7.1 From Gene to Protein Flashcards

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1
Q

importance of genes

A

Archibald Garrod, in 1896, began studying
alkaptonuria which is a condition where a
person’s urine turns black on contact with air.

He found that people with alkaptonuria excrete a
particular chemical in their urine.

He hypothesized that people with this disorder
were not able to break down this chemical

Later research proved that people with
alkaptonuria have a mutated gene that codes for
a defective enzyme that can no longer break
down the amino acid tyrosine

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2
Q

one gene-one polypeptide hypothesis

A

Each gene codes for the synthesis of one
polypeptide

Different polypeptides can be combined to
form more complex proteins

Can form hormones, enzymes, antibodies etc.

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3
Q

central dogma

A

the fundamental
principle of molecular genetics, which
states that genetic information flows
from DNA to RNA to Proteins

Includes Transcription, Translation,
and Folding

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4
Q

from DNA to RNA

A

Transcription – information in DNA is copied into RNA

RNA can exit the nucleus and enter the cytosol

RNA acts as a copy of the instructions contained in DNA that can be transported outside of the nucleus

RNA can then be used to build proteins

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5
Q

translation

A

information contained within RNA is used to build proteins

RNA contains instructions coding for a specific
amino acid sequence

Involves the use of Ribosomes

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6
Q

folding

A

changing shape of an amino acid chain into a functioning protein

Amino acid chains must fold properly in order
to become functioning proteins

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7
Q

RNA

A

Single Stranded

Adenine pairs with Uracil (A-U not A-T)

Contains Ribose sugar instead of
deoxyribose sugar in DNA

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8
Q

3 major types of RNA

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA
(tRNA) and Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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9
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

translated by ribosomes into a protein

-Used to move the information from DNA to the ribosome where it can be
translated

Varies in length depending on the length of the gene being copied

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10
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

a carrier molecule that
binds to a specific
amino acid and adds
the amino acid to the
growing polypeptide
chain

Transfers amino acids to ribosomes to help build proteins

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11
Q

ribosomal RNA (rRna)

A

RNA molecules used
with proteins to make up ribosomes

Allow mRNA and tRNA to bind to ribosome

Major component of ribosomes

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12
Q

transcription

A

RNA Polymerase – enzyme that reads DNA and creates a complimentary strand of RNA

RNA is created 5’ to 3’

DNA strand is called the Template Strand

Initial RNA strand has to be modified before it
can become mRNA and is called pre-mRNA or
Precursor mRNA

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13
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

enzyme that reads DNA and
creates a complimentary strand of RNA

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14
Q

genetic code

A

specific coding relationship
between bases and the amino acids they code
for

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15
Q

DNA alphabet consists of:

A

ATCG

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16
Q

RNA alphabet consists of:

A

AUCG

17
Q

codon

A

three base pairs that code for an
individual amino acid

18
Q

3’ to 5’

A

DNA

19
Q

5’ to 3’

A

RNA

20
Q

start codon (AUG)

A

used to initiate translation
(methionine)

21
Q

stop codon

A

used to stop translation (UAA,UAG or
UGA)

22
Q

universality of genetic code

A

The same codons specify the same
amino acids in all living things (there
are a few exceptions)

This demonstrates the fact that DNA
evolved early in our evolution and
remained relatively unchanged
throughout our history

23
Q

one gene-one enzyme hypothesis

A

proposes each gene is unique and codes for the synthesis of a single enzyme

24
Q

one gene-one polypeptide hypothesis

A

proposes that each gene is unique and codes for the synthesis of a single polypeptide

25
Q

central dogma

A

the fundamental principle of molecular genetics, which states that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins

26
Q

transcription

A

mechanism by which the info coded in nucleic acids of DNA is copied into the nucleic acids of RNA; something rewritten in the same language

27
Q

translation

A

mechanism by which the info coded in the nucleic acids of RNA is copied into the amino acids of proteins

28
Q

messenger RNA

A

the end product of the transcription of a gene; mRNA is translated by ribosomes into a protein

29
Q

transfer RNA

A

a carrier molecules that binds to a specific amino acid molecule and adds the amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain

30
Q

ribosomal RNA

A

an RNA molecule within the ribosome that bonds the correct amino acid to the polypeptide chain

31
Q

RNA polymerase

A

an enzyme that reads a DNA strand and creates a complementary strand of RNA

32
Q

template strand

A

the DNA strand that is copied into an mRNA molecule during gene transcription

33
Q

precursor mRNA

A

the initial RNA transcription product

34
Q

genetic code

A

the specific coding relationship between bases and the amino acids they specify; the genetic code can be expressed in terms of either DNA or RNA bases

35
Q

start codon (initiator codon)

A

codon that signals the start of a polypeptide chain and initiates translation

36
Q

stop codon

A

a codon that signals the end of a polypeptide chain and causes the ribosome to terminate translation