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Psychology of Personality > 14: Buddhism - Non-Western Theories > Flashcards

14: Buddhism - Non-Western Theories Flashcards

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1
Q

the Buddha’s monastic community, which was originally composed only of men but grew to accept anyone regardless of gender, background, wealth, nationality - a community which lives in harmony and awareness

A

Sangha

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2
Q

“the way” preached by Buddha

A

Dharma

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3
Q

the monastic code of Buddhism

A

Vinaya

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4
Q

the lessons of Buddha

A

Sutras

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5
Q

offshoot of Buddhism in northern Asia that developed from a more liberal group of Buddhists who split from traditionalists - emphasized goals of liberation from suffering and compassion (“the great sangha”)

A

Mahayana

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6
Q

term for Buddhist traditionalists following the split of the Mahayana - would become tradition of Sri Lanka and most of southeast Asia (“way of the elders”)

A

Theravada

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7
Q

sense of acceptance within Buddhist philosophy regardless of one’s belief in an afterlife - if you have a hate-free, malice-free, undefiled, and purified mind, you will be alright before and after death

A

four solaces

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8
Q

the five “aggregates” that Buddhists describe a person as being composed of - rupa, vedana, samjña, samskara, and vijñana

A

skandhas

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9
Q

skandha that represents the body, including the sense organs

A

rupa

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10
Q

skandha that represents sensations and feelings, arising from contact between sense organs and objects

A

vedana

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11
Q

skandha that represents perceptions and ideas, manifested in our ability to recognize things and ideas

A

samjña

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12
Q

skandha that represents mental acts, especially willpower and attention

A

samskara

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13
Q

skandha that represents basic consciousness

A

vijñana

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14
Q

term for the four skandhas besides the rupa (body) - they represent the psyche

A

naman

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15
Q

means “name-form” - Buddhist term for the person, mentally and physically, which is nevertheless anatman (lacking soul)

A

namarupa

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16
Q

term for the six “fields” for the five skandhas - sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch, and mind

A

ayatana

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17
Q

additional skandha in Mahayana Buddhism, representing the “storehouse consciousness” (similar to collective unconscious) - where bijas (inborn tendencies) combine with manas (ego) to form illusion of existence

A

alaya-vijñana

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18
Q

“seeds” contained in alaya-vijñana which are inborn tendencies to perceive the world in a certain way - result from our karmic history

A

bijas

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19
Q

parts of alaya-vijñana that represent the ego and combines with bijas to form illusion of existence - by quieting them, you realize “sunyata” (emptiness of all things)

A

manas

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20
Q

Buddhist term for recognizing the “emptiness of all things” by quieting the ego and becoming less self-centered - allows you to achieve peace

A

sunyata

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21
Q

set of principles that lies at the core of Buddhist teachings - life is suffering, suffering is due to attachment, suffering can be extinguished, and there is a way to extinguish suffering

A

Four Noble Truths

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22
Q

1st Noble Truth - pain, distress, and grief are inevitable aspects of life

A

life is suffering

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23
Q

Sanskrit word for suffering (stress, anguish, imperfection), which is a foundation for improvement

A

duhkha

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24
Q

Buddhist term which means that all things (including us) are impermanent

A

anitya

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25
Q

Buddhist concept that all things (including us) have no “soul” or eternal substance, which leads us to crave solidity - no one has a separate existence, we are all interconnected with the universe

A

anatman

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26
Q

2nd Noble Truth - much of our suffering is derived from attempting to make pleasure, happiness and love last forever while making pain, distress, and grief disappear

A

suffering is due to attachment

27
Q

Buddhist term which translates to “attachment”, “thirst”, “desire”, “lust”, “craving” or “clinging”

A

trishna

28
Q

Buddhist term for an aspect of attachment which translates to “avoidance” or “hatred” - only by giving things which cause us pain substance do we give them the power to hurt us

A

dvesha

29
Q

Buddhist term for an aspect of attachment which translates to “ignorance” - not understanding one’s imperfection, not directly “seeing” or experiencing reality

A

avidya

30
Q

3rd Noble Truth - pain can be diminished, the suffering we willfully add to our lives can be removed

A

suffering can be extinguished

31
Q

state of being (or non-being) in which all suffering has been eliminated - translates to “blowing out”

A

nirvana

32
Q

4th Noble Truth - the Eightfold Path is key to eliminating suffering

A

there is a way to extinguish suffering

33
Q

Buddhist therapeutic approach with 8 segments

A

the Eightfold Path

34
Q

name for the first two segments of the Eightfold Path (right view, right aspiration) - means “wisdom”

A

prajña

35
Q

1st segment of Eightfold Path - understanding the Four Noble Truths and the reality that all things are imperfect, impermanent, and insubstantial / self-inflicted suffering is founded in clinging, hate, and ignorance

A

right view

36
Q

2nd segment of Eightfold Path - having the desire and dedication to free oneself from attachment, hatefulness, and ignorance; resisting desire, anger, and aggression

A

right intention

37
Q

name for the next three segments of the Eightfold Path following prajña (right speech, right action, right livelihood) - contain more detailed guidance in form of moral precepts

A

sila

38
Q

3rd segment of Eightfold Path - abstaining from lying, gossiping, deceit, pointless speech and hurtful/malicious speech

A

right speech

39
Q

4th segment of Eightfold Path - abstaining from harming living beings (murder and suicide), taking what is not given (robbery), and irresponsible sex / sexual misconduct

A

right action

40
Q

traditionally, 5 keys to moral code of Buddhism (avoid harming others, taking what is not yours, harmful speech, irresponsible sex, and drugs/alcohol) - for some Buddhists, an additional 5 (one simple meal a day before noon, avoid frivolous entertainment, avoid self-adornment, use a simple bed/seat, and avoid use of money)

A

moral precepts

41
Q

5th segment of Eightfold Path - earning one’s wealth in a harmless, righteous way without deception

A

right livelihood

42
Q

Buddhist term that refers to our volitional activities and intentions, be they good or bad, which reflect on our integrity and happiness

A

karma

43
Q

Buddhist term for the repercussions of karma - not necessarily about reincarnation (virtue is its own reward, vice is its own hell)

A

vipaka

44
Q

name for the last three segments of the Eightfold Path, which concern meditation (right effort, right mindfulness, right concentration) - segments Buddhism is most famous for

A

samadhi

45
Q

6th segment of Eightfold Path - taking control of your mind, deliberately abandoning bad thoughts/impulses and nurturing good ones

A

right effort

46
Q

7th segment of Eightfold Path - accepting one’s thoughts and perceptions without attachment, developing fuller/richer awareness of life

A

right mindfulness

47
Q

8th segment of Eightfold Path - meditating so as to empty ourselves of attachment, avoidance, and ignorance; accepting the imperfection, impermanence, and insubstantiality of life; focusing on wholesome thoughts and actions

A

right concentration

48
Q

Buddhist term for a version of concentration meaning “calm abiding” which is essential for developing mindfulness - practices like counting breaths, chanting mantras, etc.

A

shamatha

49
Q

Buddhist term for enlightened beings who have chosen not to abandon the traditional cycle of birth/death/rebirth, but to remain in samsara until they can bring all of life into nirvana with them - have achieved sunyata

A

bodhisattvas

50
Q

Buddhist term for our current existence (after birth and before death, rebirth) - a wheel of suffering that prevents us from reaching enlightenment

A

samsara

51
Q

four outstanding qualities of individuals who are bodhisattvas: loving kindness to all creatures, compassion for all who suffer, sympathetic joy for all who are happy, and equanimity (a pervading calm)

A

Brahma Vihara

52
Q

unusual questions asked to young monks and nuns in Zen Buddhism to stimulate breakthroughs into nondualistic ways of thinking, understanding of emptiness - designed to frustrate our usual way of thinking

A

koans

53
Q

Buddhist saying which means that the perfected life is within this life, not an afterlife

A

nirvana is samsara

54
Q

branch of Buddhism that emphasizes the guru (teacher) and enlightenment - the branch to which the Dalai Lama adheres

A

Vajrayana Buddhism

55
Q

Japanese version of Mahayana Buddhism that emphasizes meditation and overcoming the limitations of thought

A

Zen Buddhism

56
Q

term for comparing one culture from within the view of another - bias leads to a lack of understanding, assumptions must be given up

A

Etic approach

57
Q

term for attempting to understand a culture from its own cultural perspective, as opposed to the Etic approach

A

Emic approach

58
Q

Buddhist term for the one true reality

A

atman

59
Q

Buddhist term for the experience of connecting with the atman

A

awakening

60
Q

the ability to control one’s own dreams

A

lucid dreaming

61
Q

higher state of consciousness that follows awakening, where we give up the illusion of life and reduce suffering

A

enlightenment

62
Q

the idea that all unenlightened living causes waves in the atman

A

dependent origination

63
Q

Buddhist term for a state of happiness, peace from within

A

sukha

Psychology of Personality (14 decks)

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