acquiring a goal without actually performing the task

Answer 51

proxy agent

Question 52

concept defined by doing no harm to others and proactively helping others, actions which are not automated

Answer 52

moral agency

Question 53

Bandura's term for removing yourself from the consequences of your actions or inactions as a means of justifying them

Answer 53

disengagement of internal control

Question 54

failure to regulate one's own behavior to live up to high moral standards (ex. cheating because "well, everyone does it")

Answer 54

moral disengagement

Question 55

redefining an immoral behavior by attempting to explain it as morally justified

Answer 55

moral justification

Question 56

redefining an immoral behavior by comparing it to the behaviors of others ("___ has done worse things")

Answer 56

palliative comparisons

Question 57

redefining an immoral behavior by using terms with lesser emotional connotations (ex. calling genocide the "final solution")

Answer 57

euphemistic labeling

Question 58

therapy procedure in which models show study participants how to successfully tolerate increasingly threatening interactions with dreaded things and guide participants through them until they overcome fear

Answer 58

guided participation modeling

Question 59

therapy procedure in which individuals watch themselves behave in a situationally-appropriate manner via video and then show same behaviors later on

Answer 59

self-modeling