2.1, 2, 10, 11 Cells And Organelles Flashcards
Cells are the basis of what for every organism?
- the basic structural and functional units
What are the four things that prokaryotes and eucaryotic cells all have?
- Are bound by a plasma membrane (regulates transport)
- Contain cytosol (liquid portion of cytoplasm)
- Contain chromosomes (genetic info)
- Contain ribosomes
What are the two types of cells?
- prokaryotes and eukaryotes
What are the characteristics of prokaryotes? (3)
- domains Bacteria and Archaea
- DNA is in the nucleoid region
- generally smaller in size that eukaryotes
What are the characteristics of Eukaryotes? (4)
- Protists,fungi, animals and plants
- DNA is in the nucleus
- contain membrane bound organelles
Ex. Mitochondria, ER, GOLGI - domain Eukarya
What are organelles?
- membrane bound structures in Eukaryotes
What are the two classifications of organelles? (2)
- Endomembrane and energy
- endomembrane means membranous organelles inside cell
What are the 6 endomembrane organelles?
- Nuclear envelope
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Golgi complex
- Lysosomes
- Vesicles/vacuoles
- Plasma membranes
What are the 2 energy organelles?
- Mitochondria (all eukaryotes pl, an, protist, fungi)
2. Chloroplasts (plants and protists)
What does compartmentalization allow for in organelles? (3)
- allows for different metabolic reactions to occur in different locations
- increase surface area for reactions to occur
- prevents interfering reactions from occurring in the same location
What are unique cell components in animals? (3)
- lysosomes
- centrosomes
- flagella
What are unique cell components of plants? (4)
- chloroplasts
- Central vacuole
- cell wall
- plasmodesmata
What is plasmodesmata in plants?
- membrane-lined passageways that allow materials to pass from cell to plant cell
What does the nucleus contain? (4)
- chromosomes (genetic info)
- enclosed by the nuclear envelope that is double membraned
- has pores that regulate entry and exit of materials from the cell
- contains a nucleolus
What is a nucleolus?
- dense region of the nucleus where ribosomal RNA or rRNA is synthesized
Ribosomal RNA is synthesized in the nucleolus of a nucleus. What happens after that? (5)
- rRNA is combined with proteins to form large and small subunits of ribosomes
HOW? - subunits exit via nuclear pores
- assemble into ribosomes
- ribosomes translates messages found on mRNA into the primary structure of polypeptides
Ribosomes are dissociated when they are not translating mRNA
What are ribosomes comprised of, (2) and what are their function?
- ribosomal RNA and protein
- synthesizes proteins
What are the two classifications of ribosomes, and where can they be found? (2)
- free in cytosol
- bound to ER or nuclear envelope
What are free ribosomes? (1)
- proteins that are produced in cytosol that generally function only within cytosol (ie. enzymes)
What are bound ribosomes? (3)
- bound to ER or nuclear envelope
- proteins produced there can be secreted from the cell via transport vesicles
- ex. Insulin
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
- a network of membranous sacs and tubes
What is the function of ER? (2)
- synthesize membranes
- compartmentalize the cell to keep proteins formed in the rough ER separate from those of free ribosomes
What is the rough ER? like what does in have and structure
- contains ribosomes
- bound to ER membrane
What is the smooth ER and what does it do? (5)
- no ribosomes
- synthesize lipids
- metabolizes carbs
- detoxifies cell
- stores calcium ions
What is protein production order? (5)
DNA, RNA, RIBOSOME, R ER, GOLGI
What does the Golgi complex contain? (2)
- contains cisternae
- has directionality
What are cisternae and what do they do? (3)
- flattened membranous sacs
- separate sacs from the cytosol
- each cisternae is not connected
What is meant by the Golgi complex had directionality?
Cis and trans face
What does the cis face of the Golgi complex do?
- receives vesicles from the ER
What does the trans face of the golgi complex do?
- sends vesicles back out into cytosol to other locations, or to the plasma membrane for secretion
Why are the functions of the Golgi complex? (5)
- receives transport vesicles (made of phospholipids) with materials from the ER
- modifies the materials to ensure newly folded proteins are folded correctly or modified correctly
- sorts the materials
- adds molecular tags
- packages materials into new transport vesicles that exit the membrane via exocytosis (type of active transport needs ATP)
What are lysosomes?
Membranous sac with hydrolytic enzymes
What is the function of lysosomes? (2)
- hydrolysis macromolecules In animal cells
AUTOPHAGY
What is autophagy? (2)
- lysosomes can recycle their own cell’s organic materials
- allows cell to renew itself
What are peroxisomes? (2)
- similar to lysosomes
- membrane bound metabolic compartment
What is the function of peroxisomes? (2)
- catalyze reactions that produce H2O2
- enzymes in peroxisomes then break down H2O2 into water
What are vacuoles? (2)
- Large vesicles that stem from the ER and Golgi
- selective in transport
What are the three types of vacuoles?
Food, contractile, central vacuoles
What is a food vacuole?
- form via phagocytosis (active transport cell eating endocytosis type) and then digested by lysosomes
What is a contractile vacuole? (2)
- maintain water level in cells
- maintain osmotic pressure therefore preventing lysis
What is the central vacuole? (3)
- found in plants
- contains inorganic ions and water
- important for turgor pressure (strength and support)
What does the endosymbiont theory explain and provide insight on? (2)
- explains the similarities mitochondria and chloroplasts have to a prokaryote
- provide insight into the evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotes
What does the endosymbiont theory state? (3)
- states that an early prokaryote cell engulfed a prokaryotic cell
- then the prokaryotic cell became an endosymbiont (cell that lives in another cell)
- became a functional organism
What is the evidence to the endosymbiont theory? (4)
- double membrane
- ribosomes
- circular DNA
- capable of functioning on their own
What is the mitochondria responsible for?
- site of cellular respiration
What is the structure of the double membrane of the mitochondria? (3)
- outer membrane is smooth
- inner membrane has folds and cristae, which is the site of ATP production
— divide the mitochondria into two internal compartments and increases surface area
What is the intermembrane of the mitochondria?
- space between inner and outer membrane
What is the mitochondrial matrix of the mitochondria? (2)
- enclose by inner membrane
- location for the Krebs cycle
What does the mitochondrial matrix contain? (3)
- enzymes that catalyze cellular respiration and produce ATP
- mitochondria DNA
- ribosomes
What does the number of mitochondria in a cell correlate with? (2)
- Metabolic activity
- cells with high metabolic activity have more mitochondria
Ex. Cells that move/contract
What are chloroplasts? (3)
- Specialized organelles in photosynthetic organisms (plants, algae (protist))
- site of photosynthesis
- contains the green pigment chlorophyll
What is inside the double membrane of chloroplasts? (2)
Thylakoids and stroma
What are thylakoids in the double membrane of chloroplasts? (3)
- Membranous sacs that can organize into stacks called grana
- grams has a similar function to cristae
- site of light dependent reactions occur in grana
What is the stroma inside the double membrane of chloroplasts? (3)
- fluid around thylakoids
- location for the Calvin cycle
- contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes
How does the smooth ER help mostly the liver?
- detoxifies drugs and poisons
What determines smooth ER function?
Cell type
