9/3a Anatomical Systems Part I Flashcards
What is the purpose of anatomy?
Understand pathology Be able to conduct clinical tests -Muscle Testing -Circulation -Reflex Testing Interventions Ability to read surgical reports Teaching Patients
How do we understand our patient’s anatomy better?
Observation
Palpation
Imaging
Clinical Tests
Approaches to studying anatomy
Regional-regions of the body
Systematic-body systems
Clinical -Reasons why we care about the structures, stresses how the systems interrelate
Planes of the body
Sagittal - through the midline of the body, cutting into left and right halves
Frontal - through the center of the body creating front and back pieces
Scapular - not quite frontal or sagittal
Transverse/horizontal - cut into top and bottom pieces
Relationships
S/I P/D A/P M/L S/D D/V
Motions
Flex/Ext AB/AD Med Rot/Lat Rot Sup/Pron Dorsiflex/plantarflex Inversion/Eversion
Nervous system major divisions
cns/pns
somatic(volition)/autonomic(automatic)
within pns - afferent(toward cns-sensory)/efferent(exiting cns-motor)
composition of a neuron
cell body, dendrites, axon, terminal branches
functional unit of the nervous system
neuron
myelin
allows for impulses to be sent fast along the axon
axon
many packaged within 1 nerve
each axon can have a different function
T/F the motor and sensory axons may be within the same nerve
TRUE
spinal cord segments
c1-c8 t1-t12 l1-l5 s1-s5 cg1
spinal nerves
arise from rootlets into
- anterior (ventral) nerve root - efferent - motor
- posterior (dorsal) nerve root - afferent - sensory
each segment of the spinal cord has sensory innervation(_____) and muscle innervation (_____)
dermatome, myotome
locations for Cervical dermatomes
- C2 - lower jaw/upper neck (A), back of the head and ears (P)
- C3- inner part of the collarbone to the trap (A), upper neck and back of the head to top of the trap (P)
- C4 - Sternum to upper shoulders (A), lower neck to upper shoulder (P)
- C5 - lateral area of the collarbones, upper shoulder, lateral aspect of the upper arm (A), lower shoulder, lateral aspect of the upper arm (P)
- C6 - lateral aspect of the forearm and cuboidal fossa into the thumb and index fingers (A); lateral aspect of the forearm and lateral elbow into the thumb
- C7 - middle finger up to wrist (A); middle and index fingers up to wrist (P)
- C8 - Ring and pinky finger and medial aspect of distal forearm(A/P)
sensory testing
always start with a known dermatome/or area that is able to be tested and continue with random testing so the patient doesn’t get used to the pattern
Peripheral nerve distribution
DONT need to know all of the nerves and their roots!
Axons from spinal nerves combine to ultimately form peripheral nerves
Radial and median nerve locations
test for pain on the dermatome vs the peripheral nerve distribution location
Clinical symptoms for impairments of the pns
parasthesia - numbness/tingling diminished sensation weakness pain movement dysfunction
Causes of impairments of the pns
pressure ischemia metabolic/chemical changes disease - MS/ALS trauma
Patient demonstrates an area of diminished sensation and parasthesia over the lateral aspect of the right thigh, what are the hypotheses
L2 dermatome
lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh impairment
peripheral nerve distribution branching
the peripheral nerves branch of into many places, but if it is around a cutaneous receptor as well then it may be an issue of a dermatome - spinal nerve distribution
sensory testing**
superficial (exteroceptors) - pain, temp, light touch, pressure
deep (proprioceptors) - position sense, kinesthesia, vibration
Combined cortical*** (stereognosis, 2-pt discrimination, graphesthesia, texture, barognosis)
Thoracic dermatomes of the upper extremities
- T1 – medial forearm into medial cuboidal fossa (A), Medial forearm into medial elbow (P)
- T2 – Medial upper arm/bicep into chest (A), Medial aspect of the triceps and top of the elbow into the proximal end of the lats (P)
Lumbar dermatomes of the lower extremities
- L1 – hip flexors and proximal pubis (A), lower back into hip Abductor (P)
- L2 – lateral quad (A), Lower back to around the IT band and some of the lateral part of the glutes and hamstrings (P)
- L3 – medial quad and hip Adductors to the knee and the top of the shins (A), Adductor muscles on the medial thigh and proximal medial gastroc (P)
- L4 – medial shin down to the top of the medial foot (A), Medial gastroc down through achilles to the heel (P)
- L5 – base of the knee down through the lateral shin and to the first 3 toes (A), base of the knee down through the lateral gastroc and to the first 3 toes (P)
Sacral dermatomes of the lower extremities
- S1 – lateral foot and toes 4 and 5 (A), Achilles down through the heel to toes 4 and 5 (P)
- S2 – base of glutes down through majority of the hamstrings and through the center of the calf all the way down to the top of the achilles (P ONLY)
- S3 – Genitals (A), medial aspect of the glutes (P)