7.1b Flashcards
When did the Yom Kipper war start?
October 1973
Describe the events of the Yom Kippur war:
Syria and Egypt made surprise attacks on Israel
Syria and Egypt were armed and supplied by the USSR
Israel were armed and supplied by the USA.
after the attacks, , Israelis recovered and were sent replacement military equipment by Nixon ….
What was Brezhnev’s reolution to the Yom Kippur war?
A joint US-Soviet Union task force would be on hand to save the Egyptian army from the Israelites
If the US refused, then the Soviets would go on separately
What was Nixon’s reaction to Brezhnev’s Yom Kippur suggestion?
Nixon did not want to accept the offer
He was angry at the suggestion of independent action
Nixon put all US forces on alert (including nuclear stroke groups ) as a result
What was the actual resolution to the Yom Kipper situation?
when did it come to an end thus?
The US suggested that a UN peacekeeping force of non-nuclear countries intervene in the conflict
Brezhnev accepted this proposal and the war came to an end with ceasefire on:
24th Octobe 1973
When was Nixon’s second visit to Moscow?
July 1974
What was agreed on at Moscow by the 2 leaders?
- Continue to remove danger of war (particularly nuclear )
- Limit and eventually end arms race; aim was complete disarmament (espically in strategic warheads, which would be monitored internationally )
- Contribute to elimination of international tension
- Develop broad cooperation; aim was to promote undestanding and confidence between people of the 2 countries
this included commercially, economic, scientific technical and cultural fields of both country…
space link up was a consequence of the sedond meeting !!
When was the space link up?
17th July 1975
What was the Apollo-Soyux mission?
what did it show?
3 US astronauts and 2 Soviet cosmonauts met up in space
The US Apollo spacecraft docked with a Soviet Soyuz one
There was a symbolic handshake
2) that relations were seeming to improve…
When were The Helsinki Agreements?
August 1975
another consequence of the Moscow meeting was this !!!!
What were the Helsinki Agreements?
A product of the success of the Moscow meeting
The US and the USSR, along iwht 33 other nations, made declarations about 3 distinct international issues (AKA baskets)
Security, cooperation and human rights
What were the 3 baskets? And what they involve?
- Security
- Recognition of European borders
- For example the Su accepted the existence of west Germany
- Cooperation
- Call for closer economic, scientific and cultural links, leading to even more political agreement
- Human rights
- Each signing country agreed to respect basic human rights, such as freedom of speech and religion and unfair rest. (This would lead to further tensions later on though…)
Who were the leaders at the Helsinki Accords?
Brezhnev - USSR
Gerald Ford -USA
What did Presdent Carter do that upset Soviet authorities? (He tried to put pressure on them)
He sent a letter to the Soviet dissident, Andrei Sakharow
Supporting the stand he was taking against Soviet authorities
What did Brezhnev do regarding weapons in Africa?
how many other countries received some…
Despite the Helsinki Agreements, the USSR sent huge amounts of weapons to Angola and Ethiopia
By 1980, 21 other African states had received Soviet weapons
Why were the human rights issues an embarrassment for Brezhnev?
Helsinki Groups and other organisations complained about the USSR’s violations that covered lack of free speech, lack of movement among others and religious restrictions, becoming embarrassing the brezhnev…
When did SALT II begin?
SALT II began in 1974 and the treaty was signed in June 1979
Terms of SALT 11: (4) + 1
- Limit of 2400 strategic nuclear delivery vehicles (ICBMs, SLBMs and heavy bombers) for each side
- A 1320 limit on MIRV systems for each side
- A ban on construction of new land-based ICBM launchers
- Limits on deployment of new types of strategic offensive arms
- SALT II to last until 1985
Why did the US senate refuse to ratify SALT II?
what did this ultimately signify the end of?
When the Soviet Union unexpectedly invaded Afghanistan
the end of detente , as a “second Cold War was starting”
Why had detente been under pressure anyways ? (For both sides )
In late 1979, NATO decided to place long-range missile in Europe
Renewed concern about the 2,000 Soviet troops stationed in Cuba
Why and what were reactions to carter’s stance on the human right thing?
what happened in response to carter’s and Sakharov ‘s accusations.?
1) seen as a gross interference to soviet internal affairs, and Brezhnev made this apparent in a speech in the Helsinki talks…
2) various groups set up in Europe called Helsinki groups, to monitor Su adherence to the agreements …
What did carter ask for increase in 1978 and what did this sow about the reality of salt 1?
how many by 1980?
- Asked for an increase in us defence .
- this really showed, that for both sides after salt 1 the number of warheads still increases.
- (By 1980 USA had 10k more missiles and warheads and Su 5.5k then at salt 1)
