8.1.2 Flashcards
What is diplopia?
Double vision
Diplopia is a key symptom in patients with binocular vision anomalies.
What is asthenopia?
Eye strain
Asthenopia is often reported by patients with binocular vision issues.
What does suppression refer to in binocular vision anomalies?
Brain ignoring one eye’s image
Suppression can lead to reduced visual function in one eye.
What is reduced stereopsis?
Poor depth perception
Reduced stereopsis affects the ability to perceive distances accurately.
List some key symptoms of binocular vision anomalies.
- Diplopia
- Asthenopia
- Suppression
- Reduced stereopsis
- Headaches
- Dizziness
- Difficulty with reading
- Eye deviations
- Abnormal head postures
What examination detects tropia and phoria?
Cover test
The cover test is a fundamental assessment in diagnosing binocular vision anomalies.
What does the Maddox rod/Worth 4-dot test assess?
Suppression and BV status
This test helps determine how the brain is processing images from each eye.
What is the purpose of the prism cover test?
Quantifies deviation
This test measures how much deviation exists in ocular alignment.
What does AC/A ratio measurement evaluate?
Accommodative convergence
AC/A ratio is critical in understanding how the eyes converge when focusing.
What is the RAF rule used for?
Tests convergence ability
The RAF rule assesses how well a patient can converge their eyes.
What are some stereopsis tests?
- Titmus Fly
- TNO
These tests evaluate depth perception and binocular function.
What is the goal of refractive management in binocular vision anomalies?
Correcting refractive error
Managing refractive errors helps alleviate symptoms like accommodative esotropia.
How are bifocals used in the management of accommodative esotropia?
To reduce excessive near accommodation
Bifocals help patients focus more comfortably on near tasks.
What is a common benefit of contact lenses over spectacles?
Better cosmesis and improved binocular function
Contact lenses can enhance visual experience in some strabismus cases.
What are orthoptic exercises designed to improve?
Convergence, divergence, fusional reserves, and accommodation
These exercises are particularly useful for conditions like convergence insufficiency.
What is Near Point of Convergence (NPC) Training?
A fixation target is moved towards the patient’s nose while maintaining single vision
NPC training is specifically used for convergence insufficiency.
What is a pencil push-up exercise?
Patient pushes a small object toward their nose while keeping it single and clear
This exercise helps improve convergence ability.
What is the purpose of the Brock String exercise?
Improves convergence and divergence control
The Brock String helps patients focus on beads while maintaining awareness of diplopia.
What does jump convergence involve?
Alternating fixation between a near and distant target
This exercise enhances the ability to converge effectively.
What is the Barrel Card Exercise?
A card with three circles of increasing size is fused at the nose
This exercise improves convergence by challenging the visual system.
What are fusion exercises like Vectograms and Prism Flippers used for?
Strengthening fusional reserves
These exercises help improve the eyes’ ability to work together.
What is accommodative therapy?
Patients switch focus between lenses of different powers
This therapy trains accommodative flexibility, useful for insufficiency or excess.
What is the role of prismatic management?
Alleviate symptoms of diplopia or decompensating heterophoria
Prisms can help reduce the strain on the visual system.
What are relieving prisms?
Small amounts incorporated into spectacles to reduce fusional demand
Relieving prisms can help manage conditions like divergence excess.
