7.6,7,8: Cladograms Flashcards

1
Q

Each line represents a ____

A

Lineage

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2
Q

What are nodes? What do they represent?

A
  • Each branching point

- represent a common ancestor

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3
Q

What are clades?

A
  • nodes and all branches from it
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4
Q

What do all species of a clade share?

A

Derived features

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5
Q

The ___ is the common ancestor of all species

A

Root

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6
Q

What are sister taxa?

A

Two clades that emerge from the same node (both share derived trait)

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7
Q

What is a basal taxon?

A
  • a lineage that evolved from the root and remains unbranched (no divergence or evolution coming from the root organism)
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8
Q

What is synamorphy?

A

A derived character shared by clade members

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9
Q

What is a derived characteristic?

A

Similarity inherited from most recent common ancestor of an entire group

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10
Q

What is an ancestral characteristic?

A

Similarity that arose prior to the common ancestor

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11
Q

Many cladograms and trees include an out group. What is an out group?

A
  • a lineage that is the least closely related to the rest of the organisms
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12
Q

What is a monophyletic group?

A
  • includes the most recent common ancestor of the group and all of its descendants (clade)
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13
Q

What is a paraphyletic group?

A
  • Includes the most recent common ancestor of the group, but not all its descendants
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14
Q

What is a polyphyletic group?

A
  • does not include the most recent common ancestor of all members of the group
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15
Q

What is parsimony?

A

Watered down cheap way of classifying organisms using a tree

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16
Q

When do we use the principle of parsimony?

A
  • if there are conflicts among characters

- also use the hypothesis that requires the fewest assumptions (DNA changes)