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Biology 12U > 1.4 Carbs and Lipids > Flashcards

1.4 Carbs and Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

Carbohydrate definition

A

a biomolecule that consists of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

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2
Q

Function of carbohydrates

A

energy source, building material, cell communication

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3
Q

Monosaccharide definition

A

the simplest form of carbohydrate, consisting of a single sugar unit; a building block for more complex carbohydrates

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4
Q

Although all monosaccharides can occur in a _______ form, when formed in water, monosaccharides with five or more carbon atoms fold back on themselves to form a ____

A

linear; ring

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5
Q

When glucose forms a ring, there are ____ possible arrangements of the –OH group,
which is bound to the carbon at position 1: ________and ___________

A

two; a-glucose and b-glucose

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6
Q

Isomer definition

A

A molecule that has the same chemical formula as another, but a different arrangement of atoms

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7
Q

The different arrangements of the –OH group on glucose can give chemicals different ___________.

A

properties

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8
Q

Glucose, fructose, and galactose are _________ of each other.

A

isomers

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9
Q

Sugars typically have many _____ functional groups attached to them. This makes
them very _____ and means that small sugars are ______ soluble in water.

A

polar; hydrophilic; highly

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10
Q

True or false:

Monosaccharides are the sweetest.

A

True

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11
Q

As the number of monosaccharide units
that are linked together increases, the sweetness ________.

A

decreases

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12
Q

Disaccharide definition

A

A carbohydrate molecule that is made from two monosaccharide units

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13
Q

Glycosidic bond definition

A

a bond between two monosaccharides

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14
Q

The chemical shorthand for representing a
glycosidic bond between a 1-carbon and a 4-carbon is _______.

A

1–> 4

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15
Q

Disaccharide carbohydrate molecules contain the same functional groups that make monosaccharides _________. Therefore, they are easily ________ in water.

A

hydrophilic; dissolved

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16
Q

Complex carbohydrate definition

A

a molecule that is composed of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides linked together

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17
Q

Some complex carbohydrates are important for ______ storage in cells, while others are essential for ______ support.

A

energy; structural

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18
Q

Polysaccharide molecule definition

A

A polysaccharide molecule is a chain of monosaccharides with many subunits joined
by glycosidic linkages

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19
Q

A polysaccharide is a macromolecule,
which is a very large molecule assembled by the _____ linkage of smaller subunit _______.

A

covalent; molecules

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20
Q

The dehydration synthesis reactions that assemble polysaccharides are examples of __________.

A

polymerization

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21
Q

Polymerization definition

A

Polymerization is the process in which identical or variable subunits, called monomers, link together in a long chain to form a larger
molecule (polymer).

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22
Q

Monomer definition

A

a small molecule that can bind
chemically to other molecules

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23
Q

Polymer definition

A

a large molecule that is formed when monomers link together chemically in a chain

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24
Q

True or false:

DNA is a type of polysaccharide.

A

False

DNA is a type of polymer

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25
Q

Polysaccharides are very polar and therefore very _______. However, since polysaccharides are such huge molecules, they attract water but cannot _____.

A

hydrophilic; dissolve

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26
Q

Monosaccharide structure

A

chain, a-ring or b-ring

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27
Q

Monosaccharide function

A

energy source, building blocks

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28
Q

Monosaccharide example

A

glucose, ribose and deoxyribose

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29
Q

Disaccharide structure

A

2 monomer subunits, with a or b linkage

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30
Q

Disaccharide function

A

energy source

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31
Q

Disaccharide example

A

sucrose, maltose and lactose

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32
Q

Polysaccharide structure

A

very long chain or branching chain with a or b linkages

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33
Q

Polysaccharide function

A

energy storage, structural support, and cell to cell communication

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34
Q

Polysaccharide example

A

starch and cellulose

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35
Q

Lipid definition

A

a non-polar compound made mostly of carbon and hydrogen

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36
Q

True or false:

Lipids are smaller than complex carbohydrates, so they are not considered to be macromolecules.

A

True

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37
Q

Since lipids are generally _________, they do not dissolve in water. Their insolubility in water contributes to their ability to form cell ________-.

A

non-polar; membranes

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38
Q

Lipid function

A

stored by cells to be used as an energy source, serve as hormones that regulate cellular activities and used as vitamins.

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39
Q

Lipids in living organisms fall into 5 main categories:

A

fatty acids, fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes

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40
Q

The structural backbone of most lipids is derived from ________ _______.

A

fatty acids

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41
Q

Fatty acid definition

A

A fatty acid consists of a single hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl functional group (-COOH) at one end

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42
Q

As their chain length increases, fatty acids become progressively _______ water soluble.

A

less

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43
Q

If the hydrocarbon chain of a fatty acid binds the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms, and if all the carbons are linked to each other with single bonds, the fatty acid is said to be __________

A

saturated

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44
Q

If there are double bonds in the fatty
acid chain, then it is said to be ________. This means that the carbon chain has the potential to form more bonds with ________.

A

unsaturated; hydrogen

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45
Q

Fatty acids with one double bond are ___________, and those with more than one double bond are
____________.

A

monounsaturated; polyunsaturated

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46
Q

The presence of a double bond in an unsaturated fatty acid creates a kink in the molecule, which causes it to _______.

A

bend

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47
Q

A fat is a lipid that is made from two types of molecules:

A

fatty acid and a glycerol molecule.

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48
Q

Triglyceride definition

A

a fat; three fatty acid chains linked to a glycerol molecule

49
Q

Saturated fat definition

A

a lipid that is composed of saturated fatty acids with single bonds in their hydrocarbon chain

50
Q

Unsaturated fat definition

A

a lipid that is composed of unsaturated fatty acids with double bonds in their hydrocarbon chain

51
Q

Phospholipid definition

A

a lipid that consists of two fatty acids and a phosphate group bound to glycerol

52
Q

Like individual fatty acids, triglycerides generally become less fluid as the length of their fatty acid chain ________.

A

increases

53
Q

Warm-blooded mammals and birds are the exception in having mostly saturated fats,
but these fats are _______ because of relatively ______ body temperature.

A

liquids; high

54
Q

Triglycerides function widely as stored _______.

A

energy

55
Q

Phospholipids are the primary lipids of cell ___________.

A

membranes

56
Q

In the most phospholipids, glycerol forms the backbone of the molecules.

Only 2 of its binding sites, however, link to _____ _____.

The third site links to a charged __________
group, which often binds to another polar or charged unit.

A

fatty acids; phosphate

57
Q

A phospholipid contains two hydrophobic fatty acids at one end, attached to a hydrophilic polar
group, often called the _____ group

A

head

58
Q

Molecules that contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions are called __________ molecules.

A

amphipathic

59
Q

The head of an amphipathic molecule is the polar and _________ region.

A

hydrophilic

60
Q

The tail is the _______ lipid, which is composed of a _______ chain.

A

hydrophobic; carbon

61
Q

The hydrophilic end of a phospholipid faces ________ toward water, and the hydrophobic fatty acid tails face _______ toward each other

A

outward; inward

62
Q

Steroid definition

A

a lipid that is composed of four carbon rings

63
Q

The most abundant steroids, the _______, have a
single polar ___ group at one end of the ring framework and a complex, non-polar
__________ chain at the other end.

A

sterols; –OH; hydrocarbon

64
Q

Although sterols are almost completely
________, the single hydroxyl group gives one end a slightly polar, _______ character.

A

hydrophobic; hydrophilic

65
Q

A high concentration of cholesterol (steroid) in the bloodstream and a diet rich in saturated fats have been linked to the development of ____________, a condition in which fat deposits, or plaques, form on the inner lining of blood vessels.

A

atherosclerosis

66
Q

Wax definition

A

Waxes are large lipid molecules that are made of long fatty acid chains linked to alco-
hols or carbon rings.

67
Q

Waxes are ________, extremely ________, and soft solids over a wide range of temperatures.

A

hydrophobic; non-polar

68
Q

Fatty acid structure

A

carboxyl group linked to a hydrocarbon chain

69
Q

Fatty acid function

A

cellular functions and energy storage

70
Q

Fatty acid example

A

stearic acid

71
Q

Fat structure

A

3 fatty acid chains linked to glycerol

72
Q

Fat function

A

energy storage and insulation

73
Q

Fat example

A

butter and olive oil

74
Q

Phospholipid structure

A

2 fatty acid chains and 1 phosphate group linked to glycerol

75
Q

Phospholipid function

A

cell membrane

76
Q

Phospholipid example

A

lipid bilayer

77
Q

Steroid structure

A

4 carbon rings

78
Q

Steriod function

A

hormone signalling, cell response to the environment and growth

79
Q

Steriod examples

A

testosterone and cholesterol

80
Q

Wax structure

A

long fatty acid chains linked to alcohol or carbon rings

81
Q

Wax function

A

water resistance and protection

82
Q

Wax examples

A

wax coating on fruits, leaves and stems

83
Q

Phospholipids are the main component of all _______ ________.

They are formed from a glycerol molecule, two fatty acids, and an _____ phosphate-containing group.

A

plasma membranes; ionic

84
Q

Waxes are long fatty acid chains linked to alcohol or _____ structures. They function primarily as ___________ compounds.

A

ring; waterproofing

85
Q

Relate the chemical structure of carbohydrates to their physical properties and uses.

A

Carbohydrates are hydrocarbons that are dependent on their length, structure, and functional groups to determine their solubility.

They are useful sources of structural materials and energy for living organisms.

86
Q

Humans use carbohydrates in many ways. How do humans use monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

A

Monosaccharides are the primary fuel source for human cells. They are broken down during energy production or polymerized to form disaccharide or polysaccharide chains.

Disaccharides are mainly food in human food sources and lactose is a disaccharide found in milk.

Polysaccharides are used for structural purposes and for glucose storage.

87
Q

Compare the polarity of carbohydrates and lipids. How does their polarity relate to their physical properties?

A

Carbohydrates are polar and lipids are non-polar.

Polar carbohydrates are very hydrophilic and dissolve in water if they are small enough.

Lipids are hydrophobic and insoluble in water. These properties make lipids useful in cell membranes and as water proofing molecules.

88
Q

Why are most polysaccharides insoluble in water?

A

Most polysaccharides are insoluble in water because they are too large to dissolve.

89
Q

Distinguish between a fatty acid and a fat.

A

A fatty acid is a long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group on its end. Fat is composed of three fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol molecule.

90
Q

What happens to the acidic properties of a fatty acid when a fat is formed?

A

Acidic properties of fatty acids come from carboxylic acid functional groups and this quality does not exist in fat.

91
Q

Why are steroids important, even though they tend to have a bad reputation?

A

Steroids are important for normal growth, maintenance of the plasma membrane, hormonal signalling and development, even though some athletes misuse them.

92
Q

monosaccharides

A

simplest carbohydrate, consists of a single sugar molecule

93
Q

What is an isomer and give an example

A

Isomer – a molecule that has the same composition
but different arrangement of atoms

Ex. Glucose can have 2 possible OH group arrangements called α-glucose and β-glucose

94
Q

What makes sugars (monosaccharides) hydrophilic?

A

have many POLAR FUNCTIONAL
GROUPS attached to them

This makes sugars hydrophilic and thus highly soluble in water

95
Q

disaccharide

A

a carbohydrate molecule made
up of TWO monosaccharides

96
Q

Monosaccharides are joined together by ________ and the resulting bonds are called _______

A

dehydration synthesis; glycosidic bonds

97
Q

glycosidic bond

A

a bond between two
monosaccharides

98
Q

Polysaccharide

A

molecule that contains more than 2 linked monosaccharides

Often contain hundreds to
thousands of monosaccharides

99
Q

polymerization

A

the linking of smaller subunits to create a larger molecule

100
Q

monomer

A

a single subunit

101
Q

polymer

A

a large molecule that is
formed when monomers link together

102
Q

cellulose

A

a polymer of glucose

the most abundant organic molecule on earth

provides structural support for plants

103
Q

If polysaccharides are hydrophilic, why don’t they dissolve in water?

A

Polysaccharides are hydrophilic but are too large to dissolve in water

104
Q

monosaccharide structure

A

carbon chain or ring

105
Q

disaccharide structure

A

two monomers linked by glycosidic bond

106
Q

polysaccharide structure

A

branched or unbranched chains of monomers

107
Q

lipid

A

a non-polar compound that is made mostly of carbon and hydrogen (hydrophobic)

108
Q

fatty acid

A

a molecule that consists of a carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon chain

109
Q

fats

A

a combination of fatty
acids and glycerol molecules

110
Q

triglyceride

A

a fat that contains three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule

111
Q

Fatty acids are linked to a
______ molecule via ______________

A

glycerol; dehydration
synthesis

112
Q

saturated fats

A

lipids composed of saturated fatty acids with single bonds in their hydrocarbon chain

113
Q

unsaturated fats

A

lipids composed of unsaturated fatty acids with double bonds in their hydrocarbon chain

114
Q

phospholipid

A

a lipid that contains two fatty acids and a phosphate group bound to a glycerol

115
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

a double layered membrane
around cells/organelles

116
Q

steroid

A

a lipid that is composed of 4 carbon rings

Used to make some hormones

Can be modified into vitamins

117
Q

wax

A

a lipid that is formed when long fatty acid chains are joined to alcohols or carbon rings

Form flexible, waterproof coatings on plant/animal parts

May also be used to build structures such as honeycombs

118
Q

Polysaccharide molecule

A

A chain of monosaccraides with many subunits joined by GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGES

Biology 12U (45 decks)

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