7.5 Genetic Mutations

Question 1

genetic mutation

Answer 1

changes in DNA sequence

Question 2

what can a genetic mutation be caused by?

Answer 2

-radiation
-chemicals
-replication errors

Question 3

how can a genetic mutation affect a genome?

Answer 3

can change the structure and function of a genome

Question 4

what are the 3 basic categories of mutations?

Answer 4

-mutations with positive effects
-mutations with negative effects
-mutations that do not cause any discernible changes

Question 5

small scale mutations

Answer 5

Do not affect large portions of DNA

Question 6

substitution

Answer 6

replacement of one base pair by another

Question 7

insertion

Answer 7

addition of a base pair or larger coding region

Question 8

deletion

Answer 8

removal of a base pair or larger coding region

Question 9

inversion

Answer 9

bases switch positions

Question 10

missense mutation

Answer 10

a mutation that changes a single amino acid in the coding sequence

Question 11

nonsense mutation

Answer 11

a mutation that results in a premature stop codon

Question 12

what are the types of substitution mutations?

Answer 12

missense
nonsense
silent

Question 13

silent mutation

Answer 13

a mutation that does not alter the resulting amino acid sequence

Question 14

frameshift mutation

Answer 14

a shift in the reading frame resulting in multiple missense/nonsense effects

-may occur from an insertion or deletion of a base pair

Question 15

what are the types of large-scale mutations?

Answer 15

translocation
large scale deletions
large scale insertions

Question 16

translocation

Answer 16

the movement of entire genes/sequences of DNA from one chromosone to another

Question 17

large scale deletions

Answer 17

Can remove entire coding regions

Ex. Deletion of Dystrophin gene causes muscular
dystrophy

Question 18

large scale insertions

Answer 18

The addition/duplication of large regions of DNA

Leads to a large number of the same gene

Provides opportunities for new genes to evolve

Question 19

spontaneous mutations

Answer 19

caused by errors in DNA replication

Question 20

induced mutations

Answer 20

caused by environmental effects

Question 21

mutagen

Answer 21

an environmental agent that directly alters the DNA within a cell

Question 22

how is carbon monoxide a chemical mutagen?

Answer 22

linked to various forms of cancer

Question 23

how is benzene a chemical mutagen?

Answer 23

bonds to nucleotides and negatively affects replication

Question 24

how is ethidium bromide a chemical mutagen?

Answer 24

inserts itself between strands of DNA and causes errors in replication

Question 25

radiation

Answer 25

Electromagnetic radiation may cause mutations

Ultraviolet radiation may cause damage to DNA
and cause skin cancer

X-Rays/Gamma Rays can break bonds within DNA
molecules and cause cancer/super powers