8: Soft drinks, Obama + reduction of prejudice

Question 1

What is a stereotype?

Answer 1

The cognitive component of attitudes, beliefs about the qualities of a group

Question 2

What is prejudice?

Answer 2

The affective component of attitudes, how we feel about a group

Question 3

What is Discrimination?

Answer 3

The behavioural component of attitudes, actions taken towards a specific group

Question 4

What did Fiske, Cuddy, Gilic + Xu 2002 find about how women and men are seen?

Answer 4

1. women high on warmth but low on competence
   - Women are wonderful effect
2. Men high on competence but low on communal attributes
   = stereotype women as being suitable for support roles while men in leadership roles

Question 5

What is the Glass Cliff Effect, Ryan + Hasalam, 2007?

Answer 5

• women given manager roles when there is high risk of failure
• men given managerial role when there is low risk of failure

Question 6

What are some ways to maintain stereotypes?

Answer 6

1. Heilman et al, 2004
   - Backlash
2. Deaux + Emswiller, 1974
   - Attributions
3. Archer et al, 1983
   - Face-ism

Question 7

How does backlash maintain stereotype?

Answer 7

1. Male stereotypical job
2. female/male employees
   = success ambiguous = male rated more competent but both liked equally
   = success clear = both rated competent but men liked more

Question 8

How do attributions maintain stereotypes?

Answer 8

1. Masculine tasks = attributed to ability

2. Female tasks = attributed to luck

Question 9

How does face-ism maintain stereotypes?

Answer 9

Men on magazine = face/ head shown = suggesting intelligence

Women = whole body shown

Question 10

Why do we stereotype?

Answer 10

Lazy cognitively
- conservation of cognitive effort
- info relevant to a stereotype is recalled more quickly
= can save us time and energy but can have bad consequences

Question 11

Why do we have to be carful about stereotypes?

Answer 11

• can form prejudices as it influences the affective component of attitudes

Question 12

What study has related prejudice and anger?

Answer 12

1. in-group vs out-group
2. write in detail about an angry, sad or neutral moment
3. Evaluation taks
   - good shown on screen
   - followed by pic of member from out or in group
   - pick which group they were from
   = anger = faster stereotyping of what group they belonged to

Question 13

What evidence is there to suggest prejudice is not explicit?

Answer 13

When ppt primed by a black face vs white….

1. Judd et al, 2004
   - more likely to mistake a wrench for gun
2. Payne, 2001
   - gun recognised quicker
3. Eberhardt et al, 2004
   - exposure to pictures of weapons makes police officers more likely to judge stereotypical looking African Americans as criminals

Question 14

What are potential underlying mechanism for why we are prejudice + stereotype?

Answer 14

1. Strong desire to belong to a social identity
   - art 1 or 2
   - gave more money to own in-group vs out-group
2. BIRG + CORF
3. Wanting to maintain a positive self-image of the group you belong to
4. In response to threat
5. Competition
   - Zero-sum outcomes Realistic conflict Theory
6. Self-Control?
7. Ignorance

Question 15

What is BIRG + CORF, Chrish Miller, 2009?

Answer 15

1. wanting to maintain a positive self-concept of the group you belong to?
   BIRG = Basking in reflected glory
   - of the success of the people in your in-group
   CORF= Cutting off reflected failure
   - in the group you belong to by distancing ourself

Question 16

What is the Rocky study by Branscombe + Wann 1994 and how does it relate to why people are prejudice?

Answer 16

1. Social identity threatened
   - Boxing
   - Russian beats rocky vs Rocky beats Russian
   = the more highly people identifies as American = more prejudice towards Russian
   = The more negatively evaluated the Russian, the higher their self-esteem based on their membership of the US group

Question 17

What evidence is there suggesting er are a risk aversion nation, Kahneman + Tversky?

Answer 17

1. Branscombe et al, 2007
   - increased racism when white Americans are questioned about privileges associated w/ their race
2. Dancygier + Green, 2010
   - As minorities are seen to gain political power, so hate crimes increase

= possible losses evoke more negative + intense emotions than possible gains

Question 18

What is the Realistic Conflict Theory?

Answer 18

Prejudice begins to take place if there are zero-sum outcomes = where there are limited resources
= which creates conflict = stronger identification with groups

Question 19

According to Adorno, what is thought to be the underlying cause of prejudice?

Answer 19

Authoritarian personality

• which children develop due to strict parenting
• so they pent up hostility
• they project this onto a weaker source

Question 20

What did Gailliot’s soft drink study suggest about what causes people to be prejudice?

Answer 20

1. Sweet drink vs control
2. Read article about being gay
   = fewer derogatory statements in high prejudice group when given glucose
   - to do with SLEF-CONTROL?

Question 21

What evidence is there suggesting prejudice may be the result of ignorance?

Answer 21

1. Mere exposure effect
   - like what is familiar
2. Allport’s Contact Hypothesis
   - put people form 2 different neighborhood together
   - desegregation took place as they interacted with each other!