6c. Pelvis Pathologies Flashcards
where in the body is most susceptible to metastases and hy
skull, vertebra and pelvis bones
as metastases occur in bones with high blood supply such as bone marrow
how many metastases can there be
single or multiple
what are the 2 types of metastases
osteolytic or sclerotic/blastic
which type of metastases are more common
lytic
what are the primaries of osteolytic metastases
4 things
multiple myeloma, renal cell, melanoma, thyroid
what can be seen on images with osteolytic metastases
destroys bone so there will be area of lucency
what can be seen on images with osteoblastic metastases
bone becomes more dense so there will be altered texture in the bone texture such as moth eaten appearance
brighter as bone is replaced by denser tumor
what are the 4 primaries for sclerotic metastases
prostate
colon
stomach
lymphoma
if there were extensive metastases what would be the differences in outcome for the bone condition if it was lytic vs if it was blastic
If they were lytic the bone would fall apart but as they are blastic the bones don’t disintegrate and extra material makes them relatively tough
what is the difference between blastic and sclerotic metastases
blastic is building up bone and sclerotic is what it looks like once its built up
what will metastases look like on vertebral MRI T2
metastases bright on T2 as often have higher water content
what is the mechanism commonly for pelvic fractures
high energy blunt trauma
what is the mortality rate for pelvic #
high mortality
what is an unstable pelvic #
if the ring structure is disrupted due to 2 sites of # and seperation
what are the 2 types of pelvic fractures
unilateral or bilateral
pelvic # multiple trauma is usually image using what modality
CT
how does the pelvis ring structure affect the sites of injury
there are always 2 sites of # or separation
what is an open book # of the pelvis
symphysis pubis diastasis or fracture of pubic rami and disruption of the SI joints
what is the mechanism for a open book # of the pelvis
antero-posterior compression injury to pelvis
what vessels give off the retinacular arteries
medial and lateral circumflex artery
what artery supplies the head of femur
retinacular
what are the 4 types of femur fractures
subcapital
trasncervical neck
intertrochanteric
subtrochanteric
what are the 2 types of femur fractures that could compromise the blood supply
subcapital and transcervical
what can be measured to tell the age of the growing fetus
foetal pole
what is the jelly used for in US
stops artifacts by getting rid of air
what is placenta previa
placenta lies too far down and when it cover the cervix the baby can have trouble being born as it has to push the placenta out of the way so mum and baby can die or placenta is delivered first and baby becomes hypoxic/brain damage
what are fibroids in the uterus
benign focal growth of uterine wall
can uterus fibroids become cancers
no
are uterus fibroids symptomatic
most are asymptomatic
what do uterus fibroids cause
heavy bleeding, pelvic pain and frequent micturition
uterus fibroids project into where
into the lumen of the uterus
what are ectopic pregnancy
embryo implantation outside of the endometrial cavity
where is the most common area for an ectopic pregnancy
fallopian tube
what are the consequences of untreated ectopic pregnancies
profound hemorrhages which may be fatal without surgery
what are the symptoms and signs of ectopic pregnancies
6 signs
abdominal pain vaginal bleeding missed period hypotension shock tachycardia
what modality is used to evaluate ectopic pregnancies
transvaginal ultrasound
what is a sign on the image to tell if there is an ectopic pregnancy
endometrial thickening
no intrauterine pregnancy
complex mass outside of uterus
what are symptoms of cervical cancer
abnormal vaginal bleeding
what are the 2 components of cervical cancer and what is the distribution
80% squamous cell carcinoma
15% adenocarcinoma
what 3 things is cervical cancer associated with
HPV
early sexual activity
smoking
what is the radiological sign of cervical cancer
mass obstructed uterus is grossly distended as menstrual fluid blocked
what are ovarian cysts associated with and what do they look like
functional associated with menstrual cycle
can become large and rupture
are ovarian cyst symptomatic and do they remain forever
often asymptomatic and disappear without treatment
what are the 3 other types of ovarian cysts
dermoid cysts/tertomas
cystadenomas
enodmetriomas
what do dermoid cysts contain
tissue such as hair, skin and teeth
are dermoid cysts dangerous
rarely become malignant
what are cystadenomas filled with
mucous material
where do cystadenomas develop
on ovary surface
what is endometriomas and where do they grow
uterine endometrial cells grow outside uterus
what happens if cystic fluid rupture
pain
what are polycystic ovaries characterised by
development of multiple cysts in the ovaries
what are the effects of PCOS
range of hormonal and metabolic effects
common cause of infertility
what is the radiological signs for PCOS
appearance of many follicles in the ovaries as seen by IS or MRI
looks like a bunch of grapes
ovarian cancer increases in women who have what
ovulated more over their lifetime
what is the most common of the 5 subtypes of ovarian cancer
serous carcinoma
what is the appearance of ovarian cancer
heterogenous pelvic masses
what is seen in CT for appendicitis
appendiceal thickening
outer wall to outer wall transverse diameter >6mm
what soft tissue sign is indicative of appendicitis
stranding of fat
what is the appearance of a rectal tumor
thickening of rectal wall or mass
what can rectal tumors cause
obstruct, perforate or cause fistula with adjacent structure
what are bladder calculi
radiopaque calculi in bladder
what is calculi in bladder associated with
poor bladder emptying post micturition
what is bladder calculi associated with in terms of cancer
associated with squamous carcinoma of bladder
what can calculi do
bleed in pee as stones get caught into proximal urethra and blocks exit
what does bladder tumor often present with
hematuria and when treatable
what is bladder tumor associated with
chronic irritation
what are 2 common types of bladder cancer
transitional cell
squamous cell
what does prostate gland produce
seminal fluid
where does benign hypertrophy occur in
transition zone
what 4 things does benign hypertrophy present with
nocturia, poor stream, hesitancy and frequency
what can benign hypertrophy lead to
infections and obstructive renal failure
what happens to the prostate in benign hypertrophy and what area of prostate does it occur with
transitional zone
enlarged prostate
what is the treatment for benign hypertrophy
removing prostate gland or gouge out part of urethra in transition zones
what does benign hypertrophy lead to
infections and obstructive renal failure
what can prostate tumor do
spreads to lymph nodes, bone
where does the majority of prostate tumors arise from in the prostate
peripheral zone
