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Biology 12U > 4.2 Aerobic Respiration > Flashcards

4.2 Aerobic Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Decarboxylation rxn

A

Chem. rxn that removes a carboxyl group to form CO2

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2
Q

Dehydrogenation

A

The removal of a hydrogen atom from a molecule

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2
Q

Proton gradient

A

A difference in proton (H+ ion) concentration across a membrane

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3
Q

Proton-motive force

A

A force that moves protons because of a chemical gradient (electrochemical gradient) of protons across a membrane

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4
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

A process in which ATP is made using the energy of the electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme

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5
Q

NAD+ and NADH

A

Nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide

NAD+ can be reduced to form NADH

NADH can be oxidized to donate electrons

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6
Q

FAD and FADH2

A

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

FAD can be reduced to form FADH2

FADH2 can be oxidized to donate electrons

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7
Q

GTP

A

Guanosine triphosphate

Can be used to generate ATP

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8
Q

What to do with Pyruvate?

A
  • The 2 molecules of Pyruvate that are
    synthesized by Glycolysis still contain
    about 75% of the energy stored in
    Glucose
  • Pyruvate oxidation and the Citric Acid
    Cycle help to harvest the remaining
    available energy
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9
Q

Pyruvate Oxidation

A
  1. Carboxyl Group is removed – creates CO2
  2. NAD+ steals electrons from remaining molecule to
    become NADH
  3. Coenzyme A attaches to molecule to form Acetyl
    CoA
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10
Q

2 Pyruvate + 2 NAD+ + 2 CoA –>

A

2 Acetyl CoA + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 CO2

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11
Q

The Citric Acid Cycle

A
  • Consists of 8 enzyme catalyzed
    reactions
  • Used to create Energy Carrier
    Molecules (NADH and FADH2)
  • Creates 2 ATP (1 per pyruvate)
  • Converts the remaining carbon from
    pyruvate into CO2
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12
Q

ETC

A
  • Uses energy from electrons to pump protons
    across the cell membrane to create a
    concentration gradient
  • Accepts electrons from energy carriers
  • Consists of 4 protein complexes and shuttle
    molecules
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12
Q

Electron Transport Chain:

A

A series of
membrane bound molecules that transfers
electrons

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12
Q

Important Points to Remember

A

The cycle keeps moving because
oxaloacetate (the first reactant) is
regenerated
- Every step is catalyzed by reactions
- GTP (guanosine triphosphate) is used to
make ATP
- NADH and FADH2 will be used later to
make ATP

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13
Q

What enters the ETC?

A

All of the Carbon from Glucose
has already been turned into
Carbon Dioxide

NADH and FADH2 are now
used to power the ETC

14
Q

Complex I (NADH Dehydrogenase)

A
  • Oxidizes NADH (loses electrons)
    into NAD+
  • Hydrogen atoms are pumped
    across the membrane as
    electrons move through the
    complex
15
Q

Complex II (Succinate Dehydrogenase)

A

FADH2 is oxidized by complex II
and donates electrons

Energy from electrons is used to
pump protons across the
membrane

16
Q

Ubiquinone

A
  • Ubiquinone (UQ) is used to move
    electrons from complex I and
    complex II to Complex III
  • Ubiquinone is a hydrophobic
    molecule found within the inner
    mitochondrial membrane
17
Q

Complex III (Cytochrome Complex)

A
  • Electrons transferred from
    Ubiquinone move to Complex III
  • Complex III transfers the electrons to
    Cytochrome C (another electron
    shuttle) which can then move
    electrons to Complex IV
18
Q

Complex IV (Cytochrome Oxidase)

A
  • Electrons are transferred from
    Cytochrome c to complex IV
  • Electrons combine with Hydrogen ions
    and an oxygen atom to form water
  • Movement of electrons drives the
    pumping of more Hydrogen across the
    cell membrane
19
Q

Increasing Electronegativity

A
  • The electrons move through the ETC
    because each complex is more
    electronegative than the last
  • Oxygen is the final electron acceptor
    and has the highest electronegativity
    (thus oxygen drives the process)
20
Q

Chain Reaction

A
  • Oxygen causes complex IV to steal
    electrons from complex III which then
    steals electrons from complex II which
    then steals electrons from complex I
    which then steals electrons from NADH
  • This chain reaction is what ultimately
    drives the ETC
21
Q

Chemiosmosis

A
  • Proton gradient created by the
    ETC drives ATP synthesis
  • Protons flow through ATP
    Synthase (a membrane
    protein) which phosphorylates
    ADP
22
Q

Uncoupling Electron Transport and
Chemiosmosis

A
  • Special Uncoupling Proteins are used as
    an alternative route for protons to flow
    back into the matrix of the
    mitochondria
  • Instead of producing ATP these proteins
    help convert the energy into thermal
    energy to keep animals warm

Biology 12U (45 decks)

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