7th SS Chapter 8.4 - 8.6 Guided Reading Flashcards
What were the three Union strategies?
- Used its navy to blockade southern ports
- Aimed to sieze Richmond, VA - the Confederate capital
- Seized control of the Mississippi River
What were the two Confederate strategies?
- Fight a defensive war till the Union tired of fighting
2. Counted on European money and supplies to help fight the war
*About how far was Richmond, the Confederate capital, from Washington, D.C., the Union capital?
100 miles
*The 1st Battle of Bull Run - Date? Place? Jackson? Outcome?
Date - July 21, 1861
Place - Manassas
Jackson - Stood like a “stonewall”
Outcome - Union troops panicked and ran
Who was appointed head of the Union Army after the defeat at Bull Run?
George McClellan
What was McClellans greatest problem?
He was very cautious
What was McClellans first campaign and was it successful?
The Peninsula Campaign - It failed
What were the names of the two ironclad ships that fought an epic battle in 1862?
North - Monitor
South - Merrimack
Where did the battle take place and who was the victor?
Hampton Roads, Virginia near the mouth of Chesapeake Bay.
Despite an exhausting battle neither vessel was seriously damaged the other and both withdrew
*The Battle of Antietam - Date? Place? Importance? Outcome?
Date - September 1861
Place - Sharpsbury, Maryland
Importance - Northern moral improved - North was able to claim victory since the South ordered forces to withdraw. Bloodiest day battle in American military history.
Outcome - Neither side was a clear winner
What were two important victories for the Confederate in late 1862 and 1863?
- Battle of Fredericksburg
2. Battle of Chancellorsville
*What important and valuable Confederate General was killed at the Battle of Chancellorsville?
Stonewall Jackson
Was the western branch of the Union forces doing better or worse than the eastern branch?
Better
The Battle of Shiloh - Date? Place? Importance? Outcome?
Date - April 1862
Place - Shiloh, Tennessee
Importance - Helped the Union gain control of the Mississippi River - they now controlled both ends
Outcome - Union won
What general was in charge of forces at Shiloh?
General Grant
*What major city on the Mississippi River was captured in April 1862?
New Orleans by general Farragut
Why did Lincoln decide to emancipate the slaves living in Confederate territory?
He knew that emancipation would weaken the Confederacy’s ability to carry on the war.
At the start of the war how many slaves worked for the Confederacy?
3 million
*Why was Lincoln hesitant to free the slaves?
He did not want to anger the slave owners in the Union - there were 4 slave states in the Union
*What gave Lincoln the boost he needed to issue the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863?
The victory at Antietam gave him the boost he needed
Describe Union military service for African Americans.
- At first, all black units were commanded by white officers, they only served as laborers and received half the pay
- African American soldiers protested this policy of discrimination and gradually conditions changed
- In 1863, African American soldiers were fighting in major battles
- In 1864, African American soldiers were given equal pay.
By what date did African Americans receive full pay?
1864
*Which was the most famous of the African American regiments?
54th Massachusetts Regiment
What did the 54th do on July 18, 1863?
They led the attack on Fort Wagner near Charleston, South Carolina
Who was the first of the 16 African American soldiers to win the Congressional Medal of Honor?
Sergeant William Carney
How did slaves in the South take direct action to free themselves?
- Whenever a Union army moved into a region, enslaved African Americans from all over the area would flee their former masters. They crossed the Union lines to freedom.
2.
How did new technology cause more sorrow and suffering?
- Cone-Shaped bullets made rifles twice as accurate
2. Improved cannons hurled exploding shells several miles
What happened to the sick and wounded?
- Surgeons routinely amputated injuries arms and legs - germs cause infections and disease
- Poor sanitary conditions in army camps allowed disease to spread rapidly
*Who were the copperheads?
Northerners who opposed using force to keep the South in the Union
*What is a draft?
It required all able-bodies males between the ages of 20 and 45 to serve in the military is they were called.
How could you avoid the draft in the north?
By paying the government $300 or by hiring someone to serve in his place
When and where did the worst draft riots take place?
New York City during July 1863
How could you avoid the draft in the South?
Men who owned or supervised more than 20 slaves did not have to serve
Because the war was so costly, Congress established the nation’s first _________.
income tax
How did the war help the North’s economy?
- Increased the purchase of reapers
2. Increased the demand for clothing, shoes, guns and other goods
How did the war affect the Southerners economy ?
It brought economic ruin - Struggle with he cost of the war, the loss of cotton trade and severe shortages brought on by the Union blockade
How did women’s roles change?
Women took jobs in industry and on farms; they took over responsibilities of family farms and businesses; had to raise their families on their own
*What significant role did women take on and who were their role models?
They were nurses and the role model was Dorothea Dix
Although the North controlled Memphis and New Orleans, what crucial spot on the river did they need to control?
Vicksburg, MS
For how long did the Union lay siege to Vicksburg? When did Vicksburg fall?
For more than 6 weeks - July 4, 1863
What did complete control of the Mississippi mean to the Confederacy?
The Confederacy was now split into two parts - the east were no longer able to get supplies to the west
*What began on June 30, 1863?
Battle of Gettysburg
What disastrous decision led to the defeat of the confederacy on July 3rd?
Lee ordered Pickett’s Charge
What two battles marked the turning point of the Civil War?
Union victories ar Vicksburg and Gettysburg
How many died or were wounded at Gettysburg?
50,000
What occurred on November 19, 1863?
A ceremony to dedicate a cemetery to the memory of those soldiers who died at Gettysburg
What appointment dd Lincoln make that helped hasten the end of the war?
Appointing General Ulysses S Grant as the Commander of the Union forces.
*What did Grant order all his commander to do?
To wage “total war” against the South
*What would this policy mean?
He wanted the Union army to destroy food, equipment, and anything else they found that might be useful to the enemy
Who did Grant send to the Shenandoah Valley to destroy it?
General Philip Sheridan
*Who did Grant order to capture Atlanta, GA then march across Georgia to Savanah?
General William Tecumseh Sherman
What was this called?
March to the Sea
What was “Sherman’s neckties”?
Useless rails from the railroad often twisted around trees
Who opposed Lincoln in the election of 1864?
George McClellan
How did Lincoln win the election?
Sherman took Atlanta and the North rallied around Lincoln
What is the difference between Lincoln’s inaugural address and Jefferson Davis’ address?
Lincoln’s speech called for equality and liberty for enslaved African American (or everyone).
Davis’ speech called for equality and liberty only of Southern whites
When did Grant begin a to move to take Richmond?
May 1864
How many men died at the Battle of the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, and Cold Harbor?
60,000
How long did the siege at Petersburg last?
9 months
*When and where did Lee surrender?
April 9, 1865 at Appomattox Courthouse
What honor, signed into law by Lincoln, would become the highest honor in American history?
Metal of Honor
How many soldiers lost their lives in the Civil War?
Union - 360,000
Confederate - 250,000
How much did the war cost?
20 billion
What lasting effects did the war have?
- Power of the federal government grew
- Ended Slavery
- Democratic party lost its influence and Republicans were in a commanding position
