9/3a Anatomical Systems Part I Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of anatomy?

A
Understand pathology
Be able to conduct clinical tests
-Muscle Testing
-Circulation
-Reflex Testing
Interventions
Ability to read surgical reports
Teaching Patients
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2
Q

How do we understand our patient’s anatomy better?

A

Observation
Palpation
Imaging
Clinical Tests

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3
Q

Approaches to studying anatomy

A

Regional-regions of the body
Systematic-body systems
Clinical -Reasons why we care about the structures, stresses how the systems interrelate

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4
Q

Planes of the body

A

Sagittal - through the midline of the body, cutting into left and right halves
Frontal - through the center of the body creating front and back pieces
Scapular - not quite frontal or sagittal
Transverse/horizontal - cut into top and bottom pieces

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5
Q

Relationships

A
S/I
P/D
A/P
M/L
S/D
D/V
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6
Q

Motions

A
Flex/Ext
AB/AD
Med Rot/Lat Rot
Sup/Pron
Dorsiflex/plantarflex
Inversion/Eversion
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7
Q

Nervous system major divisions

A

cns/pns
somatic(volition)/autonomic(automatic)
within pns - afferent(toward cns-sensory)/efferent(exiting cns-motor)

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8
Q

composition of a neuron

A

cell body, dendrites, axon, terminal branches

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9
Q

functional unit of the nervous system

A

neuron

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10
Q

myelin

A

allows for impulses to be sent fast along the axon

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11
Q

axon

A

many packaged within 1 nerve

each axon can have a different function

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12
Q

T/F the motor and sensory axons may be within the same nerve

A

TRUE

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13
Q

spinal cord segments

A
c1-c8
t1-t12
l1-l5
s1-s5
cg1
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14
Q

spinal nerves

A

arise from rootlets into

  • anterior (ventral) nerve root - efferent - motor
  • posterior (dorsal) nerve root - afferent - sensory
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15
Q

each segment of the spinal cord has sensory innervation(_____) and muscle innervation (_____)

A

dermatome, myotome

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16
Q

locations for Cervical dermatomes

A
  1. C2 - lower jaw/upper neck (A), back of the head and ears (P)
  2. C3- inner part of the collarbone to the trap (A), upper neck and back of the head to top of the trap (P)
  3. C4 - Sternum to upper shoulders (A), lower neck to upper shoulder (P)
  4. C5 - lateral area of the collarbones, upper shoulder, lateral aspect of the upper arm (A), lower shoulder, lateral aspect of the upper arm (P)
  5. C6 - lateral aspect of the forearm and cuboidal fossa into the thumb and index fingers (A); lateral aspect of the forearm and lateral elbow into the thumb
  6. C7 - middle finger up to wrist (A); middle and index fingers up to wrist (P)
  7. C8 - Ring and pinky finger and medial aspect of distal forearm(A/P)
17
Q

sensory testing

A

always start with a known dermatome/or area that is able to be tested and continue with random testing so the patient doesn’t get used to the pattern

18
Q

Peripheral nerve distribution

A

DONT need to know all of the nerves and their roots!

Axons from spinal nerves combine to ultimately form peripheral nerves

19
Q

Radial and median nerve locations

A

test for pain on the dermatome vs the peripheral nerve distribution location

20
Q

Clinical symptoms for impairments of the pns

A
parasthesia - numbness/tingling
diminished sensation
weakness
pain
movement dysfunction
21
Q

Causes of impairments of the pns

A
pressure
ischemia
metabolic/chemical changes
disease - MS/ALS
trauma
22
Q

Patient demonstrates an area of diminished sensation and parasthesia over the lateral aspect of the right thigh, what are the hypotheses

A

L2 dermatome

lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh impairment

23
Q

peripheral nerve distribution branching

A

the peripheral nerves branch of into many places, but if it is around a cutaneous receptor as well then it may be an issue of a dermatome - spinal nerve distribution

24
Q

sensory testing**

A

superficial (exteroceptors) - pain, temp, light touch, pressure
deep (proprioceptors) - position sense, kinesthesia, vibration
Combined cortical*** (stereognosis, 2-pt discrimination, graphesthesia, texture, barognosis)

25
Q

Thoracic dermatomes of the upper extremities

A
  1. T1 – medial forearm into medial cuboidal fossa (A), Medial forearm into medial elbow (P)
  2. T2 – Medial upper arm/bicep into chest (A), Medial aspect of the triceps and top of the elbow into the proximal end of the lats (P)
26
Q

Lumbar dermatomes of the lower extremities

A
  1. L1 – hip flexors and proximal pubis (A), lower back into hip Abductor (P)
  2. L2 – lateral quad (A), Lower back to around the IT band and some of the lateral part of the glutes and hamstrings (P)
  3. L3 – medial quad and hip Adductors to the knee and the top of the shins (A), Adductor muscles on the medial thigh and proximal medial gastroc (P)
  4. L4 – medial shin down to the top of the medial foot (A), Medial gastroc down through achilles to the heel (P)
  5. L5 – base of the knee down through the lateral shin and to the first 3 toes (A), base of the knee down through the lateral gastroc and to the first 3 toes (P)
27
Q

Sacral dermatomes of the lower extremities

A
  1. S1 – lateral foot and toes 4 and 5 (A), Achilles down through the heel to toes 4 and 5 (P)
  2. S2 – base of glutes down through majority of the hamstrings and through the center of the calf all the way down to the top of the achilles (P ONLY)
  3. S3 – Genitals (A), medial aspect of the glutes (P)