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302 MEDIMAGE > 6c. Pelvis Pathologies > Flashcards

6c. Pelvis Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

where in the body is most susceptible to metastases and hy

A

skull, vertebra and pelvis bones

as metastases occur in bones with high blood supply such as bone marrow

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2
Q

how many metastases can there be

A

single or multiple

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3
Q

what are the 2 types of metastases

A

osteolytic or sclerotic/blastic

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4
Q

which type of metastases are more common

A

lytic

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5
Q

what are the primaries of osteolytic metastases

4 things

A

multiple myeloma, renal cell, melanoma, thyroid

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6
Q

what can be seen on images with osteolytic metastases

A

destroys bone so there will be area of lucency

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7
Q

what can be seen on images with osteoblastic metastases

A

bone becomes more dense so there will be altered texture in the bone texture such as moth eaten appearance

brighter as bone is replaced by denser tumor

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8
Q

what are the 4 primaries for sclerotic metastases

A

prostate
colon
stomach
lymphoma

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9
Q

if there were extensive metastases what would be the differences in outcome for the bone condition if it was lytic vs if it was blastic

A

If they were lytic the bone would fall apart but as they are blastic the bones don’t disintegrate and extra material makes them relatively tough

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10
Q

what is the difference between blastic and sclerotic metastases

A

blastic is building up bone and sclerotic is what it looks like once its built up

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11
Q

what will metastases look like on vertebral MRI T2

A

metastases bright on T2 as often have higher water content

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12
Q

what is the mechanism commonly for pelvic fractures

A

high energy blunt trauma

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13
Q

what is the mortality rate for pelvic #

A

high mortality

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14
Q

what is an unstable pelvic #

A

if the ring structure is disrupted due to 2 sites of # and seperation

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15
Q

what are the 2 types of pelvic fractures

A

unilateral or bilateral

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16
Q

pelvic # multiple trauma is usually image using what modality

A

CT

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17
Q

how does the pelvis ring structure affect the sites of injury

A

there are always 2 sites of # or separation

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18
Q

what is an open book # of the pelvis

A

symphysis pubis diastasis or fracture of pubic rami and disruption of the SI joints

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19
Q

what is the mechanism for a open book # of the pelvis

A

antero-posterior compression injury to pelvis

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20
Q

what vessels give off the retinacular arteries

A

medial and lateral circumflex artery

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21
Q

what artery supplies the head of femur

A

retinacular

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22
Q

what are the 4 types of femur fractures

A

subcapital
trasncervical neck
intertrochanteric
subtrochanteric

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23
Q

what are the 2 types of femur fractures that could compromise the blood supply

A

subcapital and transcervical

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24
Q

what can be measured to tell the age of the growing fetus

A

foetal pole

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25
Q

what is the jelly used for in US

A

stops artifacts by getting rid of air

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26
Q

what is placenta previa

A

placenta lies too far down and when it cover the cervix the baby can have trouble being born as it has to push the placenta out of the way so mum and baby can die or placenta is delivered first and baby becomes hypoxic/brain damage

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27
Q

what are fibroids in the uterus

A

benign focal growth of uterine wall

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28
Q

can uterus fibroids become cancers

A

no

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29
Q

are uterus fibroids symptomatic

A

most are asymptomatic

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30
Q

what do uterus fibroids cause

A

heavy bleeding, pelvic pain and frequent micturition

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31
Q

uterus fibroids project into where

A

into the lumen of the uterus

32
Q

what are ectopic pregnancy

A

embryo implantation outside of the endometrial cavity

33
Q

where is the most common area for an ectopic pregnancy

A

fallopian tube

34
Q

what are the consequences of untreated ectopic pregnancies

A

profound hemorrhages which may be fatal without surgery

35
Q

what are the symptoms and signs of ectopic pregnancies

6 signs

A 
abdominal pain
vaginal bleeding
missed period
hypotension
shock
tachycardia
36
Q

what modality is used to evaluate ectopic pregnancies

A

transvaginal ultrasound

37
Q

what is a sign on the image to tell if there is an ectopic pregnancy

A

endometrial thickening

no intrauterine pregnancy

complex mass outside of uterus

38
Q

what are symptoms of cervical cancer

A

abnormal vaginal bleeding

39
Q

what are the 2 components of cervical cancer and what is the distribution

A

80% squamous cell carcinoma

15% adenocarcinoma

40
Q

what 3 things is cervical cancer associated with

A

HPV
early sexual activity
smoking

41
Q

what is the radiological sign of cervical cancer

A

mass obstructed uterus is grossly distended as menstrual fluid blocked

42
Q

what are ovarian cysts associated with and what do they look like

A

functional associated with menstrual cycle

can become large and rupture

43
Q

are ovarian cyst symptomatic and do they remain forever

A

often asymptomatic and disappear without treatment

44
Q

what are the 3 other types of ovarian cysts

A

dermoid cysts/tertomas
cystadenomas
enodmetriomas

45
Q

what do dermoid cysts contain

A

tissue such as hair, skin and teeth

46
Q

are dermoid cysts dangerous

A

rarely become malignant

47
Q

what are cystadenomas filled with

A

mucous material

48
Q

where do cystadenomas develop

A

on ovary surface

49
Q

what is endometriomas and where do they grow

A

uterine endometrial cells grow outside uterus

50
Q

what happens if cystic fluid rupture

A

pain

51
Q

what are polycystic ovaries characterised by

A

development of multiple cysts in the ovaries

52
Q

what are the effects of PCOS

A

range of hormonal and metabolic effects

common cause of infertility

53
Q

what is the radiological signs for PCOS

A

appearance of many follicles in the ovaries as seen by IS or MRI

looks like a bunch of grapes

54
Q

ovarian cancer increases in women who have what

A

ovulated more over their lifetime

55
Q

what is the most common of the 5 subtypes of ovarian cancer

A

serous carcinoma

56
Q

what is the appearance of ovarian cancer

A

heterogenous pelvic masses

57
Q

what is seen in CT for appendicitis

A

appendiceal thickening

outer wall to outer wall transverse diameter >6mm

58
Q

what soft tissue sign is indicative of appendicitis

A

stranding of fat

59
Q

what is the appearance of a rectal tumor

A

thickening of rectal wall or mass

60
Q

what can rectal tumors cause

A

obstruct, perforate or cause fistula with adjacent structure

61
Q

what are bladder calculi

A

radiopaque calculi in bladder

62
Q

what is calculi in bladder associated with

A

poor bladder emptying post micturition

63
Q

what is bladder calculi associated with in terms of cancer

A

associated with squamous carcinoma of bladder

64
Q

what can calculi do

A

bleed in pee as stones get caught into proximal urethra and blocks exit

65
Q

what does bladder tumor often present with

A

hematuria and when treatable

66
Q

what is bladder tumor associated with

A

chronic irritation

67
Q

what are 2 common types of bladder cancer

A

transitional cell

squamous cell

68
Q

what does prostate gland produce

A

seminal fluid

69
Q

where does benign hypertrophy occur in

A

transition zone

70
Q

what 4 things does benign hypertrophy present with

A

nocturia, poor stream, hesitancy and frequency

71
Q

what can benign hypertrophy lead to

A

infections and obstructive renal failure

72
Q

what happens to the prostate in benign hypertrophy and what area of prostate does it occur with

A

transitional zone

enlarged prostate

73
Q

what is the treatment for benign hypertrophy

A

removing prostate gland or gouge out part of urethra in transition zones

74
Q

what does benign hypertrophy lead to

A

infections and obstructive renal failure

75
Q

what can prostate tumor do

A

spreads to lymph nodes, bone

76
Q

where does the majority of prostate tumors arise from in the prostate

A

peripheral zone

302 MEDIMAGE (20 decks)

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