7.1.4

Question 1

What is the visual acuity of newborns at birth?

Answer 1

Around 20/400 (6/120)

Newborns can focus on objects about 8-10 inches away.

Question 2

At what age do infants start to track moving objects with their eyes?

Answer 2

2-3 months

Question 3

What significant visual ability develops by 6 months of age in infants?

Answer 3

Depth perception and stereopsis begin to develop

Question 4

What is the expected visual acuity of infants at 12 months?

Answer 4

20/100 to 20/50

Question 5

By 24 months, what level of visual acuity should most children achieve?

Answer 5

Close to 20/40 or better

Question 6

What does the Preferential Looking Test assess in infants?

Answer 6

Visual acuity, particularly contrast sensitivity, and fixation

Question 7

How does the Preferential Looking Test work?

Answer 7

Infants are presented with a high-contrast image and their preference for looking at the pattern is observed

Question 8

What is the expected visual acuity for infants by 3-4 months during the Preferential Looking Test?

Answer 8

Around 6/60 to 6/24

Question 9

What does the Optokinetic Nystagmus (OKN) test evaluate?

Answer 9

Visual tracking, contrast sensitivity, and motion perception

Question 10

What happens to the infant’s eyes during the Optokinetic Nystagmus test?

Answer 10

Eyes make small, rapid movements to follow the moving stripes

Question 11

What does the Fixation and Follow Test assess?

Answer 11

Visual fixation and ocular motility

Question 12

What is observed during the Fixation and Follow Test?

Answer 12

Infants’ ability to fixate on an object and track it with their eyes

Question 13

What does the Cover Test for Strabismus evaluate?

Answer 13

Presence of strabismus or ocular misalignment

Question 14

What is pseudo-strabismus?

Answer 14

Apparent strabismus due to wide-set eyes or epicanthal folds

Question 15

What technique is used to estimate refractive error in infants?

Answer 15

Retinoscopy

Question 16

What does retinoscopy help identify in infants?

Answer 16

Refractive errors such as myopia or hyperopia

Question 17

What are Teller Acuity Cards used for?

Answer 17

Testing visual acuity in infants by presenting high-contrast patterns

Question 18

What equipment is used to assess visual motion perception in infants?

Answer 18

Optokinetic Nystagmus (OKN) Drum

Question 19

Fill in the blank: The _______ is a rotating drum with high-contrast stripes used to elicit nystagmus.

Answer 19

OKN Drum

Question 20

What are Cardiff Cards used for?

Answer 20

Assessing preferential looking and visual acuity in infants

Question 21

What type of symbols might older infants (around 18 months) recognize?

Answer 21

Lea Symbols

Question 22

What is the main challenge in assessing vision in infants?

Answer 22

Infants cannot articulate what they are seeing

Question 23

What are the basic building blocks for future eye function?

Answer 23

Fixation and saccadic eye movements.

These should be well-established by 6 months in younger infants.

Question 24

What could abnormal fixation or lack of tracking after 6 months indicate?

Answer 24

Ocular misalignment (strabismus) or a visual processing delay.

This may require further investigation.

Question 25

What is amblyopia commonly referred to as?

Answer 25

Lazy eye. ## Footnote It can develop from uncorrected refractive errors or strabismus.

Question 26

What are the screening protocols for amblyopia in infants and children?

Answer 26

Regular assessment of ocular alignment and refractive error. ## Footnote Early detection and treatment can prevent amblyopia.

Question 27

What refractive error do infants commonly present with in the first few months of life?

Answer 27

Hyperopia (farsightedness). ## Footnote This usually improves as the eye grows.

Question 28

What is the expected vision status of most children by the age of 2?

Answer 28

Emmetropia (normal vision). ## Footnote Some may still have astigmatism or mild myopia.

Question 29

What technique is reliable for estimating refractive error in infants?

Answer 29

Retinoscopy. ## Footnote It can be performed as early as the first few months.

Question 30

At what age does stereopsis (depth perception) begin to develop?

Answer 30

3-5 months. ## Footnote It may not fully mature until 7-9 years.

Question 31

What tests can provide insight into binocular function in infants?

Answer 31

Gross stereopsis tests using high-contrast patterns. ## Footnote Random-dot stereograms may not be practical for infants.

Question 32

What is crucial for detecting strabismus in infants?

Answer 32

Cover tests for strabismus. ## Footnote These can be done as early as 6 weeks and should be performed regularly until 3 years old.

Question 33

What are common forms of strabismus in infants?

Answer 33

Infantile esotropia (inward turning) and exotropia (outward turning). ## Footnote Early diagnosis and intervention are necessary to prevent amblyopia.

Question 34

What does visual perception refer to?

Answer 34

How the brain interprets what the eyes see. ## Footnote It begins developing in infancy.

Question 35

What might early signs of visual dysfunction in infants include?

Answer 35

Failure to reach for objects or difficulty with depth perception. ## Footnote These signs may indicate underlying visual dysfunction.

Question 36

What can pupil reactions help assess in infants?

Answer 36

Health of the optic nerve and the visual pathway. ## Footnote Abnormal responses may indicate optic nerve dysfunction or neurological problems.

Question 37

What are essential behavioral clues from parents during vision assessment?

Answer 37

Eye turns, head tilting, or poor eye contact. ## Footnote These can indicate undiagnosed visual impairments.

Question 38

How can visual dysfunction in infants be tied to other conditions?

Answer 38

It is often associated with underlying neurological disorders. ## Footnote Conditions like cerebral palsy or hydrocephalus may manifest with visual deficits.

Question 39

What is Visual Evoked Potential (VEP) used for in infants?

Answer 39

To measure the brain’s electrical response to visual stimuli. ## Footnote It assesses visual pathway integrity, especially in infants unable to participate in behavioral assessments.

Question 40

What does Electroretinography (ERG) assess in infants?

Answer 40

Retinal function. ## Footnote It is particularly useful when there are concerns about conditions like retinopathy of prematurity or optic nerve dysfunction.

Question 41

What should parents understand about their child's vision development?

Answer 41

Their vision is still developing and may only see high-contrast patterns at a short distance. ## Footnote If there is no response to light or tracking by 3-4 months, further investigation may be needed.

Question 42

What can be done if a child has a refractive error?

Answer 42

Correct it with glasses. ## Footnote This helps their vision develop normally.

Question 43

What can misalignment of a child's eyes lead to?

Answer 43

Double vision or lazy eye. ## Footnote Early treatment like eye exercises or patching can prevent long-term problems.

Question 44

What happens if one eye is weaker than the other?

Answer 44

It can lead to lazy eye (amblyopia). ## Footnote This is easier to treat when caught early.