2.1 Cell Structures Flashcards
1
Q
Organelle
A
An internal functional structure that’s located within the cytosol of a cell
2
Q
Plasma membrane
A
A dynamic barrier that surrounds the cytosol of the cell
3
Q
Nuclear envelope
A
A 2-layer membrane that enclose the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell
4
Q
Endomembrane system
A
A group of interacting organelles btwn the nucleus and the plasma membrane
5
Q
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
A
A membrane-bound organelle that’s folded into flattened sacs/tubes, and is often an outgrowth of the nuclear envelope in a eukaryotic cell
6
Q
Rough ER
A
Areas of ER with ribosomes attached to surface
7
Q
Smooth ER
A
Areas of ER without attached ribosomes
8
Q
Vesicle
A
A small, membrane-bound organelle that may transport, store, or digest substances within a cell
9
Q
Vacuole
A
A liquid-filled organelle that stores waste and aids in cellular metabolism and water balance
10
Q
Lysosome
A
A small, membrane-bound organelle that contains digestive enzymes, which aids in waste disposal
11
Q
Golgi body
A
An organelle with folded membranes where the final packaging of proteins occurs
12
Q
Mitochondrion
A
An organelle with 2 membranes: the site of most ATP synthesis during aerobic cellular respiration
13
Q
Plastid
A
A membrane-bound organelle that’s involved in photosynthesis/storage in plants and algae
14
Q
Chloroplast
A
A double-membrane-bound organelle that contains enzymes/pigments, which are used to perform photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells
15
Q
Chromoplast
A
An organelle that makes and stores pigments other than chlorophyll
16
Q
Amyloplast
A
An organelle that stores starch
17
Q
Cytoskeleton
A
A dynamic system of filaments that provides cell structure, helps with cell division, and enables the cell and inner organelles to move around
18
Q
Microfilament
A
A fibre structure that’s made from actin, which is part of the cytoskeleton and is located in the cell’s cytosol
19
Q
Flagellum
A
A whiplike tail that’s used in propulsion of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
20
Q
Cilia
A
Tiny, hair-like structures that move water/mucus in eukaryotes: used for movement of prokaryotic cells
21
Q
Cell wall
A
The outer barrier of a plant cell: the cell all surrounds the plasma membrane and gives structure to the plant
22
Q
Primary wall
A
A cellulose coating that surrounds a plant cell
23
Q
Secondary wall
A
A coating that’s added to a plant cell wall: it’s more rigid and often thicker than the primary cell wall
24
Q
Extracellular matric (ECM)
A
A molecular system that supports/protects a cell: a cell’s environment
25
Cell junction
A structure that allows cells to interact with each other and the surrounding environment
26
Nucleus function
Protects/controls DNA access; makes ribosome subunits
27
ER function
Routes/modifies new polypeptide chains; synthesizes lipids; other functions
28
Golgi Body function
Modifies new polypeptide chains; sorts and ships proteins/lipids
29
Transport/secretory vesicle function
Transports substances within a cell and or releases them from the cell
30
Mitochondrion function
Generates ATP and other molecules
31
Chloroplast function
Produces sugars using light energy, CO2, and water
32
Lysosome function
Carries out intracellular digestion
33
Peroxisome function
Inactivates toxins
34
Vacuole function
Provides storage and contains waste; in plants, maintains cell size/shape
35
Ribosome
Assembles polypeptide chains that are used to form proteins
36
Centriole
Makes microtubules for the cytoskeleton; involved in cell division (mitosis - PMAT)
37
Organelles with a membrane
Nucleus, ER, Golgi body, Transport vesicle, Mitochondrion, Chloroplast, Lysosome, Peroxisome, Vacuole
38
Organelles WITHOUT a membrane
Ribosome, centrioles
39
Endomembrane system: Nucleus
DNA instructions for making proteins-- transcribed into RNA, which moves--> nuclear pores --> in cytosol
40
Endomembrane system: Rough ER
Some of RNA in cytosol is translated into polypeptide chains by ribosomes on rough ER. Chains enter rough ER-- modified into final form
40
Endomembrane system: Vesicles
Bud from rough ER, carry new proteins to Golgi bodies. (Other proteins migrate thru rough ER interior--> smooth ER)
41
Endomembrane system: smooth ER
Some proteins from rough ER packaged into vesicles and shipped to Golgi-- other become enzymes--> assemble lipids or inactivate toxins
42
Endomembrane system: Golgi Body
Proteins arriving in vesicles from the ER are modified into final form and sorted. New vesicles carry them to the plasma membrane or lysosomes.
43
Endomembrane system: Plasma membrane
Golgi vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane. Lipids/proteins of a vesicle's membrane fuse with the plasma membrane, and the vesicle's contents are released to the exterior of the cell.
44
Difference between cytoplasm and cytosol
"Cytoplasm": refers to all internal cell components. "Cytosol": Is the liquid portion of the cell, but more precise
45
How many layers does the nuclear envelope have?
Two lipid bilayers folded together
46
Outer bilayer of membrane is continuous with ___ ____
Endoplasmic Reticulum
47
Nuclear envelope allows __ and ___ to cross freely
Water and gases
48
What do proteins that attach to the nuclear envelope's inner surface do?
Anchor the DNA molecules and keep them organized. During mitosis, proteins pass DNA to daughter cells
49
Nucleoplasm
Viscous fluid similar to cytosol. Semifluid interior portion of nucleus
50
Nucleolus
Dense, irregularly shaped region where subunits of ribosomes are assembled from proteins and RNA
51
Nuclear envelope
Pore-riddled double membrane that controls which substances enter/leave nucleus
52
Chromatin
Total collection of all DNA molecules and associated proteins in nucleus
53
Nucleolus
Rounded mass of proteins and copies of genes for ribosomal RNA used to construct ribosomal subunits
54
Function of endomembrane system
Makes lipids, enzymes, and other proteins for secretion/insertion into cell membranes, destroying toxins, and recycling wastes
55
Common EM system components
Nucleus, rough ER, vesicles, smooth ER, Golgi body, plasma membrane
56
ER is an extension of ____ ____
nuclear envelope
57
Two kinds of ER
Smooth and rough
58
Rough ER function
Ribosomes synthesize polypeptide chains, released into ER interior. Inside-- proteins fold and take complex structure
59
Smooth ER function
Doesn't make proteins. Some proteins made in rough ER-- enzymes in smooth. Enzymes produce cell membrane's lipids
60
Vesicle functions
Transport proteins to other organelles
61
Peroxisome
Contains enzymes that digest fatty acids and amino acids
62
Plant and animal cells contain vesicles called ____
Vacuoles
63
Vacuole function
Isolate/dispose wastes, debris, and toxic materials, maintains cell fluid pressure
64
Large central ___ in plant cells
Vacuole
65
Lysosome function
Lysosomal enzymes empty in vacuoles and digest its content.
66
Vesicles fuse and empty their contents in a ____ _____
Golgi body
67
Golgi body function
Puts finishing touches on polypeptide chains/lipids that are delivered from ER. Attaches phosphates, sugars-- sorted and packaged into new vesicles and delivered
68
All eukaryotic cells make ____ in mitochondria
ATP
69
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate
70
Plants and some algae have special organelles, ____
Plastids
71
Mitochondrion has 2 membranes, one highly folded inside the other
Mitochondrial matrix, intermembrane space
72
Mitochondria resemble bacteria in ___ ___ ____
size, form, biochemistry
73
Mitochondria have their own ___ and ____ independently in cell
DNA, divide
74
Chromoplasts contain ___ and ___ carotenoids
orange and red
75
Orange and red carotenoids revealed in ____
fall
76
Amyloplast
Unpigmented plastids that store starch grains. Abundant in plant cells, stems, tubers, and seeds
77
Cytoskeleton is between ___ and ___ ____
Nucleus and plasma membrane
78
Parts of cytoskeleton ___, ___, and move ____ ___
reinforce, organize, and move cell structures, and often the whole cell
79
Some cytoskeleton structures ____
Permanent
80
Microtubules form ____ _____
Dynamic scaffolding
81
Intermediate filaments are the most ___ part of a cell's cytoskeleton
Stable
82
Intermediate filaments
Strengthen and maintain cell/tissue structures, and are toughest of cytoskeleton filaments
83
Secondary plant cell wall develops in ____
later growth stages
84
Primary wall is ___ and ___
Thin and pliable
85
At maturity, plant tissues stop enlarging and secrete material onto inner surface of primary wall, this forms ____ ____
Secondary wall
86
ECM is a ___ and ____ is secreted by cells and varies with tissue type
Non-living, complex mixture of fibrous proteins
87
ECM ___ and ___ cells , ___ , ___ , ____
Supports and anchors cells, separates tissues, and functioning in cell signaling
88
Bone is mostly ____
ECM
89
ECM is basis of ____ ____
Tissue organization, and provides structural support
90
Cell junctions
Connect a cell to other cells and to the environment. Cells send/receive ions, molecules, and signals through junctions.
91
how are cells similar to organs?
they all have organelles which help them function
92
organelle
a structure within a
cell with a specific function
93
cell membrane (animal cells)
surrounds the cell and protects it.
Controls the movement of
substances into and out of the
cell.
94
cell wall (plants)
tough outer
layer that surrounds plant cells
95
cytosol
fluid inside cells
96
nucleus
controls the cell’s
activities, contains DNA
The DNA inside the nucleus
contains the instructions for
producing other materials
97
The Nucleus is surrounded by the
____________ (a membrane) and also contains the _________
nuclear envelope, nucleolus
98
nucleolus
makes ribosomes
99
nuclear envelope
consists of two lipid bilayers that are folded together
Outer layer continuous with
endoplasmic reticulum (er)
Membrane proteins are
embedded in a lipid bilayer
Allows water and gases to
transport freely, other
substances need help of system
transporter
100
ribosomes
build proteins, may be free floating or
attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum.
Builds proteins by attaching AMINO ACIDS into chains.
Builds Enzymes (a type of protein) which are important
in breaking/building other molecules
101
endomembrane system
a group of interacting
organelles between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
Its main function is to make lipids, enzymes, and other
proteins for secretion and insertion into cell membranes
Can also destroy toxins and recycle wastes.
102
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
makes lipids, steroids, breaks
down toxins, releases calcium
103
rough endoplasmic reticulum
covered with ribosomes, stores
proteins for later transport
104
Substances made in the ER are
transported/stored with
_________ (small, membrane
bound containers)
vesicles
105
golgi body
an organelle that processes,
packages and transports materials produced in
the cell.
106
explain briefly how a substance enters the body and leaves through the endomembrane system
substances enter the golgi body in vesicles
golgi body processes materials produced from other parts of the cell
products leave in vesicles and may travel to other parts of the body
107
vacuoles (plants)
large
membrane bound structures
Acts as storage compartments
Keeps cell firm by pushing
against cell walls
Disposal site for harmful
chemicals
May contain defensive
chemicals
108
vacuoles (animals)
smaller transport sacs
109
lysosomes
organelles that
contain enzymes that digest other
molecules
110
lysosome functions
Fighting Diseases
Digestion
Recycling old cell parts
Killing the Cell
111
mitochondria
site of cellular respiration which produces energy
112
cristae
folds of inner membrane increase surface area = more reactions
113
matrix
fluid where reactions
occur
114
chloroplasts
photosynthetic organelles,
uses sunlight energy to
make sugars
ONLY FOUND IN PLANTS
Green colour comes from
Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll helps capture
sunlight energy
115
cytoskeleton
provides cell structure, helps with
cell division, allows organelles to move
116
microtubule
support tube made of tubulin proteins
-form scaffolding for support when needed
117
microfilament
structure made of actin proteins
Used in muscles for movement
Help strengthen cells
118
cilium
microtubules used for
movement/transporting substances
Paramecium move with the help of cilia
Mucus is moved via cilia in your lungs
119
flagellum
long tail-like microtubules used
for movement
Sperm cells
120
pseudopods
limb like structures formed by amoeba
Microtubules help cell change shape to move/engulf food
