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Psychology of Personality > 7: Costa, McCrae, Cattell, & Eysenck - Trait Theories > Flashcards

7: Costa, McCrae, Cattell, & Eysenck - Trait Theories Flashcards

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1
Q

the aspect of our personalities that is genetically based and inborn - there since birth

A

temperament

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2
Q

ancient Greek personality type with an abundance of blood (warm and wet) - cheerful, optimistic, comfortable, and pleasant to be with - has a healthful look, including rosy cheeks

A

sanguine

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3
Q

ancient Greek personality type with an overabundance of bile (warm and dry) - hot-tempered and aggressive - yellowish complexion and tense muscles

A

choleric

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4
Q

ancient Greek personality type with an overabundance of phlegm (cool and wet) - slow, lazy, dull

A

phlegmatic

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5
Q

ancient Greek personality type with an overabundance of “black bile” (cool and dry) - sad, depressed, pessimistic

A

melancholy

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6
Q

two factors that informed the four personality types described by ancient Greeks (warm/cool and wet/dry)

A

temperature and humidity

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7
Q

statistical technique that extracts a number of “dimensions” from large masses of data - employed by Eysenck

A

factor analysis

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8
Q

Eysenck’s term for the first dimension of temperament - scale from calm/collected to highly nervous

A

neuroticism-stability

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9
Q

part of the nervous system that controls much of our emotional responses to emergency situations (“fight or flight” responses)

A

sympathetic nervous system

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10
Q

neurotic symptom that occurs when the sympathetic nervous system and nervous stimulation feed off of each other in a spiral, generating an overwhelming physical response (likened by Eysenck to microphone feedback)

A

panic attack

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11
Q

Eysenck’s term for the second dimension of temperament - scale from shyness/quietness to outgoingness/loudness

A

extraversion-introversion

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12
Q

factor in extraversion-introversion described by Pavlov - the brain waking itself up and entering an alert, learning state

A

excitation

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13
Q

factor in extraversion-introversion described by Pavlov - the brain calming itself down, either to relax/sleep or protect itself from overwhelming stimuli

A

inhibition

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14
Q

Eysenck’s proposed third dimension of temperament - scale from mentally-functioning people to psychotic people

A

psychoticism-normality

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15
Q

psychiatrist who defined three distinct physical types related to psychological disorders (pyknic, asthenic, and athletic)

A

Ernst Kretschmer

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16
Q

Kretschmer’s short, round physical type that’s more prone to cyclothymic / bipolar disorders

A

pyknic

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17
Q

Kretschmer’s tall, thin physical type that’s more prone to schizophrenia

A

asthenic

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18
Q

Kretschmer’s muscular physical type that’s slightly more prone to schizophrenia (less than asthenic)

A

athletic

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19
Q

psychologist inspired by Kretschmer’s theories who developed a precise measurement system that defined three distinct body “types” and related personality “types”

A

William Sheldon

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20
Q

Sheldon’s first body type - slender, often tall, long arms/legs, fine features - parallel to cerebrotonic personality

A

ectomorphs

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21
Q

Sheldon’s second body type - stocky, broad shoulders, good musculature - parallel to somatotonic personality

A

mesomorphs

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22
Q

Sheldon’s third body type - chubby, “pear-shaped” - parallel to viscerotonic personality

A

endomorphs

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23
Q

Sheldon’s first personality type - nervous, relatively shy, often intellectual - parallel to ectomorph body type

A

cerebrotonics

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24
Q

Sheldon’s second personality type - active, physically fit, energetic - parallel to mesomorph body type

A

somatotonics

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25
Q

Sheldon’s third personality type - sociable, lover of food and physical comforts - parallel to endomorph body type

A

viscerotonics

26
Q

psychologist who used factor analysis and isolated 16 distinct personality factors into 16PF test

A

Raymond Cattell

27
Q

1st strongest of 8 “deepest” personality factors defined by Cattell - extraversion

A

exvia

28
Q

2nd strongest of 8 “deepest” personality factors defined by Cattell - neuroticism

A

anxiety

29
Q

3rd strongest of 8 “deepest” personality factors defined by Cattell - “cortical alertness”, practical and realistic

A

corteria

30
Q

4th strongest of 8 “deepest” personality factors defined by Cattell - loner types

A

independence

31
Q

5th strongest of 8 “deepest” personality factors defined by Cattell - socially shrewd, good judgment

A

discreetness

32
Q

6th strongest of 8 “deepest” personality factors defined by Cattell - distant, “out-of-it”

A

subjectivity

33
Q

7th strongest of 8 “deepest” personality factors defined by Cattell - smartness, IQ

A

intelligence

34
Q

8th strongest of 8 “deepest” personality factors defined by Cattell - stable, obedient

A

good upbringing

35
Q

five core personality factors defined by Cattell through second-factor analysis of 16PF (I guess I don’t know the PowerPoint is contradicting the notes)

A

extraversion, anxiety, tough-mindedness, independence, self-control

36
Q

in Cattell’s theory, traits derived from biology

A

constitutional traits

37
Q

in Cattell’s theory, traits determined by experience

A

environmental-mold traits

38
Q

the most important sentiment (more general than attitudes) learned in life, termed the “master motive” by Cattell

A

self-sentiment

39
Q

experiments that consider the whole person rather than individual bits and pieces / only two variables - favored by Cattell

A

multivariate experiments

40
Q

first kind of intelligence Cattell identified - accumulated knowledge, what the IQ test measures (comes from learning)

A

crystallized intelligence

41
Q

second kind of intelligence Cattell identified - how well you solve problems (biological)

A

fluid intelligence

42
Q

statistical method created by Cattell for determining the relative biological or environmental basis of traits

A

MAVA (multiple abstract variance analysis)

43
Q

Cattell’s term for the idea that different groups have their own personalities and each group is different from another

A

syntality

44
Q

psychologists who studied genetic basis of personality through infants and twin studies

A

Arnold Buss and Robert Plomin

45
Q

first of Buss and Plomin’s dimensions of temperament - scale from excitability/high emotions to calmness/apathy

A

emotionality-impassiveness

46
Q

second of Buss and Plomin’s dimensions of temperament - scale from high socialization to loners

A

sociability-detachment

47
Q

third of Buss and Plomin’s dimensions of temperament - scale from high energy/activity to sluggishness/tiredness

A

activity-lethargy

48
Q

fourth of Buss and Plomin’s dimensions of temperament - scale from high distractibility/strong urges to carefulness/deliberation

A

impulsivity-deliberateness

49
Q

first version of the “Magic Number” theory of temperament dimensions, developed by Warren Norman and built on previous research by E. C. Tuppes and R. E. Christal - extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and culture

A

The Big Five

50
Q

most popular and accepted version of the “Magic Number” theory of temperament dimensions, introduced by R. R. McCrae and P. T. Costa Jr. - extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience

A

The Five Factor Theory

51
Q

1st dimension of temperament in both Norman and McCrae/Costa theories - warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitement-seeking, positive emotions

A

extraversion

52
Q

2nd dimension of temperament in both Norman and McCrae/Costa theories - trust, straightforwardness, altruism, compliance, modesty, tender-mindedness

A

agreeableness

53
Q

3rd dimension of temperament in both Norman and McCrae/Costa theories - competence, order, dutifulness, achievement-oriented, self-disciplined, deliberation

A

conscientiousness

54
Q

4th dimension of temperament in Norman’s theory - calmness, relaxation, stability

A

emotional stability

55
Q

4th dimension of temperament in McCrae/Costa’s theory - anxiety, hostility, depression, self-consciousness, impulsiveness, vulnerability

A

neuroticism

56
Q

5th dimension of temperament in Norman’s theory, parallel to openness to experience

A

culture

57
Q

5th dimension of temperament in McCrae/Costa’s theory - fantasy, aesthetics, feelings, actions, ideas, values (creativity, variety)

A

openness to experience

58
Q

psychologist who created three-dimensional PAD model of temperament

A

Albert Mehrabian

59
Q

Mehrabian’s temperament model that describes emotions based on three dimensions (pleasure-displeasure, arousal-nonarousal, dominance-submissiveness)

A

PAD model

60
Q

possible sixth major personality dimension that has been found throughout the world but has not been fully accepted in psychology yet

A

honesty vs. humility

Psychology of Personality (7 decks)

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