7.1.3 Flashcards
What is the objective of the Fixation and Following Test for infants under 6 months?
Assessing if the child can fixate on a target and follow it with their eyes
This test uses brightly colored or high-contrast objects.
What is the expected visual development norm for infants by 3-4 months?
Consistent fixation and tracking
At birth, infants have limited focus and tracking abilities.
What does the Preferential Looking Test assess in children aged 6 months to 2 years?
If the child prefers to look at a pattern rather than a blank surface
This indicates visual function.
What is the technique used in the Preferential Looking Test?
Using cards with high-contrast patterns and observing which side the baby looks at longer
Patterns like black-and-white stripes are commonly used.
What is the expected visual acuity for a child aged 1-2 years in the Preferential Looking Test?
Clear preference for a pattern over a blank screen
This indicates normal vision.
What is the objective of the Cardiff Cards test for children aged 18 months to 4 years?
To assess visual acuity using high-contrast pictures
The smallest image the child can reliably detect estimates their visual acuity.
What is the expected visual acuity for children under 3 years using Cardiff Cards?
Around 6/60 to 6/24
By age 3, children should reach 6/18 or better.
What is the objective of Teller Acuity Cards for children aged 6 months to 3 years?
To measure visual acuity using patterned cards
Different orientations of gratings or bars are utilized.
What is the expected visual acuity for a 2-year-old using Teller Acuity Cards?
Between 6/24 and 6/18
This indicates typical development.
What are Lea Symbols used for in children aged 2-4 years?
To assess vision for children who can understand symbols
Shapes like a circle, square, apple, or house are used.
What is the expected visual acuity for children aged 3-4 years using Lea Symbols?
Typically 6/18 or 6/12, with some reaching 6/9
This depends on development.
At what age can children begin using the Snellen Letter Chart?
4 years and older
This depends on their ability to recognize and name letters.
What is the expected visual acuity for children aged 4-5 years using the Snellen chart?
Around 6/12 to 6/9
Many children reach 6/6 by age 6.
What does normal Ocular Motility Behavior (OMB) in children entail?
Smooth and coordinated eye movements without strabismus or nystagmus
This ensures proper functioning of the visual system.
What should infants be able to do by 6 months regarding tracking?
Track objects smoothly
This is a sign of normal ocular motility.
By what age should a child demonstrate normal ocular motility?
By 1 year
This means eyes can track, converge, and diverge properly.
What does stereopsis refer to?
The ability to perceive depth or 3D vision
This is achieved by comparing images seen by both eyes.
What is the technique used in the Random Dot Stereogram for children aged 2-3 years?
Identifying a shape that seems to ‘pop out’ from the screen
This assesses stereopsis.
What is the expected stereopsis for children by age 3?
Around 400 seconds of arc
This improves with age.
What does the Frisby Test assess for children aged 2-4 years?
Stereopsis using transparent plates with varying depth targets
Children identify depth of shapes within the stereogram.
At what age do children typically demonstrate stereopsis at 200-400 seconds of arc?
Ages 3-4
This indicates improving depth perception.
What key consideration should be taken when testing children under 4 years?
Tests must be engaging and non-threatening
Use toys, games, or fun patterns to maintain focus.
Why is it helpful to involve a parent or caregiver during testing?
To ensure the child is cooperating during testing
Children may struggle to understand instructions alone.
What signs of visual discomfort should be observed during testing?
Rubbing eyes, squinting, or tilting the head
These could indicate refractive error or strabismus.
What is the expected visual norm for 0-3 month old infants?
Limited fixation and tracking ability, responds to high-contrast patterns
This is crucial for early visual development.
What is the expected visual acuity for children aged 1-2 years?
Around 6/24 to 6/18
This is determined through preferential looking tests.
What visual acuity can children aged 2-3 years typically achieve?
6/18 to 6/12
This is assessed using symbols and cards.
What visual acuity is expected for children aged 3-4 years?
6/12 to 6/9
This indicates they can reliably identify objects.
What is the objective of the Fixation and Following Test for infants under 6 months?
Assessing if the child can fixate on a target and follow it with their eyes
This test uses brightly colored or high-contrast objects.
What is the expected visual development norm for infants by 3-4 months?
Consistent fixation and tracking
At birth, infants have limited focus and tracking abilities.
What does the Preferential Looking Test assess in children aged 6 months to 2 years?
If the child prefers to look at a pattern rather than a blank surface
This indicates visual function.
What is the technique used in the Preferential Looking Test?
Using cards with high-contrast patterns and observing which side the baby looks at longer
Patterns like black-and-white stripes are commonly used.
What is the expected visual acuity for a child aged 1-2 years in the Preferential Looking Test?
Clear preference for a pattern over a blank screen
This indicates normal vision.
What is the objective of the Cardiff Cards test for children aged 18 months to 4 years?
To assess visual acuity using high-contrast pictures
The smallest image the child can reliably detect estimates their visual acuity.
What is the expected visual acuity for children under 3 years using Cardiff Cards?
Around 6/60 to 6/24
By age 3, children should reach 6/18 or better.
What is the objective of Teller Acuity Cards for children aged 6 months to 3 years?
To measure visual acuity using patterned cards
Different orientations of gratings or bars are utilized.
What is the expected visual acuity for a 2-year-old using Teller Acuity Cards?
Between 6/24 and 6/18
This indicates typical development.
What are Lea Symbols used for in children aged 2-4 years?
To assess vision for children who can understand symbols
Shapes like a circle, square, apple, or house are used.
What is the expected visual acuity for children aged 3-4 years using Lea Symbols?
Typically 6/18 or 6/12, with some reaching 6/9
This depends on development.
At what age can children begin using the Snellen Letter Chart?
4 years and older
This depends on their ability to recognize and name letters.
What is the expected visual acuity for children aged 4-5 years using the Snellen chart?
Around 6/12 to 6/9
Many children reach 6/6 by age 6.
What does normal Ocular Motility Behavior (OMB) in children entail?
Smooth and coordinated eye movements without strabismus or nystagmus
This ensures proper functioning of the visual system.
What should infants be able to do by 6 months regarding tracking?
Track objects smoothly
This is a sign of normal ocular motility.
By what age should a child demonstrate normal ocular motility?
By 1 year
This means eyes can track, converge, and diverge properly.
What does stereopsis refer to?
The ability to perceive depth or 3D vision
This is achieved by comparing images seen by both eyes.
What is the technique used in the Random Dot Stereogram for children aged 2-3 years?
Identifying a shape that seems to ‘pop out’ from the screen
This assesses stereopsis.
What is the expected stereopsis for children by age 3?
Around 400 seconds of arc
This improves with age.
What does the Frisby Test assess for children aged 2-4 years?
Stereopsis using transparent plates with varying depth targets
Children identify depth of shapes within the stereogram.
At what age do children typically demonstrate stereopsis at 200-400 seconds of arc?
Ages 3-4
This indicates improving depth perception.
What key consideration should be taken when testing children under 4 years?
Tests must be engaging and non-threatening
Use toys, games, or fun patterns to maintain focus.
Why is it helpful to involve a parent or caregiver during testing?
To ensure the child is cooperating during testing
Children may struggle to understand instructions alone.
What signs of visual discomfort should be observed during testing?
Rubbing eyes, squinting, or tilting the head
These could indicate refractive error or strabismus.
What is the expected visual norm for 0-3 month old infants?
Limited fixation and tracking ability, responds to high-contrast patterns
This is crucial for early visual development.
What is the expected visual acuity for children aged 1-2 years?
Around 6/24 to 6/18
This is determined through preferential looking tests.
What visual acuity can children aged 2-3 years typically achieve?
6/18 to 6/12
This is assessed using symbols and cards.
What visual acuity is expected for children aged 3-4 years?
6/12 to 6/9
This indicates they can reliably identify objects.
