7: Costa, McCrae, Cattell, & Eysenck - Trait Theories Flashcards
the aspect of our personalities that is genetically based and inborn - there since birth
temperament
ancient Greek personality type with an abundance of blood (warm and wet) - cheerful, optimistic, comfortable, and pleasant to be with - has a healthful look, including rosy cheeks
sanguine
ancient Greek personality type with an overabundance of bile (warm and dry) - hot-tempered and aggressive - yellowish complexion and tense muscles
choleric
ancient Greek personality type with an overabundance of phlegm (cool and wet) - slow, lazy, dull
phlegmatic
ancient Greek personality type with an overabundance of “black bile” (cool and dry) - sad, depressed, pessimistic
melancholy
two factors that informed the four personality types described by ancient Greeks (warm/cool and wet/dry)
temperature and humidity
statistical technique that extracts a number of “dimensions” from large masses of data - employed by Eysenck
factor analysis
Eysenck’s term for the first dimension of temperament - scale from calm/collected to highly nervous
neuroticism-stability
part of the nervous system that controls much of our emotional responses to emergency situations (“fight or flight” responses)
sympathetic nervous system
neurotic symptom that occurs when the sympathetic nervous system and nervous stimulation feed off of each other in a spiral, generating an overwhelming physical response (likened by Eysenck to microphone feedback)
panic attack
Eysenck’s term for the second dimension of temperament - scale from shyness/quietness to outgoingness/loudness
extraversion-introversion
factor in extraversion-introversion described by Pavlov - the brain waking itself up and entering an alert, learning state
excitation
factor in extraversion-introversion described by Pavlov - the brain calming itself down, either to relax/sleep or protect itself from overwhelming stimuli
inhibition
Eysenck’s proposed third dimension of temperament - scale from mentally-functioning people to psychotic people
psychoticism-normality
psychiatrist who defined three distinct physical types related to psychological disorders (pyknic, asthenic, and athletic)
Ernst Kretschmer
Kretschmer’s short, round physical type that’s more prone to cyclothymic / bipolar disorders
pyknic
Kretschmer’s tall, thin physical type that’s more prone to schizophrenia
asthenic
Kretschmer’s muscular physical type that’s slightly more prone to schizophrenia (less than asthenic)
athletic
psychologist inspired by Kretschmer’s theories who developed a precise measurement system that defined three distinct body “types” and related personality “types”
William Sheldon
Sheldon’s first body type - slender, often tall, long arms/legs, fine features - parallel to cerebrotonic personality
ectomorphs
Sheldon’s second body type - stocky, broad shoulders, good musculature - parallel to somatotonic personality
mesomorphs
Sheldon’s third body type - chubby, “pear-shaped” - parallel to viscerotonic personality
endomorphs
Sheldon’s first personality type - nervous, relatively shy, often intellectual - parallel to ectomorph body type
cerebrotonics
Sheldon’s second personality type - active, physically fit, energetic - parallel to mesomorph body type
somatotonics
Sheldon’s third personality type - sociable, lover of food and physical comforts - parallel to endomorph body type
viscerotonics
psychologist who used factor analysis and isolated 16 distinct personality factors into 16PF test
Raymond Cattell
1st strongest of 8 “deepest” personality factors defined by Cattell - extraversion
exvia
2nd strongest of 8 “deepest” personality factors defined by Cattell - neuroticism
anxiety
3rd strongest of 8 “deepest” personality factors defined by Cattell - “cortical alertness”, practical and realistic
corteria
4th strongest of 8 “deepest” personality factors defined by Cattell - loner types
independence
5th strongest of 8 “deepest” personality factors defined by Cattell - socially shrewd, good judgment
discreetness
6th strongest of 8 “deepest” personality factors defined by Cattell - distant, “out-of-it”
subjectivity
7th strongest of 8 “deepest” personality factors defined by Cattell - smartness, IQ
intelligence
8th strongest of 8 “deepest” personality factors defined by Cattell - stable, obedient
good upbringing
five core personality factors defined by Cattell through second-factor analysis of 16PF (I guess I don’t know the PowerPoint is contradicting the notes)
extraversion, anxiety, tough-mindedness, independence, self-control
in Cattell’s theory, traits derived from biology
constitutional traits
in Cattell’s theory, traits determined by experience
environmental-mold traits
the most important sentiment (more general than attitudes) learned in life, termed the “master motive” by Cattell
self-sentiment
experiments that consider the whole person rather than individual bits and pieces / only two variables - favored by Cattell
multivariate experiments
first kind of intelligence Cattell identified - accumulated knowledge, what the IQ test measures (comes from learning)
crystallized intelligence
second kind of intelligence Cattell identified - how well you solve problems (biological)
fluid intelligence
statistical method created by Cattell for determining the relative biological or environmental basis of traits
MAVA (multiple abstract variance analysis)
Cattell’s term for the idea that different groups have their own personalities and each group is different from another
syntality
psychologists who studied genetic basis of personality through infants and twin studies
Arnold Buss and Robert Plomin
first of Buss and Plomin’s dimensions of temperament - scale from excitability/high emotions to calmness/apathy
emotionality-impassiveness
second of Buss and Plomin’s dimensions of temperament - scale from high socialization to loners
sociability-detachment
third of Buss and Plomin’s dimensions of temperament - scale from high energy/activity to sluggishness/tiredness
activity-lethargy
fourth of Buss and Plomin’s dimensions of temperament - scale from high distractibility/strong urges to carefulness/deliberation
impulsivity-deliberateness
first version of the “Magic Number” theory of temperament dimensions, developed by Warren Norman and built on previous research by E. C. Tuppes and R. E. Christal - extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and culture
The Big Five
most popular and accepted version of the “Magic Number” theory of temperament dimensions, introduced by R. R. McCrae and P. T. Costa Jr. - extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience
The Five Factor Theory
1st dimension of temperament in both Norman and McCrae/Costa theories - warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitement-seeking, positive emotions
extraversion
2nd dimension of temperament in both Norman and McCrae/Costa theories - trust, straightforwardness, altruism, compliance, modesty, tender-mindedness
agreeableness
3rd dimension of temperament in both Norman and McCrae/Costa theories - competence, order, dutifulness, achievement-oriented, self-disciplined, deliberation
conscientiousness
4th dimension of temperament in Norman’s theory - calmness, relaxation, stability
emotional stability
4th dimension of temperament in McCrae/Costa’s theory - anxiety, hostility, depression, self-consciousness, impulsiveness, vulnerability
neuroticism
5th dimension of temperament in Norman’s theory, parallel to openness to experience
culture
5th dimension of temperament in McCrae/Costa’s theory - fantasy, aesthetics, feelings, actions, ideas, values (creativity, variety)
openness to experience
psychologist who created three-dimensional PAD model of temperament
Albert Mehrabian
Mehrabian’s temperament model that describes emotions based on three dimensions (pleasure-displeasure, arousal-nonarousal, dominance-submissiveness)
PAD model
possible sixth major personality dimension that has been found throughout the world but has not been fully accepted in psychology yet
honesty vs. humility
