8a. MSK HAL - Acland Videos Flashcards
the scapula and clavicle articulate with the bones of the thorax and what point
sternoclavicular joint
The lateral end of the clavicle articulates with what part of the scapula and what joint does it form
the acromion, forming the acromio-clavicular joint
from above, the clavicle is what shaped
The clavicle from above is slightly S-shaped, with a forward curve to its medial half
what is the glenoid fossa
The glenoid fossa is the articular surface for the shoulder joint
what is above and below the glenoid fossa and what do these 2 things do
Above and below the glenoid fossa are the supraglenoid tubercle, and the infraglenoid tubercle, where two tendons are attached
what is the scapula spine and where is it
Arises from the dorsal surface, and divides it into the supraspinous fossa, and the infraspinous fossa
the clavicle articulates with the scapula where
The clavicle articulates with the scapula at the tip of the acromion
what is around the edge of the glenoid fossa and what does it do
Round the edge of the shallow glenoid fossa, a rim of fibrocartilage, the glenoid labrum, makes the socket of the shoulder joint both wider and deeper
what are the 2 acromio-clavicular ligaments
The acromio-clavicular joint has 2 strong ligaments, the trapezoid in front and the conoid behind, that fix the underside of the clavicle to the coracoid process.
is there movement at the acromioclavicular joint
There’s very little movement at the acromioclavicular joint
what is the shape of the articular surface of the head of humerus
The articular surface of the head of humerus is half of a sphere
what is on the anterior aspect of the head of humerus
well-marked groove known as the bicipital groove, because the tendon of the long head of the biceps runs in it
what is at the proximal end of the bicipital groove
At the proximal end of the groove are the lesser tubercle, and the greater tubercle
where is the deltoid tuberosity
On the lateral aspect of the humerus, almost halfway down the bone, is the deltoid tuberosity
what does the capsule of the shoulder joint do
The capsule of the shoulder joint doesn’t hold the bones together; it’s quite a weak structure. What it does is to permit movement
where does the long head of the triceps tendon arise from
The long head of triceps tendon arises from the infraglenoid tubercle
where does the long head of biceps arise from and what is the path it takes
The long head of biceps arises from the supraglenoid tubercle, it passes inside the joint capsule and over the top of the head of the humerus
where does the subscapularis arise from
where does its tendon insert
It arises from almost all of the anterior or costal aspect of the scapula. Its tendon inserts on the lesser tubercle
what movements does the subscapularis allow on its own and in conjunction with the other 3 muscles
Subscapularis, acting alone, produces internal rotation of the humerus. Acting with the other three short muscles, it holds the humeral head and the glenoid fossa together
what does the supraspinatus arise from and what is its path
It arises from almost all the supraspinous fossa. It passes under the acromion and inserts on the greater tubercle. The tendon of supraspinatus runs through a tight spot, between the acromion and the head of the humerus.
what does the supraspinatus allow in terms of movement
Supraspinatus initiates abduction of the humerus
what do the infraspinatus and teres minor arise from
arise from almost all the infraspinous fossa
where does the infraspinatus insert
Infraspinatus inserts on the back of the greater tubercle, teres minor just below it
what motion does the infraspinatus and teres minor produce
Both these muscles produce external rotation of the humerus.
the rotator cuff muscles and the long head of triceps has what function
These tendons together with the long head of the triceps keep the head of the humerus from sliding out of its very shallow socket
what separates the lateral and medial condyles of the knee
intercondylar notch
what is the bony landmark above the condyles of the knee
Above the two condyles are the epicondyles, lateral and medial
what is the sharp corner on the medial epicondyle
The sharp corner on the medial epicondyle is the adductor tubercle
is there movement at the proximal, and distal tibio-fibular joints
There’s almost no movement at either of these joints
what inserts on the tibial tubercle
insertion of the quadriceps tendon
the patella is embedded in what tendon and where does this tendon insert
The patella is embedded within the quadriceps tendon which inserts on the tibia down here on the tibial tubercle
what are the knee menisci made of and what shape is the lateral and medial meniscus
made of flexible fibrocartilage
The lateral one is almost a circle, the medial one is more C-shaped
in cross section what is the thickness of the meniscus
In cross section, each meniscus is thick at the outer edge and thin at the inner edge
where are the 2 ends of the meniscus attached to in the knee and how close are the 2 ends of the medial and lateral respectively
The two ends of each meniscus are attached to the inter-articular area of the tibia, the medial ones far apart, the lateral ones close together
which meniscus of the knee is more mobile and why
The lateral meniscus is much more mobile than the medial one, partly because its two ends are attached close together, partly because of a big difference in the mobility of the joint capsule around the edge
where is the anterior cruciate ligament
The anterior cruciate ligament goes from anterior portion of tibia, to posteriorly on the femur, on the inner aspect of the lateral condyle
what does the anterior cruciate ligament do
The anterior cruciate ligament prevents the femur from moving backward in relation to the tibia
where is the posterior cruciate ligament located
The posterior cruciate ligament goes from anterior of femur, to the back of the tibia
what does the posterior cruciate ligament do
The posterior cruciate ligament stops the femur from moving forward on the tibia
what side are the fibular and tibial collateral ligaments on
The fibular collateral ligament on the lateral side, and the tibial collateral ligament on the medial side
where does the tibial collateral ligament attach to
The tibial collateral ligament goes from the medial epicondyle of the femur to the anteromedial aspect of the proximal tibia
does the tibial collateral ligament blend with the knee joint capsule, if so where
The tibial collateral ligament blends with the capsule of the knee joint behind, and in front
On its inner aspect, it’s firmly attached to the edge of the medial meniscus
where does the fibular collateral ligament attach to
The fibular collateral ligament goes from the lateral epicondyle of the tibia to the head of the fibula
does the tibial collateral ligament blend with the knee joint capsule, if so where
The fibular collateral ligament stands out from the side of the knee joint, it doesn’t blend with the joint capsule. It’s not attached to the meniscus
when the knee joint is extended and flexed what are the collateral ligaments like
When the knee joint is extended, both the collateral ligaments are tight. When it’s flexed, they become less tight
what is the function of the collateral ligaments
The function of the collateral ligaments is to keep the femoral and tibial condyles together, and thus to prevent the knee joint from bending from side to side
what is the tendon below the patella and what is it continuous with
The patellar ligament
On the medial side, and on the lateral side, the tendon is continuous with the capsule of the knee joint.
what is between the quadriceps tendon and femur
The quadriceps bursa
what is the quadriceps bursa lined with and what does this lining allow
It’s lined with synovial membrane. This lubricated pocket enables the quadriceps tendon to slide easily on the femur
what does the thickened posterior capsule prevent
The thickened posterior capsule prevents hyperextension of the knee joint
the tibia and fibula are held together by what
The tibia and fibula are held together throughout their length by the strong interosseous membrane.
what kind of joints are the proximal and distal tibiofibualr joints and do they allow movement
The proximal tibio-fibular joint is a synovial joint, the distal one is a fibrous joint. There’s very little movement at either of these joints
what are the tibia and fibula held together by distally
Distally the tibia and fibula are strongly held together by the anterior tibio-fibular ligament, and the posterior tibio-fibular ligament
what is the bone below the talus and what is the bone infront of the talus
The bone below and behind the talus is the calcaneus, or heel bone. The bone in front of the talus is the navicular bone
how many articular surfaces does the talus have and what are they
The talus has three articular surfaces, one on the head, and one on the underside for the two joints of inversion and eversion, and one on top for the ankle joint
the talus joint is held together by what 2 ligaments on the lateral side
On the lateral side, the talus joint is held together by the posterior talo-fibular and anterior talo-fibular ligaments
the talus joint is held together by what ligament on the medial side
On the medial side it’s held together by the deltoid ligament
how tight is the capsule of the ankle joint on the front and back and what does this facilitate
The capsule of the ankle joint is loose on the front, and it’s also loose on the back. This looseness allows for a full range of dorsiflexion and plantar flexion.
what is the bone infront of the calcaneum
cuboid
what is the sustentaculum tali and where is it located
On the medial side there’s a projecting shelf which the medial part of the talus sits on
what side is the calcaneo fibular ligament located and where does it attach to
On the lateral side there are the calcaneo-fibular ligament which goes from the lateral malleolus to the side of the calcaneus, and the interosseous talo-calcaneal ligament
where does the interosseous talocalcaneal ligament lie between
The interosseous talocalcaneal ligament lies between the subtalar joint and the T.C.N. Joint.
what pass beneath the extensor retinaculum
Four tendons, a nerve and an artery pass under the extensor retinaculum
where is the peroneal retinaculum located and what does it accomodate
On the lateral aspect, behind the malleolus
It accommodates the tendons of two peroneal muscles as they pass around the lateral malleolus
what passes beneath the flexor retinaculum
Three tendons, and the posterior tibial vessels and nerve
what 3 muscles join to form the calcaneal tendon
Two large muscles, gastrocnemius and soleus, and one small muscle, plantaris
the muscles gastrocnemius and soleus, and plantaris produce what motion of the foot
plantar flexion
gastrocnemius 2 heads arise from where and what do they form
medial and lateral heads arise from the medial and lateral condyles of the femur
The two heads of gastrocnemius unite, forming a flat tendon.
the calcaneal tendon inserts where
The calcaneal tendon inserts into a broad area on the back of the calcaneus
where does tibialis posterior arise from
Tibialis posterior arises from the back of the tibia, the back of the fibula, and from the interosseous membrane in between
where does the tendon of tibialis posterior pass
Its tendon passes immediately behind the medial malleolus, through a fibrous tunnel that’s covered by the flexor retinaculum
where does the tibialis posterior insert
wide insertion on the navicular and first cuneiform bones and on the bases of the second, third and fourth metatarsals
what motion does tibialis posterior facilitate
The action of tibialis posterior is to invert the foot
what muscle other than tibialis posterior acts as a foot invertor
tibialis anterior
where does peroneus brevis arise from
Peroneus brevis arises from the distal fibula
where does peroneus longus arise from
on top of peroneus brevis, arises from the proximal fibula
what passes under the upper end of the peroneus longus
The deep peroneal nerve passes under the upper end of peroneus longus
at the ankle where do the peroneus longus and brevis run and in what orientation
At the ankle, the tendons of peroneus longus and brevis pass behind the lateral malleolus and beneath the peroneal retinaculum, longus behind, brevis in front
where does peroneus brevis insert
Peroneus brevis runs forward to insert on the base of the fifth metatarsal
where does peroneus longus insert
Peroneus longus runs around the cuboid bone, and along a deeply placed fibrous tunnel, to insert on the base of the first metatarsal
what action does the 2 peroneus tendons faciliate
eversion of the foot
what are the 2 long flexors
flexor hallucis longus, and flexor digitorum longus
where does Flexor hallucis longus arise from
Flexor hallucis longus arises from the back of the fibula
where is the flexor hallucis digitorium in relation to flexor hallucis longus
Medial to flexor hallucis longus is flexor digitorum longus
where does flexor digitorium arise from
the back of the tibia
where is the tibialis posterior in relation to the flexor digitorum longus above and at the ankle
Tibialis posterior, crosses beneath flexor digitorum longus, and emerges in front of it, just above the ankle
At the ankle, the flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, and tibialis posterior, each passing beneath the flexor retinaculum in its own fibrous tunnel
Below the retinaculum where the two long toe flexors cross over, which flexor lies deeper
flexor hallucis longus lies deeper
