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Psychology of Personality > 10: Kelly - The Covariation Model > Flashcards

10: Kelly - The Covariation Model Flashcards

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1
Q

Kelly’s philosophy that, while there is only one true reality, reality is always experienced from a unique, alternative perspective (construction)

A

constructive alternativism

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2
Q

Kelly’s idea that “ordinary people” are not unlike scientists - they have constructions of reality, expectations (like hypotheses), a desire to test expectations (like experiments), and an ability to adjust their understanding of reality based on results

A

fruitful metaphor

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3
Q

Kelly’s claim that “a person’s processes are all psychologically channelized by the ways in which he anticipates events”

A

fundamental postulate

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4
Q

1st corollary of Kelly’s theory - “a person anticipates events by construing their replications” - we construct our anticipations using our past experiences, we expect patterns/consistencies in our experiences

A

construction corollary

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5
Q

2nd corollary of Kelly’s theory - “a person’s construction system varies as he successively construes the replication of events” - reconstructing (altering) our anticipations when things don’t occur the way they have previously

A

experience corollary

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6
Q

3rd corollary of Kelly’s theory - “a person’s construction system is composed of a finite number of dichotomous constructs”

A

dichotomy corollary

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7
Q

useful concepts, fictions, templates that we use to store our experiences and guide our perceptions/behaviors

A

constructs

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8
Q

another term for constructs that emphasizes how they are unique to us, ours alone

A

personal constructs

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9
Q

another term for constructs that emphasizes their dichotomous nature - they have two opposite ends or extremes (poles) - short/tall, thin/fat, etc.

A

bipolar constructs

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10
Q

Kelly’s term for a pole of a construct that one has convinced themselves doesn’t truly exist or has no meaning - process similar to repression

A

submerged

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11
Q

constructs pertaining to the wider world, others, and the self

A

peripheral constructs

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12
Q

constructs that are most significant to an individual - “define” them

A

core constructs

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13
Q

4th corollary of Kelly’s theory - “each person characteristically evolves, for his convenience in anticipating events, a construction system embracing ordinal relationships between constructs” - we relate constructs to each other to organize and process information

A

organization corollary

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14
Q

a construct that is “under” another construct, relates to it but is more specific (living things -> plants -> trees) - taxonomy or constellation

A

subordinate construct

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15
Q

a construct that includes many other subordinate constructs, is “above” them (ex. “animals”)

A

superordinate construct

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16
Q

definitional kind of subordination - stacks of constructs with all of their poles aligned, poles all correlate to each other (basis for stereotypes - good, clean, smart, moral vs. bad, dirty, dumb, immoral)

A

constellation

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17
Q

a close relationship between two constructs - one is consistently used to predict the other (can be good and realistic, like in scientific research, or overly rigid and problematic, like in prejudice or OCD)

A

tight construction

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18
Q

a fairly weak relationship between two constructs - connection is flexible, not absolute or quite necessary (helps to avoid prejudice, but can make someone flaky, unreliable, impulsive if taken too far or used inappropriately)

A

loose construction

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19
Q

loosening our constructions (fantasizing and brainstorming alternative constructions), finding a novel construct with potential, then tightening it to achieve a result (arts, therapy, problem solving)

A

creativity cycle

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20
Q

5th corollary of Kelly’s theory - “a construct is convenient for the anticipation of a finite range of events only” - no construct is useful in every situation

A

range corollary

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21
Q

the range for which applying a construct is useful or necessary

A

range of convenience

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22
Q

a construct that can be applied broadly to almost anything (ex. good vs. bad)

A

comprehensive

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23
Q

a construct that is applied narrowly and is useful in few situations (ex. fluorescent vs. incandescent, only relevant to light bulbs)

A

incidental

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24
Q

6th corollary of Kelly’s theory - “the variation in a person’s construction system is limited by the permeability of the constructs within whose range of convenience the variants lie”

A

modulation corollary

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25
Q

term for constructs that are open to increased range, can be newly applied to novel ideas and situations

A

permeable

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26
Q

term for constructs that are likely not to have any variation or increased range moving forward

A

concrete (impermeable)

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27
Q

broadening the range of your constructs significantly in response to new information/experiences (ex. encountering a ghost after firmly believing they weren’t real)

A

dilation

28
Q

narrowing the range of your constructs significantly in response to new information/experiences (ex. going to war and losing your belief that humans are moral creatures)

A

constriction

29
Q

7th corollary of Kelly’s theory - “a person chooses for himself that alternative in a dichotomized construct through which he anticipates the greater possibility for extension and definition of his system” - we choose to do what will most likely improve our ability to anticipate

A

choice corollary

30
Q

the choice that will improve our understanding by forcing us to directly confront uncertain things (ex. going to parties to understand socializing)

A

adventurous choice

31
Q

the choice that will improve our understanding by allowing us to safely ponder uncertain things (ex. staying more independent to understand self)

A

security choice

32
Q

8th corollary of Kelly’s theory - “persons differ from each other in their construction of events” - everyone’s constructs are different

A

individuality corollary

33
Q

9th corollary of Kelly’s theory - “to the extent that one person employs a construction of experience which is similar to that employed by another, his psychological processes are similar to the other person” - we desire validation

A

commonality corollary

34
Q

10th corollary of Kelly’s theory - “a person may successively employ a variety of construction subsystems which are inferentially incompatible with each other” - we can be inconsistent within ourselves, we are a “community of selves”

A

fragmentation corollary

35
Q

11th corollary of Kelly’s theory - “to the extent that one person construes the construction processes of another, he may play a role in a social process involving the other person” - even if dissimilar to someone else, you can still relate to them

A

sociality corollary

36
Q

Kelly’s term for “emotions” - refers to the experiences we have when we move from one way of looking at the world to another

A

constructs of transition

37
Q

in Kelly’s theory, a state when you are “caught with your constructs down” - discomfort when you become suddenly aware that your constructs aren’t functioning well

A

anxiety

38
Q

in Kelly’s theory, a state of anxiety that involves anticipation of great changes coming to your core constructs (the most important ones)

A

threat

39
Q

in Kelly’s theory, an emotional state caused by doing things which are not in keeping with your core constructs (your ideas of who you are and how you should behave)

A

guilt

40
Q

in Kelly’s theory, attempting to force reality to match up with your constructs (violence, assertiveness, activism)

A

aggression

41
Q

in Kelly’s theory, insisting that your constructs are valid, even if there is overwhelming evidence to the contrary (ex. an elderly boxer who still believes he can fight)

A

hostility

42
Q

in Kelly’s theory, “any personal construction which is used repeatedly in spite of consistent invalidation” - neuroticism, addiction, violence, greed, etc.

A

psychological disorder

43
Q

correcting someone’s poor/ineffective construction of their experiences through Kellian therapy

A

reconstruction

44
Q

the changing of one’s constructs that is essential for progress in reconstruction

A

movement

45
Q

AKA enactment - having individuals play the part of other individuals to become more aware of their own constructions, understand new perspectives

A

role-playing

46
Q

a homework technique for Kellian therapy - a client develops a character sketch, then the therapist develops a fixed-role sketch with constructs that are independent of the client’s but used similarly, which the client must role-play for 1-2 weeks

A

fixed-role therapy

47
Q

AKA character sketch - a multi-page description that a client writes of themselves in the third-person, used in Kellian therapy

A

self-characterization sketch

48
Q

AKA fixed-role sketch - a multi-page description of an imaginary person written by a therapist, based on a client’s character sketch but explores constructs which are independent of the client’s but used similarly (“at right angles”)

A

enactment sketch

49
Q

AKA rep grid - Kelly’s diagnostic, self-discovery, and research tool that involves naming elements and constructs

A

role construct repertory test

50
Q

a set of 10-20 people a client names on their rep grid in response to questions

A

elements

51
Q

one end of a construct defined in a rep grid - what makes people alike

A

similarity pole

52
Q

one end of a construct defined in a rep grid - what makes others differ from people on the similarity pole

A

contrast pole

53
Q

constructs based in infancy that are tied to survival and global in nature

A

dependency constructs

54
Q

cycle that explains how a person will typically act when they commit to making a decision - circumspection, preemption, control

A

CPC cycle

55
Q

first part of CPC cycle - considering several constructs which may fit the situation

A

circumspection

56
Q

an individual misses opportunities because they take too long to evaluate their options - occurs during circumspection

A

information constipation

57
Q

second part of CPC cycle - selecting a particular construct to fit the situation

A

preemption

58
Q

third part of CPC cycle - acting on the chosen construct, then either validating or invalidating our choice in a structured way

A

control

59
Q

unverbalized or unconscious anticipations - can be a cause for emotional disorders

A

preverbal constructs

60
Q

selecting, from two options, the one which extends your constructs

A

elaborative choice

61
Q

selecting, from two options, the “safer” one which is easier to handle emotionally - can be used to protect a person from change if change feels threatening

A

sedimentation

62
Q

moving between the likeness pole and the contrast pole under periods of stress

A

slot movement

63
Q

a construct that includes only its own elements - these elements cannot be applied to other constructs

A

preemptive construct

64
Q

a construct that allows its elements to belong to other constructs concurrently - once identified in a particular way, these elements are fixed

A

constellatory construct

65
Q

a construct that leaves all of its elements open to modification

A

propositional construct

66
Q

in Kelly’s theory, an emotional state caused by a new “dominant” construct entering your system, causing damage

A

fear

67
Q

process in Kellian therapy in which clients are encouraged to clarify and think through their problems in consultation with a therapist, in an effort to revise and discard ineffective constructs / formulate new, healthier ones

A

controlled elaboration

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