6.1.13 Flashcards by Zainab Razzaq

What is Hypertension?

High blood pressure that can cause various changes in the eye, particularly in the retina and optic nerve.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define Arteriovenous (AV) Nicking.

Occurs when the arterial vessels cross the venous vessels in the retina, causing compression and sometimes blockage of venous return.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is Retinal Arteriolar Narrowing?

Narrowing of arterioles in the retina, reflecting increased systemic vascular resistance in chronic hypertension.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

List the stages of Hypertensive Retinopathy.

Stage 1: Mild narrowing of the retinal arterioles.
Stage 2: AV nicking and more pronounced arteriolar narrowing.
Stage 3: Retinal hemorrhages, cotton wool spots, and hard exudates.
Stage 4: Papilledema indicating malignant hypertension.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are Cotton Wool Spots?

Small, white, fluffy lesions indicating retinal ischemia (retina isn’t getting enough blood supply), often associated with high blood pressure.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is Papilledema?

Swelling of the optic disc caused by malignant hypertension, indicating increased intracranial pressure.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define Optic Nerve Atrophy.

Damage to the optic nerve from chronic hypertension leading to reduced vision or visual field defects.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is Retinal Vein Occlusion (RVO)?

A common complication of chronic hypertension where venous blood flow in the retina is blocked, causing ischemia and hemorrhages.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is Diabetic Retinopathy (DR)?

A range of ocular manifestations caused by diabetes, including various stages from background retinopathy to proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Explain Background Retinopathy.

Early stage of DR with microaneurysms, dot-blot hemorrhages, and hard exudates.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR)?

The most severe form of DR where neovascularization occurs on the retina or optic disc.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is Diabetic Maculopathy?

Occurs when the macula is affected by edema or hard exudates, causing central vision loss.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the ocular manifestations of Visual Migraines?

Scintillating Scotomas
Zigzag Patterns
Blind Spots
Curtain-Like Vision Loss

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the mechanism behind Visual Migraines?

Thought to be related to cortical spreading depression or vasospasm of the retinal vessels.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the first step in recognizing ocular manifestations?

A thorough history and clinical examination.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a key differentiating feature of Visual Migraines?

Transient nature of visual disturbances without structural abnormalities in the eye.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO)?

Occurs when a smaller branch of the retinal vein becomes blocked, causing retinal ischemia.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

List the ocular manifestations of BRVO.

Retinal Hemorrhages
Cotton Wool Spots
Macular Edema
Neovascularization

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the risk factors for BRVO?

Hypertension
Diabetes
Hyperlipidemia
Age
Smoking
Glaucoma

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion (BRAO)?

Occurs when a branch of the central retinal artery becomes blocked, leading to retinal ischemia.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the ocular manifestations of BRAO?

Focal Retinal Ischemia
Cotton Wool Spots
Segmental Retinal Hemorrhage
Visual Field Defects

What is Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO)?

Occurs when the central retinal vein becomes blocked, leading to hemorrhages and ischemia.

List the ocular manifestations of CRVO.

Retinal Hemorrhages
Cotton Wool Spots
Macular Edema
Optic Disc Swelling
Neovascularization

What is Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO)?

Occurs when the central retinal artery becomes blocked, leading to ischemia and vision loss.

What are the ocular manifestations of CRAO?

* Pale Retina * Cherry-Red Spot * Arteriolar Narrowing * Visual Field Loss

What is the significance of a Cherry-Red Spot?

A classic sign in CRAO where the retina is pale but the macula remains red.

What are common treatment options for retinal vein occlusions?

* Anti-VEGF Injections * Laser Photocoagulation * Steroid Injections

What is Fluorescein Angiography used for?

To assess the extent of ischemia and rule out other conditions.

What is Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) used for?

To evaluate macular edema and assess retinal thickness.

What is a characteristic finding in a fundus examination for CRAO?

Characteristic pale retina and cherry-red spot ## Footnote These findings indicate ischemia in the retina.

What is the purpose of fluorescein angiography in the context of CRAO?

To confirm the blockage and assess the extent of ischemia ## Footnote Fluorescein angiography helps visualize blood flow in the retina.

How can OCT be useful in managing CRAO?

Can be useful to confirm ischemia and monitor any damage ## Footnote OCT provides detailed images of the retina's structure.

What is one treatment option that may help dislodge an embolus in CRAO?

Ocular Massage ## Footnote This technique aims to improve blood flow to the affected area.

What therapy increases oxygen supply to the retina in CRAO treatment?

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy ## Footnote This therapy may enhance oxygen delivery to ischemic tissues.

When is anticoagulation therapy indicated in CRAO?

If the embolic source is suspected ## Footnote Anticoagulation may prevent further clot formation.

What is the urgency of referral to an ophthalmologist for CRAO?

Immediate referral is required ## Footnote CRAO is considered a medical emergency.

What type of evaluation should patients undergo to identify embolic sources in CRAO?

Thorough cardiovascular evaluation ## Footnote This helps to determine underlying causes of the blockage.

What does BRVO stand for?

Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion ## Footnote This condition involves a blockage in a blood vessel in the eye.

Explain BRVO in layman's terms.

A blockage in one of the blood vessels in the back of your eye can cause bleeding and swelling ## Footnote This may make your vision blurry, especially in certain areas.

What is BRAO?

Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion ## Footnote This occurs when a smaller artery in the eye gets blocked.

Explain BRAO in layman's terms.

A blockage in a smaller artery in your eye stops blood flow to the retina ## Footnote This can cause a loss of vision in certain areas.

What does CRVO stand for?

Central Retinal Vein Occlusion ## Footnote This condition involves blockage of the main vein in the eye.

Explain CRVO in layman's terms.

The main vein in the back of your eye becomes blocked, causing swelling and blurry vision ## Footnote Often linked to high blood pressure or diabetes.

What does CRAO stand for?

Central Retinal Artery Occlusion ## Footnote This condition involves blockage of the main artery in the eye.

Explain CRAO in layman's terms.

The main artery in your eye becomes blocked, cutting off blood supply to the retina ## Footnote This can cause sudden and severe vision loss.

What are some treatments that may be needed for CRAO?

Massaging the eye or using oxygen therapy ## Footnote These treatments aim to restore blood flow quickly.

What is the purpose of Anti-VEGF injections?

To reduce swelling and stop blood vessels from leaking. ## Footnote Anti-VEGF stands for anti-vascular endothelial growth factor, which is a treatment for various eye conditions.

How does laser therapy help in eye treatment?

It seals off leaking blood vessels and treats areas of the retina lacking blood. ## Footnote Laser therapy can protect vision by addressing specific problem areas in the retina.

What is the benefit of oxygen therapy in eye treatments?

It can improve blood flow to the retina and reduce damage from blockage. ## Footnote Oxygen therapy is sometimes used to enhance healing in retinal conditions.

What is the role of eye massage in emergency situations?

To gently dislodge a blockage and restore blood flow. ## Footnote Eye massage is typically considered when other treatments are not immediately available.