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Biology 12U > 2.1 Cell Structures > Flashcards

2.1 Cell Structures Flashcards

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1
Q

Organelle

A

An internal functional structure that’s located within the cytosol of a cell

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2
Q

Plasma membrane

A

A dynamic barrier that surrounds the cytosol of the cell

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3
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

A 2-layer membrane that enclose the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

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4
Q

Endomembrane system

A

A group of interacting organelles btwn the nucleus and the plasma membrane

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5
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

A membrane-bound organelle that’s folded into flattened sacs/tubes, and is often an outgrowth of the nuclear envelope in a eukaryotic cell

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6
Q

Rough ER

A

Areas of ER with ribosomes attached to surface

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7
Q

Smooth ER

A

Areas of ER without attached ribosomes

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8
Q

Vesicle

A

A small, membrane-bound organelle that may transport, store, or digest substances within a cell

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9
Q

Vacuole

A

A liquid-filled organelle that stores waste and aids in cellular metabolism and water balance

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10
Q

Lysosome

A

A small, membrane-bound organelle that contains digestive enzymes, which aids in waste disposal

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11
Q

Golgi body

A

An organelle with folded membranes where the final packaging of proteins occurs

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12
Q

Mitochondrion

A

An organelle with 2 membranes: the site of most ATP synthesis during aerobic cellular respiration

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13
Q

Plastid

A

A membrane-bound organelle that’s involved in photosynthesis/storage in plants and algae

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14
Q

Chloroplast

A

A double-membrane-bound organelle that contains enzymes/pigments, which are used to perform photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells

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15
Q

Chromoplast

A

An organelle that makes and stores pigments other than chlorophyll

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16
Q

Amyloplast

A

An organelle that stores starch

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17
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A dynamic system of filaments that provides cell structure, helps with cell division, and enables the cell and inner organelles to move around

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18
Q

Microfilament

A

A fibre structure that’s made from actin, which is part of the cytoskeleton and is located in the cell’s cytosol

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19
Q

Flagellum

A

A whiplike tail that’s used in propulsion of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

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20
Q

Cilia

A

Tiny, hair-like structures that move water/mucus in eukaryotes: used for movement of prokaryotic cells

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21
Q

Cell wall

A

The outer barrier of a plant cell: the cell all surrounds the plasma membrane and gives structure to the plant

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22
Q

Primary wall

A

A cellulose coating that surrounds a plant cell

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23
Q

Secondary wall

A

A coating that’s added to a plant cell wall: it’s more rigid and often thicker than the primary cell wall

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24
Q

Extracellular matric (ECM)

A

A molecular system that supports/protects a cell: a cell’s environment

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25
Q

Cell junction

A

A structure that allows cells to interact with each other and the surrounding environment

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26
Q

Nucleus function

A

Protects/controls DNA access; makes ribosome subunits

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27
Q

ER function

A

Routes/modifies new polypeptide chains; synthesizes lipids; other functions

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28
Q

Golgi Body function

A

Modifies new polypeptide chains; sorts and ships proteins/lipids

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29
Q

Transport/secretory vesicle function

A

Transports substances within a cell and or releases them from the cell

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30
Q

Mitochondrion function

A

Generates ATP and other molecules

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31
Q

Chloroplast function

A

Produces sugars using light energy, CO2, and water

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32
Q

Lysosome function

A

Carries out intracellular digestion

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33
Q

Peroxisome function

A

Inactivates toxins

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34
Q

Vacuole function

A

Provides storage and contains waste; in plants, maintains cell size/shape

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35
Q

Ribosome

A

Assembles polypeptide chains that are used to form proteins

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36
Q

Centriole

A

Makes microtubules for the cytoskeleton; involved in cell division (mitosis - PMAT)

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37
Q

Organelles with a membrane

A

Nucleus, ER, Golgi body, Transport vesicle, Mitochondrion, Chloroplast, Lysosome, Peroxisome, Vacuole

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38
Q

Organelles WITHOUT a membrane

A

Ribosome, centrioles

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39
Q

Endomembrane system: Nucleus

A

DNA instructions for making proteins– transcribed into RNA, which moves–> nuclear pores –> in cytosol

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40
Q

Endomembrane system: Rough ER

A

Some of RNA in cytosol is translated into polypeptide chains by ribosomes on rough ER. Chains enter rough ER– modified into final form

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40
Q

Endomembrane system: Vesicles

A

Bud from rough ER, carry new proteins to Golgi bodies. (Other proteins migrate thru rough ER interior–> smooth ER)

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41
Q

Endomembrane system: smooth ER

A

Some proteins from rough ER packaged into vesicles and shipped to Golgi– other become enzymes–> assemble lipids or inactivate toxins

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42
Q

Endomembrane system: Golgi Body

A

Proteins arriving in vesicles from the ER are modified into final form and sorted. New vesicles carry them to the plasma membrane or lysosomes.

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43
Q

Endomembrane system: Plasma membrane

A

Golgi vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane. Lipids/proteins of a vesicle’s membrane fuse with the plasma membrane, and the vesicle’s contents are released to the exterior of the cell.

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44
Q

Difference between cytoplasm and cytosol

A

“Cytoplasm”: refers to all internal cell components. “Cytosol”: Is the liquid portion of the cell, but more precise

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45
Q

How many layers does the nuclear envelope have?

A

Two lipid bilayers folded together

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46
Q

Outer bilayer of membrane is continuous with ___ ____

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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47
Q

Nuclear envelope allows __ and ___ to cross freely

A

Water and gases

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48
Q

What do proteins that attach to the nuclear envelope’s inner surface do?

A

Anchor the DNA molecules and keep them organized. During mitosis, proteins pass DNA to daughter cells

49
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

Viscous fluid similar to cytosol. Semifluid interior portion of nucleus

50
Q

Nucleolus

A

Dense, irregularly shaped region where subunits of ribosomes are assembled from proteins and RNA

51
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Pore-riddled double membrane that controls which substances enter/leave nucleus

52
Q

Chromatin

A

Total collection of all DNA molecules and associated proteins in nucleus

53
Q

Nucleolus

A

Rounded mass of proteins and copies of genes for ribosomal RNA used to construct ribosomal subunits

54
Q

Function of endomembrane system

A

Makes lipids, enzymes, and other proteins for secretion/insertion into cell membranes, destroying toxins, and recycling wastes

55
Q

Common EM system components

A

Nucleus, rough ER, vesicles, smooth ER, Golgi body, plasma membrane

56
Q

ER is an extension of ____ ____

A

nuclear envelope

57
Q

Two kinds of ER

A

Smooth and rough

58
Q

Rough ER function

A

Ribosomes synthesize polypeptide chains, released into ER interior. Inside– proteins fold and take complex structure

59
Q

Smooth ER function

A

Doesn’t make proteins. Some proteins made in rough ER– enzymes in smooth. Enzymes produce cell membrane’s lipids

60
Q

Vesicle functions

A

Transport proteins to other organelles

61
Q

Peroxisome

A

Contains enzymes that digest fatty acids and amino acids

62
Q

Plant and animal cells contain vesicles called ____

A

Vacuoles

63
Q

Vacuole function

A

Isolate/dispose wastes, debris, and toxic materials, maintains cell fluid pressure

64
Q

Large central ___ in plant cells

A

Vacuole

65
Q

Lysosome function

A

Lysosomal enzymes empty in vacuoles and digest its content.

66
Q

Vesicles fuse and empty their contents in a ____ _____

A

Golgi body

67
Q

Golgi body function

A

Puts finishing touches on polypeptide chains/lipids that are delivered from ER. Attaches phosphates, sugars– sorted and packaged into new vesicles and delivered

68
Q

All eukaryotic cells make ____ in mitochondria

A

ATP

69
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

70
Q

Plants and some algae have special organelles, ____

A

Plastids

71
Q

Mitochondrion has 2 membranes, one highly folded inside the other

A

Mitochondrial matrix, intermembrane space

72
Q

Mitochondria resemble bacteria in ___ ___ ____

A

size, form, biochemistry

73
Q

Mitochondria have their own ___ and ____ independently in cell

A

DNA, divide

74
Q

Chromoplasts contain ___ and ___ carotenoids

A

orange and red

75
Q

Orange and red carotenoids revealed in ____

A

fall

76
Q

Amyloplast

A

Unpigmented plastids that store starch grains. Abundant in plant cells, stems, tubers, and seeds

77
Q

Cytoskeleton is between ___ and ___ ____

A

Nucleus and plasma membrane

78
Q

Parts of cytoskeleton ___, ___, and move ____ ___

A

reinforce, organize, and move cell structures, and often the whole cell

79
Q

Some cytoskeleton structures ____

A

Permanent

80
Q

Microtubules form ____ _____

A

Dynamic scaffolding

81
Q

Intermediate filaments are the most ___ part of a cell’s cytoskeleton

A

Stable

82
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Strengthen and maintain cell/tissue structures, and are toughest of cytoskeleton filaments

83
Q

Secondary plant cell wall develops in ____

A

later growth stages

84
Q

Primary wall is ___ and ___

A

Thin and pliable

85
Q

At maturity, plant tissues stop enlarging and secrete material onto inner surface of primary wall, this forms ____ ____

A

Secondary wall

86
Q

ECM is a ___ and ____ is secreted by cells and varies with tissue type

A

Non-living, complex mixture of fibrous proteins

87
Q

ECM ___ and ___ cells , ___ , ___ , ____

A

Supports and anchors cells, separates tissues, and functioning in cell signaling

88
Q

Bone is mostly ____

A

ECM

89
Q

ECM is basis of ____ ____

A

Tissue organization, and provides structural support

90
Q

Cell junctions

A

Connect a cell to other cells and to the environment. Cells send/receive ions, molecules, and signals through junctions.

91
Q

how are cells similar to organs?

A

they all have organelles which help them function

92
Q

organelle

A

a structure within a
cell with a specific function

93
Q

cell membrane (animal cells)

A

surrounds the cell and protects it.
Controls the movement of
substances into and out of the
cell.

94
Q

cell wall (plants)

A

tough outer
layer that surrounds plant cells

95
Q

cytosol

A

fluid inside cells

96
Q

nucleus

A

controls the cell’s
activities, contains DNA

The DNA inside the nucleus
contains the instructions for
producing other materials

97
Q

The Nucleus is surrounded by the
____________ (a membrane) and also contains the _________

A

nuclear envelope, nucleolus

98
Q

nucleolus

A

makes ribosomes

99
Q

nuclear envelope

A

consists of two lipid bilayers that are folded together

Outer layer continuous with
endoplasmic reticulum (er)

Membrane proteins are
embedded in a lipid bilayer

Allows water and gases to
transport freely, other
substances need help of system
transporter

100
Q

ribosomes

A

build proteins, may be free floating or
attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum.

Builds proteins by attaching AMINO ACIDS into chains.

Builds Enzymes (a type of protein) which are important
in breaking/building other molecules

101
Q

endomembrane system

A

a group of interacting
organelles between the nucleus and the plasma membrane

Its main function is to make lipids, enzymes, and other
proteins for secretion and insertion into cell membranes

Can also destroy toxins and recycle wastes.

102
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

makes lipids, steroids, breaks
down toxins, releases calcium

103
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

covered with ribosomes, stores
proteins for later transport

104
Q

Substances made in the ER are
transported/stored with
_________ (small, membrane
bound containers)

A

vesicles

105
Q

golgi body

A

an organelle that processes,
packages and transports materials produced in
the cell.

106
Q

explain briefly how a substance enters the body and leaves through the endomembrane system

A

substances enter the golgi body in vesicles

golgi body processes materials produced from other parts of the cell

products leave in vesicles and may travel to other parts of the body

107
Q

vacuoles (plants)

A

large
membrane bound structures

Acts as storage compartments

Keeps cell firm by pushing
against cell walls

Disposal site for harmful
chemicals

May contain defensive
chemicals

108
Q

vacuoles (animals)

A

smaller transport sacs

109
Q

lysosomes

A

organelles that
contain enzymes that digest other
molecules

110
Q

lysosome functions

A

Fighting Diseases

Digestion

Recycling old cell parts

Killing the Cell

111
Q

mitochondria

A

site of cellular respiration which produces energy

112
Q

cristae

A

folds of inner membrane increase surface area = more reactions

113
Q

matrix

A

fluid where reactions
occur

114
Q

chloroplasts

A

photosynthetic organelles,
uses sunlight energy to
make sugars

ONLY FOUND IN PLANTS

Green colour comes from
Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll helps capture
sunlight energy

115
Q

cytoskeleton

A

provides cell structure, helps with
cell division, allows organelles to move

116
Q

microtubule

A

support tube made of tubulin proteins

-form scaffolding for support when needed

117
Q

microfilament

A

structure made of actin proteins

Used in muscles for movement

Help strengthen cells

118
Q

cilium

A

microtubules used for
movement/transporting substances

Paramecium move with the help of cilia

Mucus is moved via cilia in your lungs

119
Q

flagellum

A

long tail-like microtubules used
for movement

Sperm cells

120
Q

pseudopods

A

limb like structures formed by amoeba

Microtubules help cell change shape to move/engulf food

Biology 12U (45 decks)

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