7.6,7,8: Cladograms Flashcards
Each line represents a ____
Lineage
What are nodes? What do they represent?
- Each branching point
- represent a common ancestor
What are clades?
- nodes and all branches from it
What do all species of a clade share?
Derived features
The ___ is the common ancestor of all species
Root
What are sister taxa?
Two clades that emerge from the same node (both share derived trait)
What is a basal taxon?
- a lineage that evolved from the root and remains unbranched (no divergence or evolution coming from the root organism)
What is synamorphy?
A derived character shared by clade members
What is a derived characteristic?
Similarity inherited from most recent common ancestor of an entire group
What is an ancestral characteristic?
Similarity that arose prior to the common ancestor
Many cladograms and trees include an out group. What is an out group?
- a lineage that is the least closely related to the rest of the organisms
What is a monophyletic group?
- includes the most recent common ancestor of the group and all of its descendants (clade)
What is a paraphyletic group?
- Includes the most recent common ancestor of the group, but not all its descendants
What is a polyphyletic group?
- does not include the most recent common ancestor of all members of the group
What is parsimony?
Watered down cheap way of classifying organisms using a tree