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302 MEDIMAGE > 5c. Abdominal Pathologies > Flashcards

5c. Abdominal Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

what do renal cysts look like in US

A

look like round collections of fluid in US

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2
Q

are renal cysts malignant

A

most are harmless

however, can lead to renal failure as the renal tissues get replaced with cystic material

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3
Q

what is the renal tumor look like when enhanced with CM

A

heterogenously enhancing

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4
Q

what is a shattered kidney

A

still blood supply going to kidney but doesnt mean that it is salvageable

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5
Q

what is a renal trauma avulsion in terms of what the image looks like

A

kidney has blood supply cut off and there will be no contrast in it at all

bleed into retroperitoneal space

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6
Q

what are the 2 types of renal masses

A

cysts and tumors

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7
Q

what are the 2 types of renal trauma injuries

A

shattered and avulsion kidney

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8
Q

what are the 2 types of congenital renal conditions

A

horseshoe kidney and renal agenesis

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9
Q

what is a duplex system in the renal system

A

double ureter

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10
Q

what does a horseshoe kidney look like

A

2 kidneys attached at the inferior pole

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11
Q

what does a renal agenesis look like

A

missing a kidney

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12
Q

what are the 3 most common primaries for liver metastases

A

breast
colon
rectum

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13
Q

how many liver metastases can there be

A

single or multiple

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14
Q

what determines the resectability of liver metastases

A

site and size

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15
Q

what is hepatocellular carcinoma associated with

A

liver inflammation

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16
Q

what are 4 common causes of Primary tumor HCC

A

liver alcoholic cirrhosis
hep B and C
diabetes
obesity

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17
Q

what are the 3 kinds of malignant liver tumors

A

hepatocellular carcinoma and metastases

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18
Q

what are 3 types of benign liver tumors

A

hemangiomas
focal nodular hyperplasia
hepatocellular adenomas

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19
Q

what are hemangiomas

A

benign liver tumor

masses of abnormal blood vessels

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20
Q

what do hemangiomas look like on US

A

bright

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21
Q

what is alcoholic liver disease cirrhosis

A

nodular replacement of tissues and liver becomes stiff

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22
Q

what is MR elastography used for

A

to see how stiff the liver is in cases such as alcoholic liver fibrosis/cirrhosis

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23
Q

what are the 2 types of liver lesions

A

abscesses and hydatid cysts

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24
Q

what are hydatid cysts

A

parasitic tapeworms that grow in the liver and the cyst is filled with cystic form of the parasite

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25
Q

are hydatid cysts harmful

A

its not harmful unless it ruptures and then the parasite can spread everywhere

mostly space occupying and can push structures

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26
Q

what are the 4 most common primaries for adrenal metastases

A

lung
colorectal
breast
pancreatic

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27
Q

how does US detect gall stones

A

Probe sends ultrasounds to tissue in skin and when waves hit surface, it gets refracted back into probe, some hit probe and make image, others hit other structures and then get reflected back into the probe

US wave hits gall stones and gets hit back to probe stones very white as all the signal is getting reflected back, no signal beyond stones as the stones takes up all the signal - acoustic shadowing

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28
Q

what is cholecystitis

A

increased gall bladder wall thickness from edema and inflammatory change

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29
Q

what is associated with cholecystitis that you can see on a image

A

mucky fat around the gall bladder as the fat itself is edematous with water due to inflammation

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30
Q

what can happen if cholecystitis gall bladder bursts

A

bile can get into peritoneal cavity and can lead to huge inflammatory reaction and potential obstruction in small bowel

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31
Q

what is a MRI cholangiogram used for

A

to detect cause of bile duct obstruction such as stones or tumors

and also look for filling defects and dilated ducts

32
Q

what is the presentation stage and prognosis of pancreatic tumors

A

poor prognosis and late presentation

33
Q

what does the patient present with symptomatically when they have pancreatic tumor

A

pain or obstruction of bile ducts

34
Q

for a pancreatic tumor when what area does the tumor have to be in for it to affect its function

why

A

in the head as it will obstruct bile ducts and pancreatic duct

if in tail or body its not affecting its function that much

35
Q

why does pancreatic tumors in the head of pancreas cause jaundice

A

as gall bladder cant drain and obstructs flow of bile out of patient that gets backed up in skin

36
Q

how do you know if the structure is a renal vein or artery

A

Renal vein as its straight and not tortuous like artery, loops over the aorta to join the IVC on the side

37
Q

what is acute pancreatitis

A

sudden inflammation of the pancreas

38
Q

what are the 4 causes of acute pancreatitis

A

gall stone impacted in common bile duct beyod point where pancreatic duct joints CBD

heavy alcohol use

trauma

mumps

39
Q

what is seen on a CT image for acute pancreatitis

A

enlarged pancreas and mucky fat in subcutaneous tissues

40
Q

what is seen in CT of chronic pancreatitis

A

extensive calcification in pancreas

41
Q

what is splenomegaly

A

enlargement of spleen

42
Q

what is the largest dimension that the spleen should be

A

less than 11cm

43
Q

what is the cause of splenomegaly

A

response to hyperfunction such as raised red cell turnover

Spleen gets big if overworked if increased red cell turnover like sickle cell and haematosis

44
Q

why does splenomegaly lead to portal hypertension

A

when high pressure in liver so blood cant flow through liver and finds alternate route back to heart eg via oesophageal varices and pressure in blood vessels can expand the spleen

45
Q

what does it mean when splenomegaly is caused by infiltration by leukemia/lymphomas

A

common cause as massive production of white cells abnormal so fills spleen

46
Q

what is lymphadenopathy

A

enlarged lymph nodes

47
Q

why does lymphadenopathy occur

A

lymph nodes drain lymph from gut and genitalia

48
Q

what does lymphadenopathy look like on a CT

A

Should be nothing else in area of IVC and aorta like the 4 lumps around in the image is not normal

49
Q

what are aortic aneurysms

A

focal dilation of aorta and enlargement

50
Q

what is the max diameter of aortas and what happens if its beyond this number

A

4cm max otherwise it is at risk of rupturing and if ruptured can bleed into body cavities and bleed out

51
Q

what can you see on a CT image for aortic aneurysms

A

enlargement and thickening of some aspects of the aortic wall

52
Q

what is an aortic dissection

A

false and true lumens in the aorta

53
Q

for peptic ulcer what is seen around the pit where stomach acid is eating away the wall in a image

A

oedema around pit

54
Q

what happens if there is a perforation of the stomach due to peptic ulcer

A

Small perforation could lead to liquids spreading to surface of peritoneum and set up inflammatory reaction could lead to peritonitis and infection

Perforation of bowels is that the contents have lots of bacteria so if it spreads, can spread peritonitis and infection

If you survive acute event, reaction of peritoneum makes it very sticky and sticks together and at risk of obstruction

55
Q

what is gastric cancer associated with - 6 things

A 
smoked and salted foods
heliobacteria pylori
pernicious anemia
smoking
family hx of gastric cancer
stomach polyps
56
Q

what can be seen in the image when there is gastric cancer

A

focal thickening of the gastric wall

57
Q

what is chrons disease and where does it normally occur

A

small intestine more than large intestine

inflammatory bowel disease

58
Q

what can be seen in the image for chrons disease

A

thickening of bowel wall and fat around bowel loops not dark due to oedema

59
Q

what is ulcerative colitis and what does it affect

A

large intestine more than small intestine

inflammatory bowel disease

60
Q

what can be seen in the image for ulcerative colitis

A

thickening of bowel wall and can result in toxic megacolon and rupture

61
Q

why does ulcerative colitis cause dilated loops of bowel

A

bacteria in faeces generates faeces and muscles are flaccid so gas doesn’t go anywhere and can perforate

Faeces in colon can spread in peritoneal cavity -> septic shock

62
Q

what can you see in appendicitis image

A

enlarged and filling defect

stranding in fat suggests inflammation

63
Q

what are colonic polyps and what do they look like on an image

A

growths on the surface of colon and are usually asymptomatic

filling defect

64
Q

what can be the symptoms of colonic polyps

A

blood in stool or rectal bleeding

65
Q

what can happen to colonic polyps

A

can progress to cancer

66
Q

what is colonic tumor associated with and what does it present with

A

associated with poor diet

presents with bleeding or obstruction

67
Q

what does colonic tumor look like in an image

A

apple core channel in middle of tumor which gets narrower and blocks off passage of faecal material from colon to most distal part

68
Q

what are 3 things to look for as causes of bowel obstruction

A

hernias
tumours
intussusception

69
Q

what should be the normal bowel diameter

A

less than or equal to 4cm

70
Q

what does inflammation do to the small bowel that causes obstruction

A

inflammation causes small bowel to get stuck together and the kink formed in the bowel causes obstruction

71
Q

what is the distribution of bowel loops in small bowel obstruction

A

central

72
Q

what is the distribution of bowel loops in large bowel obstruction

A

peripheral

73
Q

what happens in sigmoid volvulus

A

As you get older the sigmoid colon gets longer and if it twist on pedicle, obstruct blood supply to loop of bowel so bacteria causes gas to build up and increase risk of perforation = coffee bean sign

74
Q

what are the 4 causes of bowel perforation

A

trauma
tumor
inflammation
ischaemia

75
Q

what are the 3 signs of free gas in bowel perforation

A

outside bowel wall
around falciform ligament
in retroperitoneum

76
Q

what is a sign on the image that there is a bowel perforation

A

both sides of bowel wall seen as there is air on both sides of the bowel wall

302 MEDIMAGE (20 decks)

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