7.1.4 Flashcards
What is the visual acuity of newborns at birth?
Around 20/400 (6/120)
Newborns can focus on objects about 8-10 inches away.
At what age do infants start to track moving objects with their eyes?
2-3 months
What significant visual ability develops by 6 months of age in infants?
Depth perception and stereopsis begin to develop
What is the expected visual acuity of infants at 12 months?
20/100 to 20/50
By 24 months, what level of visual acuity should most children achieve?
Close to 20/40 or better
What does the Preferential Looking Test assess in infants?
Visual acuity, particularly contrast sensitivity, and fixation
How does the Preferential Looking Test work?
Infants are presented with a high-contrast image and their preference for looking at the pattern is observed
What is the expected visual acuity for infants by 3-4 months during the Preferential Looking Test?
Around 6/60 to 6/24
What does the Optokinetic Nystagmus (OKN) test evaluate?
Visual tracking, contrast sensitivity, and motion perception
What happens to the infant’s eyes during the Optokinetic Nystagmus test?
Eyes make small, rapid movements to follow the moving stripes
What does the Fixation and Follow Test assess?
Visual fixation and ocular motility
What is observed during the Fixation and Follow Test?
Infants’ ability to fixate on an object and track it with their eyes
What does the Cover Test for Strabismus evaluate?
Presence of strabismus or ocular misalignment
What is pseudo-strabismus?
Apparent strabismus due to wide-set eyes or epicanthal folds
What technique is used to estimate refractive error in infants?
Retinoscopy
What does retinoscopy help identify in infants?
Refractive errors such as myopia or hyperopia
What are Teller Acuity Cards used for?
Testing visual acuity in infants by presenting high-contrast patterns
What equipment is used to assess visual motion perception in infants?
Optokinetic Nystagmus (OKN) Drum
Fill in the blank: The _______ is a rotating drum with high-contrast stripes used to elicit nystagmus.
OKN Drum
What are Cardiff Cards used for?
Assessing preferential looking and visual acuity in infants
What type of symbols might older infants (around 18 months) recognize?
Lea Symbols
What is the main challenge in assessing vision in infants?
Infants cannot articulate what they are seeing
What are the basic building blocks for future eye function?
Fixation and saccadic eye movements.
These should be well-established by 6 months in younger infants.
What could abnormal fixation or lack of tracking after 6 months indicate?
Ocular misalignment (strabismus) or a visual processing delay.
This may require further investigation.
What is amblyopia commonly referred to as?
Lazy eye.
It can develop from uncorrected refractive errors or strabismus.
What are the screening protocols for amblyopia in infants and children?
Regular assessment of ocular alignment and refractive error.
Early detection and treatment can prevent amblyopia.
What refractive error do infants commonly present with in the first few months of life?
Hyperopia (farsightedness).
This usually improves as the eye grows.
What is the expected vision status of most children by the age of 2?
Emmetropia (normal vision).
Some may still have astigmatism or mild myopia.
What technique is reliable for estimating refractive error in infants?
Retinoscopy.
It can be performed as early as the first few months.
At what age does stereopsis (depth perception) begin to develop?
3-5 months.
It may not fully mature until 7-9 years.
What tests can provide insight into binocular function in infants?
Gross stereopsis tests using high-contrast patterns.
Random-dot stereograms may not be practical for infants.
What is crucial for detecting strabismus in infants?
Cover tests for strabismus.
These can be done as early as 6 weeks and should be performed regularly until 3 years old.
What are common forms of strabismus in infants?
Infantile esotropia (inward turning) and exotropia (outward turning).
Early diagnosis and intervention are necessary to prevent amblyopia.
What does visual perception refer to?
How the brain interprets what the eyes see.
It begins developing in infancy.
What might early signs of visual dysfunction in infants include?
Failure to reach for objects or difficulty with depth perception.
These signs may indicate underlying visual dysfunction.
What can pupil reactions help assess in infants?
Health of the optic nerve and the visual pathway.
Abnormal responses may indicate optic nerve dysfunction or neurological problems.
What are essential behavioral clues from parents during vision assessment?
Eye turns, head tilting, or poor eye contact.
These can indicate undiagnosed visual impairments.
How can visual dysfunction in infants be tied to other conditions?
It is often associated with underlying neurological disorders.
Conditions like cerebral palsy or hydrocephalus may manifest with visual deficits.
What is Visual Evoked Potential (VEP) used for in infants?
To measure the brain’s electrical response to visual stimuli.
It assesses visual pathway integrity, especially in infants unable to participate in behavioral assessments.
What does Electroretinography (ERG) assess in infants?
Retinal function.
It is particularly useful when there are concerns about conditions like retinopathy of prematurity or optic nerve dysfunction.
What should parents understand about their child’s vision development?
Their vision is still developing and may only see high-contrast patterns at a short distance.
If there is no response to light or tracking by 3-4 months, further investigation may be needed.
What can be done if a child has a refractive error?
Correct it with glasses.
This helps their vision develop normally.
What can misalignment of a child’s eyes lead to?
Double vision or lazy eye.
Early treatment like eye exercises or patching can prevent long-term problems.
What happens if one eye is weaker than the other?
It can lead to lazy eye (amblyopia).
This is easier to treat when caught early.
