8/29a Constructing Reality Using CNS Flashcards
T/F: Central Nervous System is broken down into Somatic and Autonomic
FALSE - Central’s primary function is to integrate sensory information and respond accordingly.
Consists of the Brain and the Spinal Cord
General Nervous system is broken down into:
Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
Peripheral Nervous system is broken into:
Somatic (voluntary) and Autonomic (involuntary) actions
Somatic Nervous System Contains
Sensory Neurons are afferent (carry info from nerves to CNS) and Motor Neurons are efferent (carry info from brain and spinal cord to muscles of the body)
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
Localization
Not really a true concept - it states that just one area of the brain controls a specific action.
Contemporary approach to brain science
Node within the brain create higher order functions and create more complex behaviors
Define Motor Control. What is the difference between Motor control, learning and development?
Motor control is the process of initiating, directing, and grading purposeful voluntary movement.
Motor learning is a set of processes associated with practice that leads to a lasting change
Motor Development is a change in behavior over a lifespan and progression
How many theories exist within motor control and what are they?
9
- Reflex
- Hierarchical
- Reflex-Hierarchical
- Motor Program
- Systems
- Dynamical Action
- Dynamical Systems Theory
- Ecological
- Contemporary Model of Movement Control
Reflex Theory
Stimulus gives rights to a response. Receptor synapses on a motor neuron and goes to a muscle.
Tendon tap produces a quick stretch in the muscle, sensors detect stretch and signal goes to the spinal cord and back to the motor neuron to trigger movement. What theory does this describe?
Reflex Theory
Hierarchical Theory
Jackson
Central system controls the hierarchy
aka Brain (motor cortex) is the highest center that influences the brainstem neurons that then move to the spinal cord
Reflex-Hierarchical Theory
combines top down and bottom up theories that lead to the fact that sensory input is CRITICAL.
DOF problem - how does the nervous system decide on the most efficient movement?
Postulates coordination in feedforward and feedback control.
Feedforward control
when there is a plan to prevent a movement
END GOAL in mind
Examples of feedforward control
Standing on a moving bus has a different stance vs waiting for the bus outside
Having a book in 1 hand with you eyes closed and grabbing it with your own hand has a different response vs having someone else randomly grab it (your hand goes up when the book is removed)
Grabbing a wine glass from different surfaces has various movement strategies
Feedback Control
As a plan changes, the reaction changes as well
Motor Program theory
Central plan that changes with environmental factors, the body adapts which program you want based on which action is necessary
Multiple synergists creates what theory?
Motor Program theory
Systems theory**
Peripheral apparatus matters equally in what needs to be chosen for action
Recognized importance of force acting on body and that control is distributed
Dynamical Action Theory**
Self Organization controls movements
Flipping hands in air vs on a surface - control lasts on the surface when there is external feedback given vs none
Dynamical Systems Theory***
- Distributed Control - integration of all systems cooperatively working together
- Muscle Synergies - co-activation of muscle groups that were recruited by a single neural command
- Self organization
- Non-linear behavior
Ecological Theory
motor control evolves to cope with the environment, active exploration
Adolf’s baby videos crawling vs seated active exploration is an example of
Ecological theory
Contemporary model of movement control
Task - Discrete, continuous, and sequential
Individual - personal fears, limitations, and/or capabilities
Environment - regulatory (controlled) vs non-regulatory (uncontrollable)
ACL injury that causes asymmetry, PT says that perception is effected so he takes the patient and gets him to use VR glasses what theory is he using to find success?
Ecological theory to change up the environment
Cognition**
Higher order abstract thinking, problem solving in the context of big picture. The ability to direct and organize behavior
Perception**
How you view/interpret a sensation
Rubber hand experiment
Attention
ability to focus on things
Consciousness**
awareness of surroundings
Orientation**
knowing where you are in space and time
Memory
Stored Information
Cognitive neuroscience
Sensory - perception - memory+cognition - cognition - orientation+attention+sensation - action - senses perturbation - back to orientation+attention+sensation
