1a. Head HAL - Acland Videos Flashcards
what structure is the brainstem continuous with
spinal cord
the brain is within which cavity
cranial cavity
the frontal lobe occupies which cranial fossa
anterior
the temporal lobe occupies which cranial fossa
middle
what does the posterior cranial fossa contain
brain stem and cerebellum
the cranial cavity is lined by what
dura
the dura that lines the cranial cavity passes through what structure and becomes continuous with what
passes through foramen magnum and becomes continuous with the dura lining the vertebral canal
what are the 2 structures that create partitions in the cranial cavity and what are they made of
falx and tentorium
extensions of the dura
what does the tentorium cerebelli divide and in what direction does it divide
cerebrum above from cerebellum below
where does the brain stem pass through in the tentorium
in the tentorium incisure
where is the tentorium attached
attached along line on occipital bone and edge of petrous temporal bone
where does the tentorium end
ends at the posterior clinoid process
what is the upper surface of the tentorium continuous with
dura of floor of middle cranial fossa
what is the tentorium attached to in the midline
falx
what is the tentorium’s full name
tentorium cerebelli
what is the falx’s full name
falx cerebri
what does the falx divide and in what direction
midline partition between 2 cerebral hemispheres
what is the falx attached to along its length (which bone)
occipital, parietal and frontal bones
what is the falx attached to in the front
crista galli
where structure does the falx form when it split near attachment
splits into 2 layers leaving triangular space for superior sagittal sinus
what are the 3 meninges layers which one is outer and inner
dura - outer
arachnoid
pia - inner
how does the pia mater travel in terms of the sulcus and gyrus
extends into sulci and back up into gyrus
do the vessels in the sulcus lie inside the pia mater
no they lie outside the pia
what is the relation of the pia with the vessels entering the brain
Each vessel entering brain carries a sleeve of pia with it
how does the arachnoid mater travel in terms of the sulcus and gyrus
doesnt extend into sulci and bridges over from one gyrus to the next
what is the space associated with the arachnoid mater
subarachnoid space
where is the subarachnoid space wide and narrow
hint: wide in 3 places
narrow over most of brain
wide below/above cerebellum and infront of brain stem
what is the name for areas of the subarachnoid space that is wide
cisterns
is the dura mater attached to anything
which 2 structures is it between
between arachnoid mater and skull
no attachment to arachnoid normally separated from bone but quite closely attached to it
branches of what vessels run in the thickness of the dura
middle meningeal arteries
vessels and nerves entering the cranial cavity pass through openings in the dura and at each opening the dura does what with the nerve/vessel
dura forms a tunnel around it for a short distance
why dont the openings in the bone and the dura not match up
Nerve/vessel runs beneath the dura for a distance between the opening in the dura and the opening in the bone so the opening in dura often don’t match the opening in the bone
(eg in middle cranial fossa the bone has many openings but the dura there has no openings)
the pituitary fossa is enclosed by what
4 clinoid processes
what bridges over the roof of the pituitary fossa
dura
the pituitary fossa contains what and is lined by what
contains pituitary
lined by dura
what is the cavernous sinus in relation to the pituitary fossa position wise
lateral to pit fossa
the ___ nerve opening leads into the ___ cave which is occupied by the ____ ganglion
trigeminal
what are the 3 components of the ventricular system
lateral ventricles and 3rd & 4th ventricles
what are the ventricles filled with
CSF
what are the 3 parts that make up the brain stem
medulla (closest to the spinal cord), pons, midbrain
the brain stem are behind what 2 bones
behind basilar part of the occipital bone and dorsum sellae
what # of cranial nerves are the optic nerves
2nd cranial nerves
what joins the 2 cerebral hemisphere
corpus callosum
what structure is the peduncle under and what is below the peduncle
below corpus callosum
below peduncle is midbrain
what fissure does the falx occupy
longitudinal cerebral fissure
what are the 2 hemispheres connected below by (externally)
2 cerebral peduncles converging on brainstem and also by floor of left ventricle
what is the lateral sulcus in terms of what it separates and what direction is it
separates frontal lobe above from temporal bone below
the central sulci runs to the ___ surface of the hemishphere and it is between which 2 lobes
medial surface
between frontal and parietal lobes
the tip of the temporal lobe is the ___ and it is just aboce the __ ___
uncus
just above tentorial incisure
the olfactory tract leads to what
olfactory bulb
what emerges from the olfactory bulb
fibres from the first cranial nerve (olfactory nerve)
what are the 4 parts of the lateral ventricle and which lobes of the brain are they situated in
anterior horn in frontal
body in parietal
posterior in occipital
inferior curls down and forwards into temporal
the lateral ventricle communicates with the 3rd ventricle at where
interventricular foramen
what process produces CSF
choroid process
what is the path of the choroid
interventricular foramen opens into lateral ventricle, choroid process continues through IVF into the lateral ventricle
the cerebral spinal fluid is formed in what ventricle and what path do they take to get to where they travel to next
lateral and 3rd produce csf
travels down into the 4th ventricle via the cerebral aquaduct
what ventricle is the infundibulum associated with
floor of 3rd ventricle
what are the 4 projections coming off the optic chiasm and what are the 2 lumps on the chaism near the bottom
optical nerve at the top x 2
optical tract coming off bottom x 2
mamillary bodies near bottom
the pituitary fossa bulges down into what
into sphenoid sinus
where is the hypothalamus in relation to the optic chiasm, 3rd ventricle and pituitary
between optic chiasm and floor of 3rd ventricle
above pituitary
in terms of the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries what is its arrangement
ICA 2 coming off the top
vertebral arteries x 2 coming off the bottom donwards and join to form the basilar artery in the posterior cranial fossa
the internal carotids gives off which 2 arteries
anterior cerebral artery and posterior communicating arteries
what is the middle cerebral artery a continuation of
a extension of the anterior cerebral artery/internal carotid
where do the 2 anterior cerebral arteries curve together and travel upwards to what structure
curve towards each other above chiasm and pass upwards and forwards close together to enter the longitudinal fissure
the anterior cerebral arteries are connected by which artery at what structural landmark
connected by short anterior communicating artery
just above optic chiams
what way does the middle cerebral artery curve and where does it enter
laterally
enters lateral cerebral fissure between frontal and temporal bones
what is the basilar artery made up of
veterbral arteries
what are the 4 branches that arise from the top of the basilar artery
2 posterior cerebral arteries
2 superior cerebral arteries
the posterior cerebral artery curves __ and _____ above the ____ ___ ___ and curls around the ___
curves backwards and laterally above the ocular motor nerve and curls around the cerebral peduncle
what is the posterior cerebral artery joined by which completes the arterial circle
posterior communicating artery
veins emerge from what in the brain
sulci
veins in the brain run upward in which dura layer
arachnoid
veins drains into which spaces
venous sinuses
what are the 4 venous sinuses
sagittal sinus x2
straight sinus
transverse sinus x2
the 2 sagittal sinuses run the length of what
the falx
the smaller inferior sagittal sinus runs on what border
falxs free border
the larger superior-sagittal sinus runs along which border
along attached border of falx
which way do the 2 sagittal sinuses flow
from front to back
what are the 2 sagittal sinuses
inferior-sagittal and superio-sagittal
the superior sagittal sinus is contained in what space enclosed by what
triangualr space enclosed by dura
the side passages of the superior sagittal sinus are called what and where do they open into
lacunar open into the sinus
veins from the surface of the brain open into ___
lacunae
the superio-sagittal sinus ends where
where the falx and tentorium meet
the confluence of the sinuses has what 2 channels of the venous blood - ie what is the name of the channles
transverse sinus
the transverse sinus follows the attachment of what structure and what is its next path
tentorium
then turns sharply down into s shaped groove just behind the petrous temporal bone
when the transverse sinus moves through the s shaped path it is known as
sigmoid sinus
how many sigmoid sinuses are there and where are they
one on the left side of the head and one on the right side
the sigmoid sinus leaves the cranial cavity by passing through which structure
what other structures travel through this structure
through jugular foramen
along with 3 cranial nerves
what sinsuses drain the base of the skull
2 cavernous sinuses
where is the cavernous sinus
space around the internal carotid artery
the cavernous extends forward to which structure and backwards to which other structure
what is the sinus bounded by medially
forwards to superior orbital fissure
backwards to dorsum sellae
the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus contains which 3 nerves
3rd, 4th and 6th
what is the cavernous sinus bounded by medially
medially bounded by dura that lines pituitary fossa
outside of the 3rd,4th and 6th nerves lies what structure
trigeminal ganglion
outside the trigeminal ganglion is what
dura of middle cranial fossa
what sinus is next to the cavernous sinus
sphenoid sinus
the 2 cavernous sinuses are connected to each other behind which structure
behind the pituitary gland
