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Stage 1, Visit 4 > 8.1.1 > Flashcards

8.1.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the cover/uncover test

A

Detects tropias

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2
Q

What is the purpose of the alternating cover test

A

Detects phorias

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3
Q

What is purpose of OM test

A

Evaluates EOM function and gaze related missalignments

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4
Q

What is the purpose of Maddox rod test

A

Assess baby anomalies and assess DIP
Identifies latent deviations when fusion is distrupted
Determines if DIP is being caused by an ocular misalignment
Determines if misalignment is consistent in all gazes(comitant) or varies (incomitant)

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5
Q

What is a Maddox rod?

A

A series of parallel cylindrical lenses.

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6
Q

How is the Maddox rod typically positioned in the test?

A

Horizontally or vertically.

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7
Q

What does the patient focus on during the Maddox rod test?

A

A point light source at a set distance.

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8
Q

What are the typical distances used for the Maddox rod test?

A
  • 6 meters for distance
  • 33 cm for near.
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9
Q

What does the Maddox rod do to the light for the covered eye?

A

Converts the light into a line image.

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10
Q

What does the uncovered eye see during the Maddox rod test?

A

The actual point of light.

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11
Q

What does the patient report in the Maddox rod test?

A

The relative positions of the line and the light.

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12
Q

What will a px with exophoria see in a Maddox rod test ?

A

The line appears to the opposite side of the light when the Maddox rod is over the covered eye

For example, if the Maddox rod is over the right eye and the line is seen to the left, it’s exophoria.

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13
Q

What will a px with esophoria see in Maddox rod test ?

A

The line appears on the same side as the covered eye when the Maddox rod is used

For example, if the line is seen to the right when the Maddox rod is over the right eye.

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14
Q

What indicates hyperphoria in a px with Maddox rod testing

A

The line appears below the light, indicating the covered eye is higher

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15
Q

What indicates hypophoria in Maddox rod testing

A

The line appears above the light, indicating the covered eye is lower

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16
Q

What does a rotated line indicate in Maddox rod testing

A

Cyclophoria, which is a torsional misalignment

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17
Q

What causes cyclophoria?

A

Oblique muscle issues

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18
Q

How can prisms be used in relation to deviations in Maddox rod testing

A

Prisms can be used to neutralize the deviation by aligning the line and dot

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19
Q

What is the purpose of quantifying misalignment in prism diopters?

A

To measure the degree of deviation

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20
Q

What is the primary purpose of the Maddox Rod Test?

A

To dissociate the eyes and detect phorias and measure ocular misalignment in horizontal and vertical planes.

The test involves the patient looking at a point light source with a rod placed in front of one eye.

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21
Q

How does the patient participate in the Maddox Rod Test?

A

The patient looks at a point light source while comparing the line generated by the rod to the light.

This comparison helps in assessing ocular alignment.

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22
Q

What does the Maddox Wing Test assess?

A

It assesses both horizontal and vertical phorias/tropias in a more natural binocular presentation.

The test uses wings with a target in the middle for assessment.

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23
Q

How does the Maddox Wing Test differ from the Maddox Rod Test?

A

The Maddox Wing Test provides a more natural binocular presentation of misalignment.

It allows for a controlled assessment of eye alignment in real-world conditions.

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24
Q

What dynamic method does the Maddox Wing Test use?

A

It uses prisms and target alignment to test a patient’s binocular alignment.

The patient looks at a fusion target and adjusts to align the images.

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25
True or False: The Maddox Rod Test is used for assessing binocular alignment dynamically.
False. ## Footnote The Maddox Rod Test is primarily for dissociating the eyes rather than dynamic assessment.
26
What is the purpose of the Maddox Wing Test?
To assess horizontal and vertical alignment of the eyes and evaluate fusion and stereopsis ## Footnote The test is crucial for diagnosing conditions like exophoria and esophoria.
27
What equipment is used in the Maddox Wing Test?
Maddox Wing device, horizontal and vertical prisms, target (light source or cross) ## Footnote The device allows the examiner to assess eye alignment effectively.
28
How is the patient positioned during the Maddox Wing Test?
The patient is asked to focus on the target and maintain fixation on the central object ## Footnote Proper positioning is essential for accurate assessment.
29
What does exophoria indicate in the Maddox Wing Test?
Outward deviation of the eye ## Footnote This is detected when the target appears displaced to the right or left.
30
What does esophoria indicate in the Maddox Wing Test?
Inward deviation of the eye ## Footnote Esophoria is identified when the target appears displaced to the right.
31
What is assessed first during the Maddox Wing Test?
Horizontal misalignment using horizontal prisms ## Footnote This step is crucial before evaluating vertical alignment.
32
What is hyperphoria?
One eye is positioned higher than the other ## Footnote This condition is assessed after evaluating horizontal alignment.
33
What is hypophoria?
One eye is positioned lower than the other ## Footnote This condition is also assessed after horizontal alignment.
34
What does trouble aligning images during the Maddox wing test suggest?
An issue with binocular fusion or lack of stereopsis ## Footnote This can lead to symptoms like diplopia.
35
How is the amount of deviation measured in the Maddox Wing Test?
In prism diopters based on target displacement ## Footnote This quantifies the degree of misalignment observed.
36
Fill in the blank: The Maddox Wing Test helps evaluate _______.
fusion and stereopsis ## Footnote Proper evaluation is crucial for understanding binocular vision.
37
What indicates a hyperphoria during the test? Maddox wing
Target displaced upward ## Footnote This suggests one eye is higher than the other.
38
What indicates a hypophoria during the test? Maddox wing
Target displaced downward ## Footnote This suggests one eye is lower than the other.
39
What is Divergence Weakness?
A condition where the eyes have difficulty moving outward to maintain alignment for far vision. ## Footnote Symptoms include blurred vision, double vision, and eye fatigue when looking at distant objects.
40
What causes Divergence Weakness?
Weak lateral rectus muscles or neurological issues. ## Footnote It can be diagnosed through binocular vision tests.
41
What are common treatment options for Divergence Weakness?
* Vision therapy to strengthen eye muscles * Prism glasses * Eye exercises ## Footnote These treatments aim to improve the ability to diverge.
42
What is Divergence Excess?
A condition where the eyes diverge excessively, causing outward misalignment or exotropia, particularly when focusing on distant objects. ## Footnote This condition leads to noticeable outward eye deviation.
43
What causes Divergence Excess?
Overactive lateral rectus muscles or neurological dysfunction. ## Footnote It may result in symptoms such as double vision at distance and eye strain.
44
What are common symptoms of Divergence Excess?
* Double vision at distance * Eye strain * Noticeable outward eye deviation ## Footnote These symptoms occur especially when focusing on far objects.
45
How is Divergence Excess diagnosed?
Similar to Divergence Weakness, involving prism testing and binocular vision assessments. ## Footnote Diagnosis focuses on evaluating eye alignment and function.
46
What are common treatment options for Divergence Excess?
* Prism glasses * Vision therapy to improve convergence * Surgery to adjust muscle function (in severe cases) ## Footnote Treatment aims to correct excessive outward movement of the eyes.
47
True or False: Divergence Weakness is characterized by excessive outward movement of the eyes.
False ## Footnote Divergence Weakness is characterized by difficulty diverging.
48
Fill in the blank: Divergence Excess is marked by excessive _______ of the eyes.
outward movement ## Footnote This is in contrast to Divergence Weakness.
49
What does the AC:A ratio represent?
The relationship between accommodation and convergence ## Footnote Accommodation refers to the eye’s ability to focus on near objects, while convergence refers to the inward movement of the eyes for maintaining binocular vision.
50
What is Accommodation (A)?
The eye’s ability to change its focus to view objects at varying distances ## Footnote Typically involves the ciliary muscles.
51
What is Convergence (C)?
The inward movement of the eyes necessary for proper alignment and binocular vision ## Footnote Essential when looking at near objects.
52
How does the AC:A ratio quantify eye function?
Indicates how many prism diopters of convergence occur for each diopter of accommodation ## Footnote For example, a ratio of 4:1 means 4 prism diopters of convergence for every 1 diopter of accommodation.
53
What is a typical normal AC:A ratio?
Around 4:1 ## Footnote This means for every 1 diopter of accommodation, the eyes converge by about 4 prism diopters.
54
What is the first step in measuring the AC:A ratio?
Accommodation Measurement ## Footnote The patient focuses on a near target and their accommodation is measured using a retinoscope.
55
What is the second step in measuring the AC:A ratio?
Convergence Measurement ## Footnote This involves measuring the amount of convergence as the patient focuses on the near target, typically using prism bars.
56
What does a normal AC:A ratio indicate?
Healthy eye coordination for near tasks ## Footnote Typically around 4:1.
57
What does a high AC:A ratio suggest?
Convergence excess ## Footnote Indicates over-convergence for near objects, potentially leading to eye strain or double vision.
58
What does a low AC:A ratio suggest?
Convergence insufficiency ## Footnote Indicates the eyes do not converge enough for near tasks, leading to difficulty maintaining clear vision.
59
Why is the AC:A ratio clinically important?
It helps diagnose binocular vision problems related to near tasks ## Footnote Essential for deciding appropriate treatments like vision therapy or prism correction.
60
Fill in the blank: The AC:A ratio is expressed as a ratio such as _____.
4:1 or 3:1
61
True or False: A higher AC:A ratio always indicates a healthy visual system.
False
62
What does ARC stand for?
Anomalous Retinal Correspondence
63
How does ARC relate to binocular vision?
It refers to an abnormal relationship between the two eyes’ visual fields when there is strabismus.
64
What is strabismus?
Misalignment of the eyes.
65
What adaptation occurs in ARC?
The brain shifts the foveal correspondence between the two eyes.
66
What does the brain achieve through ARC despite eye misalignment?
Single binocular vision
67
In a normally aligned eye system, where do both eyes have corresponding points?
On the retina (the fovea)
68
What happens to corresponding points on the retina in ARC?
They shift to an abnormal area.
69
What is the result of the brain's adaptation in ARC?
The brain combines the images into a single fused image.
70
Fill in the blank: ARC allows a person with strabismus to achieve _______.
single vision
71
What are the two types of ARC?
* Foveal ARC * Perifoveal ARC
72
What characterizes Foveal ARC?
The fovea in the misaligned eye has an abnormal correspondence with a point other than the fovea of the non-deviated eye.
73
What characterizes Perifoveal ARC?
The abnormal correspondence occurs in the area surrounding the fovea.
74
In which patients is ARC often developed?
Patients with longstanding strabismus.
75
What types of strabismus can ARC occur with?
* Horizontal (esotropia or exotropia) * Vertical misalignments
76
How is ARC typically diagnosed?
During binocular vision testing.
77
Name one test that can help identify ARC.
* Hering-Bielschowsky Test * Worth’s Four-Dot Test * Prism testing
78
How can ARC impact treatment?
It complicates treatment due to the brain's adaptation to misalignment.
79
What may be necessary for patients with ARC?
Vision therapy
80
What is a goal of vision therapy for ARC patients?
To retrain the brain to recognize normal retinal correspondence.
81
What is a potential challenge after strabismus surgery for patients with ARC?
The brain may have difficulty adjusting to the new alignment.

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