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302 MEDIMAGE > 1b. Head HAL - Worksheet > Flashcards

1b. Head HAL - Worksheet Flashcards

1
Q

the brain and spinal cord are surrounded by what

A

meninges

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2
Q

what doe the meninges do
what is their function

2 function

A

3 layers help anchor and protect the brain and spinal nerves

house important vessels and CSF to supply brain with nutrients and remove waste

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3
Q

what are the 3 meninges layers inner and outermost

A

dura - outer
arachnoid
pia - inner

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4
Q

what is the dura mater - what is its appearance

A

thick and dense membrane

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5
Q

what are the 2 parts that make up the dura mater

A

outer periosteal layer and inner meningeal layer

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6
Q

what lies between the outer periosteal layer and inner meningeal layer of the dura mater

A

dural venous sinuses

4 of them

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7
Q

what is between the periosteal layer and bone of the dura mater

A

extradural space

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8
Q

what is the arachnoid maters appearance

A

very thin layer deep to dura

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9
Q

how is the arachnoid mater connected to the pia mater

A

suspended by attached to pia mater by delicate connective tissue trabeculae

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10
Q

what is the space between the pia and arachnoid mater

A

subarachnoid space

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11
Q

what does the subarachnoid space hold

A

CSF and cerebral blood vessels supplying the brain tissue

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12
Q

what is a feature of the arachnoid mater

A

arachnoid granulations

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13
Q

where do the arachnoid granulations protrude

A

into the dural venous sinus

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14
Q

what is the appearance of the pia mater and what is it attached to

A

thin, almost imperceptible layer

adherent to and inseparable from the brain and spinal cord tissue

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15
Q

what are the major causes of extradural hemorrhage/hematoma within the skull

A

meningeal artery rupture from trauma

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16
Q

what are the major causes of subdural hemorrhage/hematoma within the skull

A

communicating vein rupture from trauma

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17
Q

what are the major causes of arachnoid hemorrhage/hematoma within the skull

A

cerebral artery rupture (aneurysm)

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18
Q

where do extradural hemorrhage/hematoma occur within the skull

A

between periosteal dura and bone

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19
Q

where do subdural hemorrhage/hematoma occur within the skull

A

within meningeal dura layer

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20
Q

where do sub arachnoid hemorrhage/hematoma occur within the skull

A

between arachnoid and pia

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21
Q

what types of vessels are involved in extradural, subdural and sub arachnoid hemorrhage/hematoma

A

extradural & subarachnoid = artery

subdural = vein

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22
Q

which of the extradural, subdural and sub arachnoid hemorrhage/hematoma is the worst and why

A 
least = subdural
mid = extradural
worst = sub arachnoid

arteries worse than veins, deeper worse than superficial

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23
Q

where do the CSF originate from

A

in the walls of ventricles

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24
Q

where is CSF located

A

in subarachnoid space surrounding the outside of the brain and spinal cord

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25
Q

what are the 4 ventricles in the brain

A

2 lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles

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26
Q

what is the shape of the lateral ventricles

A

bilateral C shaped spaces

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27
Q

where is the lateral ventricles located in relation to the structures around it

A

inferior to corpus callosum

loop over, behind and under the thalamus on each side

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28
Q

what does the 3rd ventricle look like and where is it located

A

irregularly shaped space that connects 2 lateral ventricles

positioned in midline between the 2 thalami

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29
Q

what does the 4th ventricle look like

A

diamond shaped cavity

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30
Q

where is the 4th ventricle located

A

in midline between the pons and cerebellum

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31
Q

what connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles

A

by cerebral aqueduct

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32
Q

how can you use the ventricles to identify brain pathologies such as haemorrhage or space occupying lesions

A

asymmetry/loss of expected fluid filled space due to compression of haemorrhage

as fluid is squeezed out by pressure of injury

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33
Q

the arteries supplying the brain originate from where and ascend in how many pathways

A

originate from aortic arch vessels

2 pathways

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34
Q

what are the 2 pathways that the arteries supplying the brain ascend the neck

A

from the common carotid artery on each side

from the subclavian artery on each side

35
Q

where does the internal carotid artery enter the base of skull and where does it reemerge from

A

via carotid canal and reemerges through the foramen lacerum

36
Q

what vessel that supplies the brain is given off the common carotid

A

internal carotid artery

37
Q

what vessel that supplies the brain is given off the subclavian artery

A

vertebral artery

38
Q

the vertebral artery ascends in where

A

ascends in the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae

39
Q

the vertebral artery unites with its counterpart to form what vessel

A

basilar artery

40
Q

the basilar artery enter the skull through what

A

foramen magnum

41
Q

which 2 vessels unit to form the anatomic ring at the base of the brain

what is the ring of vessels also known as

A

internal carotids and basilar artery

aka: circle of willis

42
Q

what 3 major cerebral arteries supplying the brain arises from the circle of willis

A

anterior, middle and posterior cerebral artery

43
Q

which lobe does the anterior cerebral arteries head toward

A

frontal lobe

44
Q

which lobe does the middle cerebral arteries head toward

A

temporal lobe

45
Q

which lobe does the posterior cerebral arteries head toward

A

occipital lobe

46
Q

which meningeal space are the cerebral arteries located in and what effect might a ruptured cerebral artery aneurysm have

A

subarachnoid space

rupture will cause subarachnoid haemorrhage/haematomo

47
Q

describe the path of artery vessels from the aortic arch to the brain on the left side

what is the difference from the right side of the arteries path

A

aortic arch -> Left subclavia and Left common carotid artery

subclavian -> vertebral artery -> basilar artery -> circle of willis

common carotid artery -> internal and external carotid arteries -> circle of willis

right side has a braciocephalic trunk from the aortic arch that divides into the subclavian and the common carotid artery

48
Q

the middle meningeal artery enters the skull from which feature

A

foramen magnum

49
Q

what injury type would put the middle meningeal artery at risk and what consequence would it have

A

trauma to skull eg blow to head

consequence = extradural haemorrhage

50
Q

the smaller veins in the skull collect into what structures

A

large dural venous sinuses

51
Q

what layers does the dural venous sinuses lie between

A

periosteal layer and meningeal layer of the dura mater

52
Q

the dural venous sinuses are/arent interconnected and end at what feature

A

are interconnected

end at the jugular foramen

53
Q

the internal jugular vein of the neck is formed where

A

at the jugular foramen

54
Q

what are the 5 main dural venous sinuses

which are paired and which arent

A

unpaired:
superior sagittal sinus
inferior sagittal sinus

paired:
cavernous sinus
transverse sinus
sigmoid sinus

55
Q

where can the superior sagittal sinus be found

A

midline roof of the skull

56
Q

where can the inferior sagittal sinus be found

A

base of falx cerebri

57
Q

where can the transverse sinus be found

A

horizontal path along occipitals

58
Q

where can the sigmoid sinus be found

A

s shaped and ending in the jugular foramen

59
Q

what sort of injury might occur by tearing one of the small cerebral veins connecting through to a sinus

A

subdural haemorrhage

60
Q

where is the cavernous sinus located

A

either side of the sella turcica

61
Q

the cavernous sinus has key relations to what 5 structures

A 
optic chiasm
pituitary gland
sphenoid sinus
internal carotid arteries
cranial nerves
62
Q

what is clinically significant about the fact that the cavernous sinus is connected to the veins of the face

A

infections in the face can track back into and spread in the brain

63
Q

what might you see on an axial cross section image of someone with an inflammed sinus on one side

A

asymmetry - lack of air space as inflammed tissue and fluid fills cavity space

64
Q

what key feature of the middle cranial fossa does the sphenoid sinus sit inferior to

A

sella turcica/pituitary

65
Q

the sphenoid sinus can be used surgically to access what part of the brain that is located in the sella turcica

A

pituitary gland

66
Q

what are the folds and grooves called in the brain

what do they do for the brain

A 
grooves = sulci
folds = gyri

increase surface area to increase neural capacity

67
Q

what issues are there wil differentiating the lobes of the brain from each other

A

brain tissues are a continuum so not many definable landmarks

68
Q

what cranial fossa is the temporal lobe in

A

middle

69
Q

what cranial fossa is the cerebellum located in

A

posterior

70
Q

where does the brain stem exit the cranium

A

through foramen magnum

71
Q

what 2 structures sits inferior to the cerebrum

A

cerebellum and brain stem

72
Q

what are the 3 parts of the brain stem from top to bottom

A

mid brain, pons and medulla oblongata

73
Q

what plane can we see the thalamus and hypothalamus

A

mid sagittal

74
Q

the thalamus is what kind of structural appearance and is located where in relation to the lateral ventricles

A

bilateral ovoid structures

thalamus located infero-lateral to the CSF filled lateral ventricles

75
Q

what does the thalamus do

A

relay signals between the body and rest of brain

76
Q

what is the basal ganglia’s position relative to the thalamus

A

antero-lateral to thalamus

77
Q

what does the hypothalamus do

A

hormone regulation

78
Q

what is at the base of the hypothalamus

A

pituitary gland

79
Q

what is the optic chiasm appearance

A

2 optic nerves emerge from the optic canals at the top of the X shape

80
Q

what effects might you see in a patient with a suspected pituitary gland tumor

A

visual defects/disturbance

could be both or one side

81
Q

what does the pineal gland do

A

controls circadian rhythm

82
Q

where is the pineal gland located

A

midline posteriorly between the 2 thalami

83
Q

what can happen to the pineal gland and what does this look like on the xray images

A

can become calcified and looks like a white spot in xrays

84
Q

what is the corpus callosum

A

arching bridge of myelinated white matter tracts connects left and right hemispheres of the brain, allowing the 2 hemispheres to communicate and coordinate

302 MEDIMAGE (20 decks)

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