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OSA T2 > 5: Are we selfish helpers? > Flashcards

5: Are we selfish helpers? Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between prosocial behaviour and altruism?

A

Prosocial behaviour
- doing something to benefit others but also expecting something back/ greater for society
Altruism
- doing something for the sake of helping

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2
Q

If you want to be helped, what 9 things should be in your favour?

A
  1. Make sure it’s a nice day
    - environment
  2. Have people round you who are in a good mood
    - feel good do good effect
  3. Gender
    - in an emergency vs social support
  4. Be somewhere nice (SPAIN, RIO)
    - Simpatia
  5. Ask one person, not many
    - diffusion of responsibility
    - pluralistic ignorance
  6. Choose someone similar to yourself
  7. Make sure they have just seen someone being helped
  8. make sure to have nice music playing or play a social game
  9. Make sure you have a relative near
    - Kin selection
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3
Q

Why is the weather important to consider if you want to be helped?

A

Cunningham 1979

  • helping behaviour increases on sunny days
  • too hot/ cold is not good
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4
Q

what is the feel good do good effect?

A
  1. Goldman +Fordyce, 1983

- smiling at someone, eye contact + touch = more likely to help

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5
Q

What does Ilsen + levin’s dime study 1972 support?

A
  1. feel good do good effect
    - dime vs no dime
    - dime group more likely to help someone
    - 84%!!! vs 4%
    * *Pay phone - time validity
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6
Q

What did Dolinsiki + Nawrat 1998 find about advertisements which supported the feel good do good effect?

A
  1. Car has sign similar to a penalty notice but was just ad group VS no ticket + ad
  2. discovering ad vs ticket = positive mood
    - positive group = 62% would help vs 30%
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7
Q

What explanations are there for why people are more pro-social when they are in a good mood?

A
  1. Carlson et al, 1988
    - good mood = see good side of others
  2. Clark and Isen, 1982
    - not helping = deflating good mood
  3. Berkowitz, 1987
    - makes us attend to ourselves + values
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8
Q

Other than the positive moods from being pro-social, what evidence is there to suggest GUILT is a motivator for being helpful?

A
  1. Harris et al, 1975
    - Church goers more like to donate before going to confess sins (attempt to reduce guilt) vs after confession
  2. McMillen + Austin, 1971
    - student cheaters = more likely to volunteering
    - 63 min vs 2 min by non-cheaters
  3. Clary + Synder, 1999
    - guilt thought to be 1/6 motive behind volunteering
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9
Q

What evidence is there to suggest gender matters when you are looking for help from someone?

A
  1. Carnegie medals - for extraordinary helping
    - 90% receivers of medal = men
  2. men more likely to help is its a women + if considered attractive + if emergency
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10
Q

What evidence is there to suggest it’s not just men who are more helpful?

A

Depends on the situation

  1. Eagly + Crowley, 1986
    - meta-analysis
    - males more helpful = dramatic situations
    - women more helpful = social support situations
  2. Eagly + Koenig, 2006
    - women more likely to volunteer in situations that involve helping others
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11
Q

What is simpatia and why is it important to consider if you want help?

A

= cultural value of being helpful, polite, pleasant etc

  1. Levine, 2003
    - 23 countries
    - those countries who valued simpatia = 83% more likely to help a blind man cross road vs 66% other countries
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12
Q

What did the yahoo study suggest about how many people you should ask help for?

A
  1. asked for help to a group vs direct single individual
    - how look at someone’s profile
    - individual responded much quickly vs group chatroom of 2-19 people
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13
Q

What evidence is there to suggest it may be better to ask help from one person or someone in a small group?

A
  1. Cubicle study
    - heard someone saying their will have a stroke
    = chances of helping decreased as the number of people around increased
    1/2, 1/6, 1/9
  2. Metal filing cabinet
    - I’m hurt!
    - 75% alone vs 38% w/ 2+ people
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14
Q

What is pluralistic ignorance?

A

People think that everyone else is interpreting a situation in a certain way, in fact they are not
- exp for why you would want to ask help form one person vs group

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15
Q

What was the smoke room attention study?

A
  1. Ppt put in room alone vs confeds
  2. smoke released from door
    - alone = quick response to smoke
    - group = slow response
    - explanation = diffusion of responsibility
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16
Q

What is diffusion of responsibility?

A

Each bystander’s sense of responsibility to help decreases as the number of witnesses decreases
- exp for why people act less pro-socially when there are loads of people around

17
Q

What theories are there for explaining why people behaviour or don’t behave pro-socially?

A
  1. Social exchange theory
  2. The Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis
    C. Daniel Basteson, 1991
  3. Kin selection
18
Q

What is the social exchange theory?

A
  1. Cook + Rice, 2003
    - incentive to maximise rewards + minimise costs
  2. Dovidio et al, 1991
    - help sometimes to relive stress
  3. Piliavain et al, 1981
    - but if helping is at a cost, nah mate
    = no true altruism
19
Q

What did Levine at al 2005 find suggesting we like to help people who are similar to us?

A
  1. ppt sees a person who trips
  2. same team shirt, different team, citizen
    = more likely to help those in the same shirt, then citizen then different team
20
Q

In terms of similarity, when are we more likely to help a person?

A
  1. Emswiller et al, 1971
    - dressed same way = matching social identity
  2. DeBruine, 2002
    - gamer with actual face morphed into it
  3. Burger et al, 2004
    - same birthday
  4. Burger et al, 2004
    - same first name
21
Q

What is the empathy-altruism theory proposed by C Daniel Bateson 1991?

A
  1. Altruism does exist
  2. More likely to help if helper can empathise with the person needing help regardless of rewards
    - Toi + Batson’s Radio interview study 1982
22
Q

What did Toi + Batson find from their radio interview study 1982 which supported the empathy-altruism theory?

A
  1. Interview with carol who needed help
  2. high vs low empathy group + High vs low cost group
    = costs only became relevant is student’s didn’t empathise w/ carol
23
Q

What evidence is there showing people are more helpful after they have seen someone get helped?

A
  1. Bryan + Test, 1967
    - more likely to help women change tyres if they saw someone earlier being helped (quater of a mile)
  2. Bryan + test, 1967
    - more likely to donate
  3. Rushton + Campbell, 1977
    - more willing to donate blood if just seen someone consenting to it
24
Q

What was found when people were given lemmings task (helping game) vs Tetris?

A

Lemmings task = more prosocial behaviour
= picking up cup of pencils
= volunteering
= helping female being harassed
- thinking about being pro-social = makes you want to help

25
Q

What did Greitmyer 2009, 2011 find about the influence music can have on making them want to help people?

A
  1. Heal the world vs Octopus Garden song

= Heal the world = more likely to help someone

26
Q

What is the evolutionary explanation of altruism?

A

Kin selection
West + Gardner, 2010
- behaviours that help a genetic relative favoured by natural selection

27
Q

What evidence is there for kin selection ?

A
  1. Burnstein, Crandall + Kitayama, 1994
    - more likely to help genetic relatives in life + death situations
  2. Sime, 1983
    - surviors of fire at a resort more likely to search for family vs friends
28
Q

Why is kin selection the enemy of civilisation according to E.O. Wilson 1978?

A

only favour of relatives = limited global harmony possible

29
Q

What are some myths about what motivates us to help others?

A
  1. being religious

2. helps to be in a city

30
Q

What did Darley + Batson 1973 find about Samaritans that suggests being religious doesn’t make you more helping necessarily?

A
  1. Samaritans told they need to hurry up for their speech vs no rush
  2. En route man slumped on doorway
    = 10% helped vs 63%
    = being primed to help didn’t effect their behaviour
31
Q

What did Paul Amato 1983 find about people being helpful in cities?

A 
As population size rose = acts of helping decreased
- donating
- helping stranger with bad leg
@ 55 Australian cities + towns 
EXPLANATION= Urban overload??
32
Q

What is Urban overload?

A

So many opportunities to be pro-social that we become immune to it and just don’t respond

OSA T2 (33 decks)

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